practical research 1

NO AUTHORS

If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be used.

RELATED STUDY

a similar study that has direct relationship with your study. It ensures that your study is not just a replication of existing ones.

OPERATIONAL

defining terms as to how they wereused in your study.

CONCEPTUAL

defining terms using encyclopedia, dictionaries and the like.

SECONDARY SOURCE

describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers

Phenomenological Ethnography Narrative Grounded theory Case study

five methods in qualitative inquiry and design

LEGALITIES

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

- A broad definition of research given by Martyn Shuttleworth

"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."

by Creswell

- "Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue".

quantitative data

. This refers to the information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and qualitative data is descriptive, and regards phenomena which can be observed but not measured, such as language.

1. Search for relevant literature 2. Evaluate sources 3. Identify themes, debates and gaps 4. Outline the structure 5. Write your literature review

5 main steps in the process of writing a literature review:

CAREFULNESS

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.

(American Psychological Association)

APA REFERENCING MEAN

DEFINITION OF TERMS

An alphabetical list of important terms or acronyms that you define, particularly ambiguous terms or those used in a special way.

Knowing your audience.

Audience is the key word for the second point about qualitative research titles. Who is your audience? Where is your qualitative work being presented?

• Reflecting on important issues or needs; • Basing on factual evidence (it's non-hypothetical); • Being manageable and relevant; • Suggesting a testable and meaningful hypothesis • Formulating your research problem with ease • Formulating your research problem enables you to make a purpose of your study clear to yourself and target readers. • Interesting; • Relevant; • Specific and focused; • Researchable.

Basic Characteristics of Research Problem-

FALSE

Data are in the form of numbers and statistics. TRUE OR FALSE

Mixed Research Methods

Design characterized by the combination of at least one qualitative and one quantitative research component.

quantitative research

Establishes a relationship between the cause and effect of a situation

CLEAR RELEVANT RELATIONSHIP IS TO BE INVESTIGATED ETHICAL FEASIBLE

FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION

THREE,FOUR OR FIVE AUTHORS

Further cites can be shorted to the first author's name followed by et al: Mitchell et al (2017)

Step 1: Identify and develop your topic Step 2 : Do a preliminary search for information Step 3: Make notes Step 4: Write your paper Step 5: Cite your sources properly Step 6: Proofread

GIVE THE RESEARCH PROCESS

HONESTY

Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

Respect for Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

NARRATIVE

IT weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. You conduct in-depth interviews, read documents, and look for themes; in other words, how does an individual story illustrate the larger life influences that created it.

investigating

In order to conduct effective research, one should do this process which involves observing or studying by close examination and systematic inquiry. What is this process?

steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.

It consists of three steps:

FALSE

It emphasizes objective measurement and the statistical analysis of data collected. TRUE OR FALSE

PARENTHETICAL CITATION

It is one that contains the required citation information within parentheses. Example (Nadeau, 2013).

TRUE

Its product is richly descriptive.

INTEGRITY

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

COMPETENCE

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Appropriately reflecting the qualitative paradigm.

Manuscript and research titles matter for qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods research. They offer the first "impression" someone will make of your work.

SINGLE AUTHOR

Mitchell (2017) states... Or ...(Mitchell, 2017).

CONFIDENTIALITY

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

- OECD (2002) Frascati Manual

Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications."

B

Research is a _________ process a. linear b. spiral c. hexagonal d. triangle

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

SYSTEMATIC WAY OF GATHERING DATA , A HARNESSING CURIOSITY

OPENNESS

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

OBJECTIVITY

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

1. State your broad topic 2. Describe your broad area more specifically. 3. Ask familiar questions such as what, who, where, when why and how. 4. Name a specific topic to your broad topic to make it a focused topic.

Techniques in Narrowing Down a Broad Topic

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The definition of the problem is the first main step in writing the research paper. It should be stated precisely, accurately, and clearly. The problem can be expressed in question or declarative form.

1. Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. 2. Places the problem into a particular context 3. Provides the framework for reporting the results

The purpose of a problem statement is to:

TRUE

The researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

The researcher must go to the people or place in order to observe behavior in natural setting. TRUE OR FALSE

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study identifies a reasonable area covered by the study. A specific statement of the study must indicate the subjects, the number, and the treatment involved in the study.

TWO AUTHOR

The surname of both authors is stated with 'and'. Mitchell and Smith (2017)

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part states the significance of the study and its result. It covers an expression of the study's relevance to fill certain needs. Explains which specific groups of people will benefit from your research paper.

Being ethical while honoring your participants' stories, strengths and particularities.

The third and last point about qualitative research titles are also the most important one. If your participants are individuals or communities who cope with difficult circumstances, have suffered any form of racism or marginalization and/or have been portrayed in the media in a negative way, what picture is your title painting?

B

These are how we can find a research idea, EXCEPT? a. Keep an open mind c. Do your homework b. Based on friend's suggestion d. Pick a topic that you are interested

C

These are the common mistakes in choosing a research topic, EXCEPT a. Topic is too difficult c. Sticking with the last topic that comes into mind b. Topic is too broad d. Inadequate literature on the topic

FOREIGN

These materials are classified as , if printed in other countries.

LOCAL

These materials are classified if printed in the Philippines;

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This is a brief statement of the origin of the problem . It is an account describing the circumstances which suggest the research.

ACADEMIC RESEARCH

This type of research is defined as a "Systematic investigation into a problem or situation, where the intention is to identify facts and/or opinions that will assist in solving the problem or dealing with the situation". What is being described?

professional research

This type of research is done in order to facilitate or initiate progress when it comes to one's profession.

• Interesting; • Relevant; • Specific and focused; • Researchable.

To formulate a powerful research problem and impress them, it should be:

C

What is meant by 'informed consent'? Please indicate the best answer a. Telling people who you are and what you are studying b. The ethics committee is informed about the research c. Participants are given a clear indication what the research is about and what their involvement would entail d. Participants are informed about the findings of the research at the end of the project

SUBJECTS PROTECTION

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL

When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the aptly named phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method. In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting places and events,

GROUNDED THEORY

Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an activity or event, grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or theory behind the events. You use primarily interviews and existing documents to build a theory based on the data.

A

Which of the following best relates to ethical issues when researching with babies? a. Asking for adults' permission to research because babies are incapable of showing a degree of consent b. Getting babies to make a hand print to stand for a signature on a consent form c. Seeing consent and withdrawal of consent as an ongoing issue and responding to the cues of the baby d. Babies don't remember so if they are upset you don't need to worry about it

FALSE TRUE TRUE

__________ 2. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis or to disproving the hypothesis. __________ 3. Qualitative research refers to research investigations of the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials. __________ 4. Qualitative and quantitative research designs can be combined.

RESEARCH PROBLEM

a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.

CITATION

a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research.

emergent

acceptance of adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change

SCOPE

actual place where the study will only be conducted, variables involved or to be tested, respondents of the study

EMPHATIC NEUTRALITY

an empathic stance in working with study respondents seeks vicarious understanding without judgment [neutrality] by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness

LIMITATION

anticipated weaknesses or limitations of the study, ways and means to handle weaknesses and limitations of the study

UNIQUE CASE ORIENTATION

assumes that each case is special and unique; the first level of analysis is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied

RESEARCH ETHICS

broadly the set of rules, written and unwritten, that govern our expectations of our own and others' behavior. Effectively, they set out how we expect others to behave, and why. While there is broad agreement on some ethical values

purposeful

cases for study [e.g., people, organizations, communities, cultures, events, critical incidences] are selected because they are "information rich" and illuminative

Ethnography Narrative Phenomenological Grounded theory Case study

give the 5 qualitative methods

naturalistic , emergent , purposeful

give the characteristic design of a qualitative research

Unique case orientation Inductive analysis Holistic perspective Context sensitive Voice , perspective and reflexivity

give the characteristic of the ANALYSIS in qualitative research

Data Personal experiences and engagement Emphatatic neutrality Dynamic systems

give the characteristic of the collection of data in qualitative research

INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS

immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and inter-relationships

CASE STUDY

involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an event.

research

is a process or way for us to learn and find answers in our everyday questions and decisions.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

is basically an overview of the research study and explains why you, as researcher, are doing the study. It provides information that is important or essential to understand the main body of the research investigation.

RELATED LITERATURE

is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related.

QUANTITATIVE DATA

is information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and qualitative data is descriptive, and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such as language.

research

is what propels humanity forward. It's fueled by curiosity: we get curious, ask questions, and immerse ourselves in discovering everything there is to know. Learning is thriving. Without curiosity and research, progress would slow to a halt, and our lives as we know them would be completely different.

Qualitative Research

it is a scientific research used to collect non-numerical data through different qualitative research methods like observational methods, Face-to-Face interviews, case studies, people experiences, culture.

Research design

it refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a logical way, ensuring that you will effectively address the research problem.

Characteristics of a Good Research Title

making a good title for a paper involves ensuring that the title of the research accomplishes four goals. First, a good title predicts the content of the research paper. Second, a good title should be interesting to the reader. Third, it should reflect the tone of the writing. Fourth and finally, it should contain important keywords that will make it easier to be located during a keyword search.

PLAGIARISM

means using someone else's words or ideas without properly crediting the original author.

DATA

observations yield a detailed, "thick description" [in-depth understanding]; interviews capture direct quotations about people's personal perspectives and lived experiences; often derived from carefully conducted case studies and review of material culture.

CONTEXT SENSITIVE

places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; researcher is careful about [even dubious of] the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space

ETHNOGRAPHY

probably the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative method to professionals. In ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target participants' environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge. has its roots in cultural anthropology where researchers immerse themselves within a culture,

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

provides a general representation of relationships between things in a given phenomenon. The conceptual framework, on the other hand, embodies the specific direction by which the research will have to be undertaken. Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the input, process and output of the whole investigation. The conceptual framework is also called the research paradigm. • theoretical framework dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena occur • provides a general representation of relationships between things in a given phenomenon

PRIMARY SOURCE

provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and Internet communications via email, blogs, and newsgroups are also primary sources.

Naturalistic

refers to studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally

PERSONAL EXPERIENCES AND ENGAGEMENT

researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under investigation

IN-TEXT CITATION

style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information are entered and formatted. Example: Nadeau (2013)

TITLE

the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually read first. It summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.

VOICE, PERSPECTIVE AND REFLEXIVITY

the qualitative methodologist owns and is reflective about her or his own voice and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

the researcher's idea on how the research problem will have to be explored. This is founded on the theoretical framework, which lies on a much broader scale of resolution. • the researcher's idea on how the research problem will have to be explored • outlines the input, process and output of the whole investigation • also called the research paradigm

HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE

the whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system

DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

there is attention to process; assumes change is ongoing

CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL

two types of definition of terms:

John Creswell

who developed the five methods in qualitative inquiry and design

STAGE 3; PROCESSING

• Choose from your sources the ones that are the most useful and significant to your research • Evaluate the purpose of all the information that has been gathered • Explain the significance of findings (in other words, "So what?") • Identify the successes and challenges of formulating your ideas and finding support

STAGE 2; INVESTIGATING

• Confirm the key words necessary for successful searches (this is where exploring should have helped you out) to find support and sources for your focus/argument • Gather a variety of print and non-print, academic, (maybe even peer reviewed) sources; remember to note citation information, incl. date accessed • Use the library web site to access EBSCO, Britannica, Historica, etc. to begin academic research • fine-tune (or narrow) your focus question/argument as you investigate further

STAGE 4 ; CREATING

• Create the written product that is required by your teacher; usually in the form of a report or paper • Present your findings and reflections in a format appropriate for your audience • Reflect on your findings and what has been learned; an explanation of how new issues, questions or ideas that emerged during the four stages may influence future learning on your part.

STAGE 1 ; EXPLORING

• What do you know already (prior knowledge)about your topic? • What keywords are related to this topic (it's okay to use Wikipedia at this stage)? • After gaining some background knowledge on your topic, develop key questions that need to be answered • Narrow your ideas further to a focus question/argument and be ready to share with your teacher