PR EXAM AOYKO NA PO

Categorical Variables

Variables that may be classified into categories or may be placed in rank orders.

Quantitative Research - According to Research Process

1. Objective 2. Established Guidelines 3. Known Variables

Mathemathics and Statistics

Answers will be derived from equations and formulae

Qualitative Research - According to FORM OF REASONING

1. Deductive Cases (General Cases to Specific Situations)

Qualitative Research - ACCORDING TO PURPOSE (ENUMERATE!!!!)

1. Describes and Explains 2. Explores and Interprets 3. Builds Theory

Quantitative Research - ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

1. Explains and Predicts 2. Tests, confirms, and validates theories

Quantitative Research - According to FORM OF REASONING

1. Inductive Analysis (Specific Situations to General Cases)

Qualitative Research - According to Research Process

1.Subjective 2.Flexible guidelines 3.Unknown variables

1. The Variables 2. Research Design 3. Scope of your Study

A good Research Title reflects

1.Pose a question relevant to the real world; 2.Make a specific contribution to the scholarly literature by adding to our collective understanding of the world through scientific explanations.

A good research topic Should?

Tense of Verbs for Reporting

Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors' ideas. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect tense.

Antecedent Variable

An independent variable which precedes the other independent variables. These are the variables which affects the link between the cause, connecting, and effect variables.

Introduction

Briefly describes the content of the section and how it is organized.

Observe Proper Grammar and Capitalization

Capitalize the first words in your title, including the first word of your title.

•The materials must be as recent as possible •Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible •Materials must be relevant to the study •Materials must not too few but not too many

Characteristics of Cited Materials

1. clarifies what information needs to be gathered 2 empirical 3. complex and not terminal 4. relevant 5. practical

Characteristics of Good Research Questions

Books

Collections of scholarly and expert essays; annual research books containing studies and reports, and others created by reputable sources

Positivism

Deals with Objectivity in Scientific Research, and it involves the belief that only which is observable directly is measurable

1.Introduction 2.Topic 1 or the independent variable 3.Topic 2 or the dependent variable 4.Topic 3 or the link between these variables through previously conducted studies Summary/ Synthesis

Elements of an RRL

1. Classifying 2. Measuring 3. Explaining 4. Assessing Relationships

Enumerate the USES OF VARIABLES

1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable 3. Intervening Variable 4. Antecedent Variable

Enumerate the different types of Variables

Topic 3

Explains why the independent and dependent variables are related. This section must contain past studies similar to your own research.

Systematic

Follows a series of steps

Government Documents

Government units conduct or commission studies and publish official reports.

Summary / Synthesis

Highlights the major themes, briefly explain the major and seminal studies on your topic , identify the gap that needs to be addressed, and explain how your proposed study will contribute or address that gap.

Citations or In-text Citations

How do we avoid Plagarism

Provide the Necessary Information

Indicate the subject of the study. Identify the key variables and suggest the relationship of the key variables while reflecting the major hypothesis of your study.

Paraphrase

Instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words.

Interval Variable

It describes a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. They do not have a "true zero" value, since zero does not actually represent none or nothing.

Nominal Variables

It enables the classification of individuals , objects, or responses based on a common property or characteristic. It is limited to descriptive categories.

Ordinal Variable

It has all the characteristics of a nominal variable but ranked in a certain order. The relative position of one case is known.

Ratio Variables

It has all the characteristics of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures. They are based on a fixed starting point or a "true zero point". The value of zero represents none or nothing)

Constant

It is a characteristic with no variations within a class of objects.

Summary

It is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of the text.

Empiricism

It is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

Variable

It is a variation within a class of objects

Plagarism

It is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words.

Statement of the Problem

It is the focal point of any Research

Be Mindful of the Length

Limit your research title to 10 to 15 substantive words.

Thesis and Dissertations

Most postgraduate students are required to complete their individual research.

Topic 1

Must review scholarly literature related to the independent variable

Scholarly Journals

Often takes the form of literature reviews, book reviews, or research studies.

Short Direct Quotation

Only a part of the author's sentence, the whole sentence, or several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern.

Social Phenomena

Problems are concerned with people/communities, organizations, behaviors, etc.

Empirical

Problems must possess observable characteristics

Policy reports and presented papers

Professional organizations in academic fields annually hold meetings and conferences.

Citations or In-text Citation

References within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related Literature

Topic 2

Similar procedures must be observed when discussing dependent variables and the subsidiary measured utilized.

1. Mass Media communication 2. Books, internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications 3. Professional periodicals 4. General periodicals 5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects 6. Work experiences

Sources of Research Topics

DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

To obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomenon

•Breadth of topics •Standard of Replicability •Statistical Treatment of Data •Numerical summarization of results •Objectivity, and Accuracy of results

Strengths of Quantitative Research

Two-part Title

The first part is a snappy phrase intended to catch the audience's attention. The second part is more descriptive

Introduction

The primary purpose of the introduction chapter is to give the readers an overview of what the entire study is all about.

Background of the Study

The primary purpose of this is to provide readers with the context and explain the circumstances that led to the study.

Intervening Variable

The variables which are the links between dependent and independent variables. There are certain phenomena which, without the intervening variable, there will be no observed significant effect to the dependent variables.

Independent Variable

These are variables that cause changes in a situation or phenomenon. It occurs prior to all variables.

Dependent Variable

These are variables which manifest the effects brought by the independent variables. It can be used to predict the future values of the dependent variables. Also known as outcome, effect or response variable.

Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract

This citation pattern makes you copy the author's exact words numbering from 40 up to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines.

Non-integral Citation

This citation style downplays any strength of the writer's personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas.

Research Title

This conveys the Central Idea behind your Research

Introduction

This includes the Background of the Study

Review of Related Literature

This is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a particular area of research.

Scope and Limitations

This is a short section where you clarify what your study covers based on your research topic, the possible limitations of your study, and how your study is constrained by particular factors that you encountered in the research process.

Integral Citation

This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work.

Scope

This is where you clearly set the parameters of your study, benchmark your work, and allow your fellow researchers ample ground to study your research work, use it or point out its strengths and possible areas for improvement.

Classifying

Through variables, we can describe the phenomenon or population we are studying through identifying possible classifications.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

To reveal cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one parameter, and observing its influence to another parameter

Choose the Appropriate Wording

To stimulate the reader's interest, it is recommended that you play with words when crafting a research title.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

To test relationships between variables

CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

To unearth cause-and-effect relationships between variables

Explaining

Variables allow one to further understand the existence, meaning, and purpose of certain phenomena.

Measuring

Variables allow us to measure the frequency, magnitude, and impact among others of a particular subject or concept.

Assessing Relationships

Variables are critical elements of the relationship between the subjects and the phenomenon you are investigating. By looking into the variables, we can assess the degree of effect of one variable on another variable.

Numerical Variable

Variables having absolute numerical values or measures.

•Non-measurement of human behavior •Generalizability, and Inflexibility •Loss of Data Context •Measurement/Statistical Errors •Inaccurate information due to saturation •Expensive setup (for surveys) •"laboratory guinea pig" setup (for experiments)

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

Significance of the Study

What are the possible impact of the proposed study? How will the results of the proposed study solve the established research problem?

1.) Identify Research Problem and state Research Questions 2.) RRL 3.) Formulate Framework and Hypothesis 4.) Choose data collection method and analysis 5.) Collect and analyze data 6.) Conclude and make recommendations

What is the Scientific Method in the Social Sciences 1.) Identify Research Problem and state Research Questions 2.) RRL 3.) Formulate Framework and Hypothesis 4.) Choose data collection method and analysis 5.) Collect and analyze data 6.) Conclude and make recommendations

Cite Properly

When including a quote as part of the title, the source of the quote is cited, indicated by an asterisk or a footnote beside the word/s or phrase.

Limitations

You clearly state the limitations you encountered during your research process and how much you think these aspects detract from your research paper and your overall purpose.

Reader

an edited and synthesized collection of original research reports.

Comparative Research Questions

compare two or more characteristics or attributes of two or more persons, groups, institutions or phenomenon. This may involve comparing the similarities or differences between variables

Compendium

contains articles and essays organized around a particular topic.

Annual Reports

have a volume number specific for a certain year and underline a general research idea.

Descriptive Research Questions

seek to objectively describe particular characteristics or attributes of a person, group, institution, or phenomenon.

Research Questions

specific questions about behavior, event, or phenomena of interest that you wish to seek answer for your research.

Quantitative Research

systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena using tools of mathematics and statistics.

Statement of the Problem

used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.

Variables

•The central idea in quantitative research •Measurable attributes or characteristics that can vary for different cases