Practical 2

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

A) The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.

Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that, after an action, we examine our ________ and generate ________ reasons for why we acted a certain way.

A) behavior; often inaccurate

Gender stereotypes are ________.

A) beliefs about the characteristics of women and men

Prejudice can be ________ or ________.

A) blatant; subtle

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ___.

A) capacity to process information and level of motivation

When people described themselves as they were five years ago, or as they are today, they saw their past self as more _______, and their present self as more ________.

A) dispositionally guided; situationally variable

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ________ and ________.

A) low in warmth; high in competence

Self-esteem refers to the ________.

A) positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself

The glass cliff experienced by women who break through the glass ceiling refers to ____.

A) women being selected for leadership positions that are risky, precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure.

The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that we ________.

B) can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances

George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's description included "Tall man, a psychologist, bicyclist" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of ________.

B) intergroup comparisons

Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that

C) for some behaviors the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors friends were more accurate.

Attitudes may be relatively stable or variable. A likely source of a change in the expression of an attitude is ________.

C) the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed

The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is to consider ________, according to the theory of planned behavior.

C) various behavioral options

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as ________.

D) classical conditioning

Recent research (Dijksterhuis, 2004) has shown that subliminal presentations of "I" or "me" with positive trait terms such as "nice" or "smart" will ________ implicit self-esteem and prevent ________ when negative false feedback is given later.

D) increase; reductions to self-esteem

People who tell more lies tend to be ____. This supports the idea that people lie in order to____.

D) mentally unstable; cover up weaknesses of character

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our attitudes toward a particular behavior, and ________.

D) our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________.

D) social comparison theory

People's personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________.

E) a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who perform more poorly than we do on an important task, when our group identity is salient.

E) distance ourselves from ingroup

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because ________.

E) he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

Stereotype threat causes decrements in performance, possibly because stereotype threat ________.

E) increases anxiety

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ________.

E) tokenism