PRACTICAL RESEARCH
Based on Purpose of the Research
A basis on the type of research: Depends on the objective or goal in conducting the research
Based on Application of Research Method
A basis on the type of research: Is the research applied to theoretical or practical issues?
Based on Types of Data Needed
A basis on the type of research: The kind of data you want to work on reflects whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research
Inquiry
A learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events
Research
A process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about your research
Research
A process requiring you to work logically or systematically and collaboratively with others
discourse analysis
A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content
Pure research
A type of research that deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things
correlational research
A type of research that is concerned in indicating the existence of a relationship, not the causes and ways of the development of such relationship
correlational research
A type of research that shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents called variables that affect the research
inductive or scientific method of thinking
A type of thinking where you start thinking of particular or specific concept that'll eventually lead you to more complex ideas such as generalizations or conclusions
Inquisitive thinking
Allows you to shift from one level of thought to another
Scientific or positive approach
An approach to research in which you discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner
historical analysis
Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events to the present time The results of content analysis will help specify phenomenological changes in unchanged aspects of society through the years
Human understanding and interpretation
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: -Data analysis and results show an individual's mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world -You come to know what kind of human being he or she is, including his or her values. beliefs, likes, and dislikes
Internal Analysis
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: -Examine the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individuals (i.e., mental, emotional, spiritual, and characteristics) -Study people's perception or views about your topic, not the effects of their physical existence on your study -In case of objects (i.e., books and artworks) that are subjected to a qualitative research, the investigation centers on underlying theories or principles that govern these materials and their usefulness to people
Contextualization
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: -Involves all variables, factors, or conditions affecting the study. -Your goal is to understand human behavior -It is crucial to examine the *context* or situation of an individual's life-- the who, what, why, how, and other circumstances-- affecting his or her way of life.
Diversified data in real-life situations
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: -Prefers collecting data in a natural setting like observing people as they live and work, analyzing photographs or videos as they genuinely appear to people, and looking at classrooms unchanged or adjusted to people's intentional observations
Abounds with words and visuals
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: -Words come in big quantity in qualitative research. -Data gathering (interviews or library reading) and presentation of data analysis results is done verbally. -It resorts to quoting some respondents' answers -Presenting people's world views through visual presentation (i.e., pictures, videos, drawing, and graphs) are significantly used in a qualitative research
Active, powerful, and forceful
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of a qualitative research. As you go through the research process, you find the need to amend or rephrase interview questions and consider varied ways of getting answers, like shifting from mere speculating to travelling to places for data gathering. You are not fixated to a certain plan. Rather, you are inclined to discover your qualitative research design as your study gradually unfolds or reveals itself in accordance with your research objectives.
multiple research approaches and methods
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: Qualitative research allows you to approach or plan your study in varied ways. You are free to combine this with quantitative research and use all gathered data and analysis techniques. Being a multi-method research, a qualitative study applies to all research types: descriptive, eploratory, explanatory, case study, etc
Specificity to generalizations
Characteristic of Qualitative Research: Specific ideas are directed to a general understanding of something. It follows an inductive or scientific method of thinking
Objectiveness
Characteristic of Research: It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions
Accuracy
Characteristic of Research: It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately be documented or acknowledged
Clarity
Characteristic of Research: It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language
Systematic
Characteristic of Research: It must take place in an organized or orderly manner
Timeliness
Characteristic of Research: It must work on a topic that is fresh, news, and interesting to the present society
Relevance
Characteristic of Research: Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives or people in a community
Triangulation Approach
Combination of two approaches in designing your research
Scientific or positive approach
Data given in this approach are expressed through numbers, which mean that this method is suitable for quantitative research
Inquiry
Elevates your thinking power
Uncontrolled or unstructured
In a naturalistic approach, People look at their world in a subjective or personal basis in an ______ or ____ manner
Triangulation Approach
In this approach, you are free to gather and analyze data using *multiple methods*, allowing you to combine or mix up research approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques
Analysis
In this part, you execute varied thinking strategies that range from lower-order to higher-order thinking skills such as inferential, critical, integrative, and creative thinking.
Lower-order to Higher-order
In your analysis, you execute varied thinking strategies that range from ________ to __________ thinking skills such as inferential, critical, integrative, and creative thinking.
Inquiry
Includes cooperative learning because any knowledge from members of the society can help to make the solution
Inquisitive thinking
It doesn't go in a linear fashion; rather, it operates in an interactive manner
Inquiry-Based Learning
It gets its support from three educational theories serving as its foundation
Content Analysis
It is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc) used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating
Inquiry
It is a problem-solving technique
Inquiry
It is an active learning process
Research
It is analogous to inquiry
Inquiry
It puts you in a situation where you need to probe, investigate, or ask questions to find answers or solutions to what you are worried or doubtful about
Inquiry-Based Learning
It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data carefully
Inquiry
Makes you think in different ways, enabling you to arrive at a particular idea or something that will motivate you to create something unique, new, or innovative for your personal growth as well as for the world
Research
Requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you to discover truths about many things
Research
Similar to inquiry, it also involves cooperative learning
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in learning
grounded theory
Takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation, you will happen to find a theory that applies to your current study. Data gathering techniques: a. Interview b. Observation c. Documentary analysis
Scientific or positive approach
The data gathering techniques for this approach are interviews questionnaires observational checklists
Exploratory Research
The purpose of this type of research is to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic
Verbal language
The right way to express your finding in a qualitative research
John Dewey's theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking; Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD); Jerome Bruner's theory on learners' varied world perceptions for their own interpretative thinking of people and things around them
The three educational theories that supported inquiry-based learning
Inferential, critical, integrative, and creative thinking
These are top-level thinking strategies that you ought to perform in discovering and understanding the object of your inquiry
changing knowledge, creativity, subjectivity, socio-cultural factors, sensory experience, and higher-order thinking strategies
These elements concerns inquiry
Naturalistic Approach
This approach directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak of how people behave towards their surroundings
Triangulation Approach
This approach gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives
Naturalistic Approach
This approach uses non-numerical data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand the world
Naturalistic Approach
This approach uses words
Natural setting
This setting is where a naturalistic approach happens
descriptive research
This type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc
Pure research
This type of research aims to increase your knowledge about something
explanatory research
This type of research elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists
Quantitative Research
This type of research involves measurement of data
Quantitative Research
This type of research presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in *numerical forms*
Qualitative Research
This type of research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express results, inquiry, or investigation about people's thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles reagrding the object of the study
action research
This type of research studies an ongoing practice of a school organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system
Exploratory Research
This type of research will let you discover ideas on topics that could trigger your interest in conducting research studies
Based on Application of Research Method; Based on Purpose of the Research; Based on Types of Data Needed
Three bases on the types of research
Primary data
Type of data that are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience
Secondary data
Type of data that have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes
Phenomenology
Type of qualitative research: -Comes from "phenomenon"- something known through sensory experience -The study of how people find their experience meaningful -Goal is to make people understand their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, etc -People engaged in assisting others to manage their own lives properly often understand the meanings attached to their experience. They do this in a qualitative research
Ethnography
Type of qualitative research: -Falls in the field of anthropology -It is the study of a cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle -A particular group reveals the nature of characteristics of their own culture through the world perceptions of the cultural group's members
case study
Type of qualitative research: -Takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc -Involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation -Seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject -Finding the reason drives you to delve into relationships of people to the case under study -Data collection methods a. interviews b. questionnaires c. observations d. documentary analysis
descriptive research
Type of research that develops an inclination of conducting further studies on a topic
descriptive research
Type of research that is liable to repeated research because its topic relates itself only to a certain period of or a limited number of years
applied research
Type of research: Your intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to make positive changes in society
Inquiry
You do this by investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about.
Imagining, speculating, interpreting, criticizing, and creating
You proceed like scientists with your inquiry with these steps that
Solving a problem by being inquisitive
You tend to act like w=scientists who are inclined to think logically or systematically in seeking evidence to support their conclusions about something
Learning
Your way of obtaining knowledge about your surroundings