practice
1. Holly Ramona's memories of being abused as a child were: A. most likely implanted in her mind by her therapist. B. considered accurate by memory researchers. C. thought to be misinterpretations of her childhood fantasies. D. based on the manifest content of her dreams.
A
12. Without telling you that I have used a photo-editing software, I show you a picture where you are standing next to a flying saucer. Later, I ask you if you have ever had an encounter with a flying saucer during your childhood. You are most likely to report that you: A. probably are more confident that you have seen a flying saucer as a child than you would have been before seeing the picture. B. do not have any more confidence that you have seen a flying saucer than you did before seeing the obviously edited picture. C. will readily be able to recall under hypnosis an alien abduction in a past life after seeing the picture. D. will have a dream about an alien encounter in the near future.
A
13. Which of the following terms is defined as a tendency to look only for evidence that validates a previous hunch and to not look for evidence that might dispute a belief? A. Confirmatory bias B. Situational selection C. Extreme responding D. Noncontent responding
A
21. _____ is a technique that makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed. A. Priming B. Constructive memory C. Fixation D. Attachment
A
25. The _____ view holds that the unconscious mind can cause behavior. A. motivated unconscious B. cognitive unconscious C. priming D. confirmatory bias
A
26. Unlike Sigmund Freud, contemporary psychologists view the cognitive unconscious as: A. having a more bounded, rule-governed, and specific influence on behavior. B. a torrid and fuming cauldron of anger and eroticism. C. operating according to its own primitive and irrational rules. D. having a significant and definitive influence on individuals' motivations.
A
3. Hypnosis and sodium amytal usually lead to: A. distorted memories. B. more accurate memories of childhood. C. more accurate memories of all life stages. D. forgetting or repression.
A
35. According to Erik Erikson, the first developmental stage is: A. trust versus mistrust. B. initiative versus guilt. C. generativity versus stagnation. D. the oral stage.
A
39. Three-year-old Sandra loves to dress like her mother, wear her mother's makeup, and pretend doing household chores. This scenario most likely illustrates Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development. A. initiative versus guilt B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. trust versus mistrust D. identity versus role confusion
A
40. Which of the following is most likely a poor outcome of Erik Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of personality development? A. Children becoming resigned to failure B. Children growing up doubting their ability to get along with others C. Children developing a sense of inferiority D. Children developing feelings of social discomfort when around others
A
46. Joshua decides to return to his hometown after his graduation and assist his father in the family business. He is a very talented musician, and his friends encourage him to stay back and join a band. However, Joshua shrugs off their suggestions. When asked for an explanation, he says that what he plans to do is morally correct but is unable to give a convincing answer to support his beliefs and opinions. This scenario most likely illustrates: A. identity foreclosure. B. a conventionality press. C. identity certainty. D. an inferiority complex.
A
49. Connecting with others, both in terms of friendships and intimate relationships, is the focus of the _____ stage. A. intimacy versus isolation B. integrity versus despair C. autonomy versus shame and doubt D. generativity versus stagnation
A
5. Memory research conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus suggests that false memories can be created: A. with leading questions. B. through head trauma. C. through child abuse. D. using subliminal prompts.
A
55. A person who would choose to relive his or her life in exactly the same way has resolved the _____ stage in a positive way. A. integrity versus despair B. identity versus role confusion C. autonomy versus shame and doubt D. initiative versus guilt
A
60. As an early feminist, Karen Horney believed that: A. culture had different standards for men and women. B. men and women behaved similarly across cultures. C. Freud's views about women were fundamentally correct. D. culture affected both genders in a similar manner.
A
62. According to Karen Horney, _____ is a term that describes a set of shared standards for many behaviors. A. culture B. gender C. the cognitive unconscious D. social power
A
66. The distinction between "sex" and "gender" can be traced back to: A. Karen Horney. B. Sigmund Freud. C. Erik Erikson. D. John Bowlby.
A
70. A person with inflated self-admiration who constantly attempts to draw attention toward himself or herself can be described as: A. a narcissist. B. fixated in the trust versus mistrust stage. C. securely attached. D. ambivalently attached.
A
71. The narcissistic paradox is that although narcissists: A. appear high in self-esteem, they actually have doubts about their worth as a person. B. have high self-esteem, they are aggressive. C. act modestly, they actually have very high self-esteem. D. act violently, they deny these actions.
A
74. According to object relations theory, relationships with _____ are especially important. A. parents B. peers C. siblings D. teachers
A
77. When Eva was a child, Eva's mother left her alone quite often and did not feed her regularly. According to object relations theory, Eva might: A. have difficulty learning to trust other people later in life. B. search for acceptance later in life. C. become a poor mother. D. become an overly cautious mother.
A
83. Most infants, almost 66 percent, fall into the _____ group. A. securely attached B. avoidantly attached C. ambivalently attached D. separation anxiety
A
84. In the strange situation procedure, it was found that the _____ infants were the happiest when their mothers returned. A. securely attached B. avoidantly attached C. ambivalently attached D. separation anxiety
A
86. In the strange situation procedure, ambivalently attached infants _____ when their mothers left. A. cried the most B. cried the least C. were indifferent D. were calm
A
87. In the strange situation procedure, when do ambivalently attached infants act ambivalently? A. When their mothers return B. When their mothers cuddle them C. When a stranger enters D. When a stranger cuddles them
A
88. According to Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby (1991), mothers of _____ attached infants provide more affection and stimulation to their babies than mothers of infants in the other groups. A. securely B. avoidantly C. ambivalently D. symbiotically
A
93. According to Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver's research on adult relationships, which of the following is a characteristic of secure people? A. They have few problems developing satisfying friendships and relationships. B. They need constant reassurance and attention. C. They have difficulty depending on others because they anticipate being separated. D. They become slightly dependent and demanding on their partners and friends.
A
98. In the context of adult relationships, research has found that: A. secure men seek support from others when distressed. B. secure women are significantly less likely to offer encouragement to their male partners. C. secure women try to distance themselves from their partners when distressed. D. secure men want to distract themselves from stressors.
A
11. The _____ occurs when a memory is elaborated upon through ideation, leading a person to confuse a fancied event with events that actually happened. A. false consensus effect B. imagination inflation effect C. third variable problem D. equal environments assumption
B
17. You are assigned to learn the following list of words: bagel, bread, pie, cake, and turnover. You are then asked to write down the words you remember from this list. You add the word "donut" to the list. This is an example of: A. the imagination inflation effect. B. the spreading activation model of memory. C. a confirmatory bias. D. an unconscious collusion.
B
22. Research on subliminal perception suggests that: A. subliminal perception can usually influence people's motivations. B. unconscious information does not influence people's motivations. C. subliminal perception is impossible. D. subliminal perception can lead to important changes in personality.
B
23. Joey listens to a song that includes words such as kill, beat, slaughter, and hurt. Research on subliminal research suggests that Joey will: A. become increasingly violent after listening to this song. B. not commit a violent act after listening to this song. C. have an urge to become more violent while listening to this song. D. emulate the actions of the musicians more than the lyrics of the song.
B
24. Joan constantly listens to the music composed by her favorite musical group that is known for its positive, upbeat religious music. From the cognitive unconscious perspective, Joan will most likely: A. be a better person after listening to its songs. B. remain the same. C. start attending religious services more often. D. tap into her primitive religious archetype.
B
29. The approach to psychoanalysis started by Erik Erikson is called: A. id psychology. B. ego psychology. C. superego psychology. D. psychoanalysis.
B
30. According to ego psychology, which of the following is seen as the primary function of the ego? A. Responding to the demands of the id B. Establishing a secure identity C. Shifting focus from the id to the superego D. Upholding social values and ideals
B
37. A good outcome of the _____ stage is when a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things. A. initiative versus guilt B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. trust versus mistrust D. identity versus role confusion
B
41. Which of the following is a characteristic of Erik Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage of personality development? A. Children begin experimenting with their new abilities and generally test their powers. B. Children begin comparing themselves to each other, especially those their own age. C. Children begin imitating adults, dressing in adult clothes, playing adults, and acting as adults. D. Children begin experiencing a whole series of drastic physical changes.
B
47. Sheri, who has recently graduated, plans to travel across her country, meet people from diverse backgrounds, and explore in general before she commits herself to a particular identity. This scenario most likely exemplifies _____. A. an identity confusion B. a moratorium C. a delay D. fixation
B
51. A professor enters a classroom with poorly written notes and teaches with little interest. From Erik Erikson's perspective, this professor is not progressing very well through the _____ stage of development. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. generativity versus stagnation C. integrity versus despair D. identity versus role confusion
B
52. Kiara, a 35-year-old receptionist, loves her job. Every morning, she looks forward to meeting new people. She greets each visitor with warmth and never speaks rudely to any telephone caller. She derives contentment and satisfaction from her job and states that she never has a dull moment at work. This scenario most likely exemplifies Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development. A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. generativity versus stagnation C. integrity versus despair D. identity versus role confusion
B
54. Erik Erikson's last developmental stage is: A. intimacy versus isolation. B. integrity versus despair. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. generativity versus stagnation.
B
56. Charles, a 65-year-old retired bank officer, lives all alone because his daughters live with their families in another country. When looking back on his life, he feels that he has justified his role as a son, a bank officer, a husband, a father, and now as a grandfather. He hardly has any regrets and does not feel the need to change the way he has led his life. This scenario most likely exemplifies Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development. A. intimacy versus isolation B. integrity versus despair C. identity versus role confusion D. generativity versus stagnation
B
57. Karen Horney, a medical doctor and a psychoanalyst, practiced from: A. 1910 to 1930. B. the 1930s up to about 1950. C. 1950 to 1970. D. the 1970s up to about 1990.
B
6. Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with? A. Most behaviors are a result of unconscious conflict. B. The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning. C. Childhood sexuality is more important than childhood relationships. D. Childhood is unimportant in personality development.
B
65. _____ refer to differences in culturally ascribed roles and traits that we view as masculine or feminine. A. Sex differences B. Gender differences C. Confirmatory biases D. Self-serving biases
B
68. Inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to the self and to keep others focused on oneself is called: A. self-esteem. B. narcissism. C. grandiosity. D. dominance.
B
7. The neo-analytic view places _____ emphasis on childhood relationships and _____ emphasis on sexual urges than did Sigmund Freud. A. more; more B. more; less C. less; more D. less; less
B
72. Research suggests that when criticized, narcissists may: A. ignore the criticism. B. behave aggressively. C. congratulate themselves quietly. D. boast loudly so that everyone can listen.
B
73. Object relations theory lays emphasis on _____. A. the importance of the oral stage in determining adult relationships B. social relationships and their origins in childhood C. the importance of the cognitive unconscious in determining adult relationships D. the fear of success
B
75. According to object relations theory, children _____ their mothers in an unconscious mental representation. A. repress B. internalize C. fixate on D. project
B
76. In the context of object relations theory, the first social attachments that an infant develops form the _____ for all meaningful relationships in his or her future. A. objects B. templates C. archetypes D. forms
B
80. While little Jonathon is playing in his living room, his mother leaves the room for a few minutes. He hardly notices that his mother has left. When she returns, he does not give her much attention. According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, Jonathon most likely belongs to the _____ attached group. A. securely B. avoidantly C. independently D. ambivalently
B
82. Who among the following developed the strange situation procedure? A. Erik Erikson B. Mary Ainsworth C. Karen Horney D. Henry Roediger
B
9. One of the main factors that might influence people to have false memories is the: A. advances in psychoanalytic therapy. B. availability of books on sensitive topics in the popular press. C. new types of memory-enhancing drugs. D. recent findings in hypnosis research.
B
90. John Bowlby's working models for later adult relationships are: A. based on the externalized projection of parental objects. B. internalized in the form of unconscious expectations about relationships. C. based on one's identification with the same gender parent. D. based on a series of trial-and-error learning experiences.
B
91. Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver believe that the adult _____ relationship style is characterized by difficulty in learning to trust others. A. secure B. avoidant C. paranoid D. ambivalent
B
94. Deidre is always suspicious of the nice things Simon does for her. She is afraid that he has an ulterior motive and is therefore afraid of committing to him. According to Cindy Hazen and Philip Shaver, this scenario most likely illustrates the adult _____ relationship style. A. insecure B. avoidant C. ambivalent D. paranoid
B
96. According to Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver's research on adult relationships, avoidant adults _____. A. have few problems developing satisfying friendships and relationships B. are afraid of depending on others because they anticipate being abandoned C. are not afraid of making commitments D. display high levels of neediness and seek constant reassurance and attention in their relationships
B
97. According to a study in which participants were required to answer certain questions aimed at understanding romantic relationships, Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver found that those with an avoidant attachment style tend to: A. have frequent, but short-lived, romantic relationships. B. shun romance, believing that real love is rare and transient. C. remain calm when separated from their partners. D. be very supportive of their partners, at least emotionally.
B
10. A study conducted by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that: A. false memories can occur only in brain-damaged individuals. B. individuals find it impossible to bring forth false memories when hypnotized. C. leading questions by therapists could implant false memories in patients. D. individuals remembered only salient cues when administered sodium amytal.
C
15. The _____ model of memory holds that mental elements (such as words or images) are stored in memory along with associations to other elements in memory. A. cognitive unconscious B. confirmatory bias C. spreading activation D. internalized objects
C
16. Which of the following describes the idea that memory influences in various ways what people recall? A. The motivated unconscious view B. Priming C. A constructive memory D. Confirmatory bias
C
18. If a therapist believes that sexual abuse is the cause of most adult problems, he or she will most likely probe for memories of sexual abuse. This scenario illustrates the _____ bias. A. priming B. constructiveness C. confirmatory D. imaginative
C
2. According to the text, Holly Ramona was: A. a victim of childhood sexual abuse. B. a famous psychoanalyst. C. probably induced to have false memories. D. All of the answers are correct.
C
20. Research participants who are subliminally primed with the word "candy" would probably: A. have an unexplainable urge to eat candy. B. recognize that they were being manipulated but still desire candy. C. be quicker to recognize the word "candy" a few minutes later. D. be slower to recognize the word "candy" a few minutes later.
C
27. Which of the following best characterizes Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis? A. The cognitive unconscious B. Ego psychology C. Id psychology D. Object relations psychology
C
31. According to Erik Erikson, _____ refers to the desperation and confusion a person feels when he or she has not developed a strong sense of identity. A. the false consensus effect B. the imagination inflation effect C. identity crisis D. identity confusion
C
34. Erik Erikson believed that each stage of development was marked by a _____ conflict. A. psychosexual B. libidinal C. psychosocial D. thematic
C
38. According to Erik Erikson, overprotective parents can contribute to a child's sense of: A. guilt. B. stagnation. C. doubt. D. mistrus
C
43. Erik Erikson's fifth stage of personality development is identity versus: A. inferiority. B. stagnation. C. role confusion. D. isolation.
C
45. Justin, an adolescent, wants to find out what is important and what he values and wants out of life. He travels across his country and tries a variety of sports, part-time jobs, and college majors. In this scenario, he is most likely in Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development. A. intimacy versus isolation B. integrity versus despair C. identity versus role confusion D. generativity versus stagnation
C
48. Rite of passage rituals usually occur during Erik Erikson's _____ stage of personality development. A. intimacy versus isolation B. integrity versus despair C. identity versus role confusion D. generativity versus stagnation
C
53. In adulthood, people are usually in the generativity versus _____ stage. A. mistrust B. guilt C. stagnation D. role confusion
C
58. Karen Horney thought that the penis was: A. important in understanding the development of boys. B. not important in understanding the development of girls. C. a symbol of social power. D. even more important than Freud believed.
C
59. Karen Horney believed that girls: A. had an unconscious desire to become boys. B. wanted a penis unconsciously. C. desired the social power given to boys. D. unconsciously believed that boys were inferior.
C
64. The terms "feminine" and "masculine" refer to: A. sex. B. personality disorders. C. traits or roles typically associated with being male or female in a particular culture. D. All of the answers are correct.
C
78. According to the experiments conducted by Harry Harlow on infant monkeys, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. They prefer real mothers to fake mothers. B. They need a responsive mother to be able to develop normally. C. They prefer cloth mother to wire mother when given a choice. D. They prefer fake mothers who provide food.
C
8. According to Drew Westen, a contemporary psychoanalyst, identify a postulate on which contemporary psychoanalysis has been based. A. The unconscious continues to be the ubiquitous influence that Sigmund Freud held it was. B. Childhood plays an insignificant role in shaping adult relationship styles. C. Mental representations of the self and relationships guide one's interactions with others. D. Behavior fails to reflect compromises in conflicts among emotions.
C
92. According to Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver, vulnerability and uncertainty about relationships are the hallmarks of the adult _____ relationship style. A. secure B. avoidant C. ambivalent D. defensive
C
95. Frederick's girlfriend, Elizabeth, is high maintenance and seeks constant attention and reassurance. According to Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver, this scenario most likely exemplifies a(n) _____ relationship style. A. insecure B. jealous C. ambivalent D. possessive
C
99. Most people who study attachment and relationship styles would agree that: A. there is little correspondence between childhood and adult attachment styles. B. a childhood attachment style cannot be changed during adulthood. C. a positive relationship in adulthood can compensate for a negative childhood. D. a negative childhood predicts a strong motive to form deep attachments in adult relationships.
C
14. In an experimental procedure developed by Henry Roediger and Kathleen McDermott, approximately _____ percent of normal subjects are induced to have a false memory. A. 20 B. 35 C. 55 D. 80
D
19. According to Kihlstrom (1999), psychologists with the _____ readily acknowledge that information can get into individuals' memories without them ever being aware of the information. A. directionality problem B. third variable problem C. motivated unconscious view D. cognitive unconscious view
D
28. Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis focused on the _____, but later psychoanalysts felt that the _____ deserved more attention. A. ego; superego B. id; superego C. superego; id D. id; ego
D
32. In the context of the stages of personality development, both Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson _____. A. agreed about the time span of development B. felt that the crises that occurred at each stage were inherently sexual C. felt that the conflicts that occurred at each stage were of a social nature D. maintained the notion of fixation
D
33. In the context of the stages of personality development, Erik Erikson believed that: A. the order of the stages differed for each individual. B. fixation was nonexistent. C. psychosexual conflicts occurred at each stage of development. D. each stage represented a conflict that needed to be resolved.
D
36. According to Erik Erikson, infants who are not well taken care of and who never receive the love and care they need are most likely to: A. feel doubtful about their contemplated goals. B. develop a sense of initiative. C. develop a sense of autonomy. D. develop a lifelong pattern of mistrust in others.
D
4. The case of Holly Ramona discussed in the text demonstrates that: A. repression never occurs. B. repression occurs often. C. child abusers can be brought to court based on children's recovered memories. D. therapists can be held accountable for inducing false memories.
D
42. According to Erik Erikson, sense of industry describes: A. the first developmental stage. B. a sense of low self-esteem. C. a feeling of failure. D. a feeling that one can work to achieve what he or she wants.
D
44. A person deals with the question "Who am I?" in the _____ stage. A. initiative versus guilt B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. trust versus mistrust D. identity versus role confusion
D
50. During the _____ stage, people are concerned with whether or not they have created something they really care about in life. A. intimacy versus isolation B. integrity versus despair C. autonomy versus shame and doubt D. generativity versus stagnation
D
61. According to Karen Horney, the major differences between boys and girls can be attributed to: A. genes. B. hormones. C. the differences in resolving the phallic stage. D. cultural influences.
D
63. Karen Horney noted that girls may avoid competition and achievement because they have: A. poor attachments. B. less social power. C. high levels of narcissism. D. an unconscious fear of success.
D
67. Will scored high in his math test and low in his history test. He blamed the low score on the inefficiency of his history teacher and the high score on his better understanding of math. In his scenario, Will is most likely engaging in _____ bias. A. confirmatory B. selective memory C. narcissistic D. self-serving
D
69. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the narcissistic paradox? A. Kevin has a high self-esteem but gets annoyed of constant praises from his friends. B. Keith has a grandiose sense of self-importance but can still handle criticism very well. C. Simone appears low in self-esteem but is sure of her worth as a fashion consultant. D. Sheila appears to be a confident manager but needs constant praise from her team members.
D
79. Who among the following is most associated with attachment relationship with the mother and how that relationship meets the needs of an infant for protection, nurturance, and support? A. Karen Horney B. Sigmund Freud C. Erik Erikson D. John Bowlby
D
81. Roberto, a toddler, is left with a stranger in a room when his mother leaves for a few minutes. He is very upset and difficult to calm in his mother's absence. When his mother returns, he approaches her but later resists by fighting against being held. According to Ainsworth and her colleagues, Roberto most likely belongs to the _____ attached group. A. securely B. avoidantly C. independently D. ambivalently
D
85. Which of the following terms does NOT describe an attachment style identified by Ainsworth? A. Secure B. Avoidant C. Ambivalent D. Separated
D
89. Responsiveness to infant crying in the early months of life was associated with _____ at 1 year of age. A. ambivalent attachment to the mother B. the same amount of crying C. secure attachment to the mother D. less crying
D
