practical

Euglenozoans

Belong to the excavata supergroup and have flagella that differ in structure from those of other organisms. They have a rod inside the flagella that either spirals of is a crystalline structure in each of the flagella. The two best studied groups are kinetoplastids and the euglenids. Kinetoplastids

Dinoflagellates belong to what clade

A clade of Chromalvelata

algae

A plant like (photosynthetic) member of the protist group; can be single celled, or consist of clustered or multiple cells.

What is the main component of fungi insect exoskeleton? The cell wall is made up of what?

chitin

what is this

chlorophytes

green algae are photosynthetic organisms divided into two main groups:

chlorophytes and charophytes

mixtotrophs

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. Both types of feeding.

In environments, different species may associate in a complex polysaccharide matrix, creating a ________

community

why are gram-negative bacteria more complex?

contains various polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids that are not found in gram-positive bacteria.

Gram stain relies on the use of three stains:

crystal violet (purple), safranin (pink/red), gram iodine.

saprophytic nutrition

deriving nutrients by absorption from decaying matter

A phenomenon known as "red tides" occurs during high reproductive periods of the organism Pfiesteria, a genus of _______. During this phenomenon, toxins are released from these organisms which poison nearby aquatic life. The organism also produces red pigments that result in a vivid red color display in the surrounding waters. foraminiferans amoeba euglenozoans dinoflagellates

dinoflagellates

whats protist is shown in this photo. this protists causes the "red tide"

dinoflagellates

What type of antimicrobial agent would be most appropriate to use when trying to reduce the number of bacteria on a bathroom counter and sink? antiseptic antibiotic hand soap disinfectant

disinfectant

the group basidiomycetes called puffballs includes common puffballs and one unusual puffball called

earthstar

shape of diatoms cells

either elongated, boat-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical pennate forms or radially symmetrical centric forms. The cell wall consists of two valves, one fitting inside the other, in the manner of the lid and bottom of a petri dish.

an example of a euglenoid in the clade euglenozoa

euglena.

The common bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, is classified within phylum Basidiomycota. True/false

false

Biofilms

form large complexes called biofilms or to organize the production of toxins to remove competing organisms. complex colonies of bacteria (often containing several species) that exchange chemical signals to coordinate the release of toxins that will attack the host.

what happens when fungi reproduce sexually

fungi produce reproductive structures called fruiting bodies made of closely interwoven hyphae. sexual spores form in these fruiting bodies

Fungi store carbohydrates as

glycogen

clades

grouping organisms for indicating evolutionary relationships

All fungi are __________ organisms that obtain their nutrients by ________, digesting their food outside their bodies and absorbing the digestion products into their cells

heterotrophic, absorption

sexual reproduction in the life cycle of basidiomycete

hyphae of mycelia of different mating fuse, and eventually form fruitinf bodies called basidiocarp (mushrooms). Dikaryotic hyphae on the surface of the gills in the basidiocarp develop into cells called basidia. in these structures the nuclei fuse, undergo meisosis, and produce haploid basidiospores

The body of a fungus is a mass of filaments called _______ in a network called a __________.

hyphae, mycelium

The vegetative body of multicellular fungi is made up of threadlike filaments called ________ organized into a mass called _______

hyphae, mycelium

life cycle of an ascomycete

in sexual reproduction, dikaryotic hyphae in the ascocarp grow asci in which karyogamy is followed by meiosis resulting in eight haploid cells ascospores in each ascus. The ascospores are then dispersed and germinate. In asexual reproduction, mitosis produces genetically identical haploid spores called condidia

Chlamydomonas

in the chlorophyta group is a unicellular green algae that swims with two flagella

archaeplastida

includes the protistan groups red algae and green algae.

cellular slime molds consist of _____ ______ ____ that function independently under optimum conditions

individual ameboid cells

what happens when food is scarce with the cellular slime molds

individual cells will begin to migrate toward a central cell, directed by a chemical secretion. cell continue to aggregate forming pseudoplasmodium until a suitable food supply is located. When found aggregation develops into a fruiting body thats produces asexual spores. when these spores are released from the fruiting body they develop into individual amoeboid cells.

Dictyostelium (cellular slime mold) natural habitat of cellular slime molds

is the forest floor, living on bacteria on decaying logs or dead leaves

Two groups included in the clade euglenozoa are the ____________ ___________

kinetoplastids and the euglenids

Brenton and Aleisha are hiking the Hieroglyphic Trail in the Superstition Mountains. During the hike, Aleisha notices several rock outcrops that are covered in colorful mats of crust-like organisms. Brenton notes that these organisms are unique types of fungi that often thrive in particularly harsh environments. What type of fungi did Aleisha and Brenton observe? club fungi yeasts molds lichens

lichens

amoebas locomotion

lobe shaped pseudopodia

what does unikota use for locomotion and feeding

lobe shaped pseudopodia

the common characteristics of all alveolate is the presence of

membrane-bound saclike structures alveoli packed into a continuous layer just inside and supporting the cell membrane

Most multicellular fungi grow throughout their preferred environment (e.g., the soil, a rotting log, etc.) as long, root-like strands called hyphae. When these strands cluster together, they form the dense "body" of the fungus. What is the term for this dense cluster of hyphae? mycelium gametangium spore sporangium

mycelium

Do apicomplexan have any type of locomation if so what is it?

no

commonly called bread mold

rhizopus

water mold on decaying fish

saprolegnia

Most fungi are ______ (feed on dead matter) but many are _____ (feed on living hosts

saprophytic, parasitic

what is the purpose of gram staining? And how does the bacteria react?

separates bacteria into groups depending on their reaction to this stain. Bacteria reacts by testing either gram-positive, gram-negative, or gram-variable.

bacteria can be identified by

shape, surface, characteristics

Amoeba have no fixed body shape and they are naked; that is, they do have a ______

shell

Diatoms contain _______ in their cell walls. This material is used industrially in the production of toothpaste, silver polishes, and swimming pool filters. lignin fluoride silica calcium carbonate

silica

Bacterias genetic material is a _____ circular molecule of DNA

single

Dinoflagellates

single celled organisms that are generally photosynthetic.

alveolates are _____ _____ organisms some are _______

single celled, some are heterotrophic, others autotrophic, others are parasites

Foraminiferans (forams)

single celled. named for their porous shells called tests. threadlike pseudopodia extend through special pores in the calcium carbonate test.

what is this

slime molds fruiting bodies

what is the feeding propteries of euglena

some may be autotrophic containing chloroplasts and proforming phototsynthesis, some may be heterotrophic or even mixotrophic.

fungi produce spores contained in the

sporangia

what is the reproductive structures of apicomplexans

spores

SAR

supergroup and are classified together based DNA sequences in their genomes and include stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians

Unikonta

supergroup inlucdes the protistan clad ameobozoans and anther clade, opisthokonts. Animals and fungi are opisthokonts.

The lichen body called _______, varies in shape and colors, depending on the species of the compnents

thallus

What happens in binary fission?

the cell duplicates its components and divides into two cells

Which bacteria cell walls contain less peptidoglycan?

the cell walls of gram-negative contain less peptidoglycan than gram-positive.

Excavata

the eukaryotic supergroup of protists that has a feeding groove on one side of the cell body. some protists in this group have unique mitochondria, and others have a unique flagella. lack plastids

what does red algae not have that other algae do

the flagella at any stage in their life cycle

brown algae best known for

their commercial value and health benefits

Yeasts are _______ organisms that reproduce asexually by _______. They are classified as ascomycetes because they produce asci and ascospores when they reproduce sexually. diverse, mitosis microscopic, binary fission unicellular, budding unicellular, meiosis

unicellular, budding

most euglenids are ________cellular and move using ________

unicellular, flagella

fungi and animals are in what supergroup

unikonta

chemoosynthetic

using inorganic chemicals as the source of energy.

photosynthetic

using light as the source of energy

A unique fungus that is well known

yeast

Are all bacteria prokaryotes?

yes

fruiting bodies

reproductive structures in slime molds that produce spores

Three clades included in the SAR

Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians

why does a antibiotic stop working after someone has use it multiple times?

The bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic the bacteria evolve resistance to the antibiotic

What is the human impact of apicomplexans

at least 5 species in this genus infect humans, causing malaria

diatoms and brown algae are ____ organisms that play an important role in primary production on oceans.

autotrophic

Diatoms

autotrophic organisms in plankton. They are the most important photosynthesizes in cold marine waters. they can be unicellular, or they can aggregate into chains or starlike groups,

Kinetoplastids

Belong to the Euglenozoans clade, within the supergroup Excavata. Have a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. Example = Trypanosoma brucei (african sleeping sickness) Euglenids

colony morphology is determined by the structure of one bacterium? T/F

False

only gram positive bacteria have peptidoglycan T/F?

False

Most Dinoflagellates organisms are ________ and play an important role in ________ _________ in oceans - photosynthesis that ultimately provides food for all marine organisms.

autotrophic, primary production

Agar helps _______ grow

bacteria

Bacteria reproduces by?

binary fission

Which of the following BEST describes the primary mechanism of growth utilized by bacterial cells? meiosis mitosis binary fission sexual reproduction

binary fission

Are protist autotrophic or heterotrophic?

both

Rhizopus sexual reproduction

both sexually and asexual. in asexual reproduction certain hyphae grow upright and develop sporangia (spores)

some that happens at the ocean due to Dinoflagellates

burst of tiny lights in the ocean, water appears reddish ad dead fish are floating at the surface,

Bacteria structure

cell wall, cell membrane, no membrane bound organelles, not bound by a nuclear envelope, have plasmids, single celled.

water mold (saprolegnia)

cell walls are made of cellulose, common in ponds, grows on dying animals, saprophytic

Dinoflagellates have a _______ ____ wall often in the form of armor of numerous plates with two perpendicular grooves, each containing a ________

cellulose cell, flagellum

When viewed with a microscope, a Gram positive bacterium will stain ______ purple colorless blue pink

purple

gram-positive bacteria appear

purple/blue because of the thicker peptidoglycan

what is this

red algae

Ulva (sea lettuce)

(Chlorophyll, Archaeolastida) Edible seaweed Multicellular thallus split into leaflike blades & rodlike

Autotrophic

An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs. (carbon Dioxide)

Mixotrophs

An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

Which of the following is correct about antiseptics and disinfectants? Antiseptics completely sterilize, while disinfectants kill most, but not all of microbes. Antiseptics are meant for only pathogens, while disinfectants are meant for all microbial types. Disinfectants are used on live tissues such as human skin, whereas antiseptics are meant for non-living surfaces such as a table top. Antiseptics are used on live tissues such as human skin, whereas disinfectants are meant for non-living surfaces such as a table top.

Antiseptics are used on live tissues such as human skin, whereas disinfectants are meant for non-living surfaces such as a table top.

Prokaryotes fall into three basic categories based on their shape. three types of bacteria?

Bacilli ( rod shape) , cocci (spherical) , spirilli (spiral)

The three domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

what clade does euglendis belong too?

Belong to the Euglenozoan clade, within the group Excavata. Euglenozoa that have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge. Many are mixotrophs.

Protists, also known as protozoa, are classified into which domain? Archaea Prokarya Eukarya

Eukarya

Protists Supergroups

Excavata, SAR, Unikonta, Archaeplastids

Staphylococcus has organelles? T/F

False

Bacteria can be classified into two groups by their cell wall.

Gram-positive bacteria have thicker peptidoglycan and stain blue/purple. Gram-negative thinner peptidoglycan and stain pink/red

Alveolates

Group of protists within the chromalveolate clade. Have membrane bound sacs just under the plasma membrane. The best studied groups are the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and the ciliates.

What is not a feature of bacteria?

Linear chromosomes

does bacteria have chromosomes?

NO

Which of the following represents an accurate description of properly practicing aseptic technique? Obtain inoculation loop, apply bacterial cells onto loop, smear loop full of cells onto agar plate, return loop back to holder. Obtain inoculation loop, set loop in bacticinerator for 5 minutes, apply bacterial cells onto loop, smear loop full of cells onto agar plate, set loop in bacticinerator again for 5 minutes, return loop back to holder. Obtain inoculation loop, set loop in bacticinerator for 10 seconds, once loop is cooled apply bacterial cells onto loop, smear loop full of cells onto agar plate, set loop in bacticinerator again for 10 seconds, return loop back to holder. Obtain inoculation loop, set loop in bacticinerator for 10 seconds, immediately apply bacterial cells onto searing hot loop, smear loop full of cells onto agar plate, set loop in bacticinerator again for 10 seconds, return loop back to holder.

Obtain inoculation loop, set loop in bacticinerator for 10 seconds, once loop is cooled apply bacterial cells onto loop, smear loop full of cells onto agar plate, set loop in bacticinerator again for 10 seconds, return loop back to holder.

this parasite is seen in red blood cells. Micrograoh of a human blood smear.

Plasmodium

Read the following statement and then select the most accurate response. Ciprofloxacin, a common antibiotic, would be effective in treating an infection caused by the H1N1 strain of the influenza virus. a. This statement is false because ciprofloxacin is only effective in treating infections caused by influenza B, and H1N1 is a strain of influenza A. b. This statement is false because antibiotics are not effective in controlling viral infections due to the fact that viruses have different structures and replicate differently than bacteria. c. This statement is true because antibiotics enhance the human body's immune system thus rendering the viral infection less severe. d. This statement is true because influenza infections are often characterized by secondary bacterial infections, so taking antibiotics as a preventative measure is always best.

This statement is false because antibiotics are not effective in controlling viral infections due to the fact that viruses have different structures and replicate differently than bacteria.

what is this

Zygomycota

A bacterial species that is sensitive to an antibiotic will exhibit which of the following types of growth? robust growth around an antibiotic disk no growth on the entire agar plate a "zone of inhibition" around an antibiotic disk an "area of resistance" around an antibiotic disk

a "zone of inhibition" around an antibiotic disk

heterotrophic

absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment.

Heterotrophic

absorbs nutrients from the environments, organic molecules. Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.

what is not used for gram staining?

agar

two extract from red algae and what are they used for

agar: a polysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of algae Carrageenan: extracted from the cell walls of red algae and is used to give the texture of thickness and richness to food such as dairy drinks and soups.

New grouping of protistans into clades place ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans in the

alveolates

These organisms used lobe shaped pseudopodia to move and digest food.

amoeba proteus

slime molds fit better with __________ _________ than with fungi.

amoeboid protists

A plasmid is?

an extra circular chromosome

Most ______________ are parasitic, using this complex of organelles to penetrate their hosts cell

apicomplexans

condiophores

are hyphae that produce haploid spores called conidia. these spores are genetically identical and germinate to form new hyphae. Both (-) and (+) mating stains can produce conidia.

Trypanosoma

are parasites that alternate between vertebrate and an intervertebrate host. Lives in the blood of rats and is transmitted by fleas.

red tide

are species of Dinoflagellates that releases toxins and fish and other marine animals can be poisoned

what are fungi sexual wise?

asexual and sexual. they produce spores either asexual by mitosis or sexually by meiosis.

one distringuishing characteristic of euglenids is the presence of

pellicle made of strips of protein, lying just below the cell membrane.

what kind of fungi is this

penicillium

The most common component found in the cell wall of organisms in the domain bacteria is _____

peptidoglycan. a complex protein-carbohydrate polymer.

Prokaryotes can be _________ and ________ but most are ______

photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, heterotrophic

Red algae are ________________ with plastids containing chlorophyll a and the accessory pigments phycocyanin and _______________ that often mask the chlorophyll, making algae appear ___.

photosynthetic, phycoerythrin, red

gram-negative bacteria appear

pink/red

Forams are marine __________ or _________ organisms that secrete a calcium carbonate shell like test mad up of chambers.

planktonic (freely floating, or benthic (bottom dwelling)

what is this

plasmodial slime mold

There are two types of slime molds

plasmodial slime molds and cellukar slime molds

what us the vegetative state of plasmodial and what does it consists of

plasmodium, multinucleate mass of protoplasm totally devoid of cell walls. this mass feeds on bacteria

how does Brown Algae gets its color

presence of the brown pigment fucoxanthin in addition to cholorphyll

Protists are a diverse group of organisms that fulfills many different ecological roles. Select all of the roles that are accomplished by protists in the list below. tertiary consumer primary producer parasite primary consumer

primary producer parasite primary consumer

green algae play an important role as __________ ________, providing food for animals in ______ ecosystems

primary producer, aquatic

the energy stored by autotrophs is called ______ _______.

primary production.

rhizupus sexual reproduction

produce extensions called gametangia. the gametangia from the two different mating types then fuse in a process called plasmogamy, a term that decribes the fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells, but not the nuclei. two fused gametangia with their haploid nuclei, and haploid spores are produced in sporangia borne on filaments that emerge from the zygosporangium

foraminiferans move and feed using

pseudopodia

organisms in the euglenozoa are grouped together based on the ______________

ultrastructure

Most protist are _______ although there are colonial ________ species.

unicellular and multicellular.

Fungi can be _____ or _____

unicellular or multicellular