Practice Exam: 1-5
What is the difference between lysosomes and pero(x)isomes?
-lysosomes recycle damage cells -Peroxisomes carry special enzymes, are a lot smaller and get rid of to(x)ins.
organization of zones within epiphyseal cartilage
-zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophy -zone of calcification (Rats Prefer Houses with Cheese)
Which of the following statements is/are true? a.) DNA forms nucleosomes with ribosomes b.) DNA controls the synthesis of RNA c.) DNA is bound to histones in the chromosomes d.) DNA replicates during the early stages of mitosis e.) B and C
B and C
Levels of organizations in the body
Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism
Where in bone are the blood vessels that supply the osteon contained? a.) lamellae b.) central canal c.) osteocyte d.)lacunae
Central canal
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoskeleton? a.) microfilaments b.) microtubules c.) cilia d.) thick filaments
Cilia
Chromatin:
DNA + histones
Which of the following does NOT occur mitosis? a.) chromatids become chromosomes b.) DNA replicates itself c.) nuclear membranes form d.) daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell
DNA replicates itself
Which tissue is found in the walls of arteries and around bronchial tubes? a.) dense irregular connective tissue b.) loose areolar connective tissue c.) elastic connective tissue d.) dense regular connective tissue e.) adipose tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Which of the following organ systems is responsible for directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems? a.) nervous system b.) urinary system c.) endocrine system d.)lymphoid system
Endocrine System
Active transports are
Endocytosis: phagocytes, pinocytes, receptor mediated endocytosis Exocytosis
Which of the following organelles functions in packaging materials for lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and membrane segments that are used to replenish the cell membrane? a.) mitochondria b.) ribosomes c.) endoplasmic reticulum d.) Golgi apparatus e.) none of the above
Golgi apparatus
Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium do what?
Help bone grow
cardiac muscle is
Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, striated
smooth muscle is
Involuntary; nonstriated
What kind of epithelium does the epidermis of the skin consist of? a.) simple cuboidal epithelium b.) pseudostratified squamous epithelium c.) simple cuboidal epithelium d.) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The phagocytic cells in the epidermis are: a.) Langerhans' Cells b.) keratinocytes c.) melanocytes d.) merkel cells
Langerhans' Cells
non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Lines the stomach and intestines, gallbladder
The papillary layer of the dermis consists of which type of connective tissue? a.) dense irregular connective tissue b.) dense regular connective tissue c.) adipose tissue d.) loose areolar tissue e.) none of the above
Loose areolar tissue
Of the four cell types found in the epidermis, which one is found in skin surfaces that LACK hair among the deepest cells of the stratum basale and are sensitive to touch? a.) keratinocytes b.) melanocytes c.) Langerhanns d.) Merkel Cells e.) none of the above
Merkel cells
What are the cells of Connective Tissue Proper?
Mesenchymal cells, Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Fixed Macrophages, Adipocytes, melanocytes
Which organelles produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell? a.) ribosome b.) nucleus c.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum d.) mitochondria
Mitochondria
Which of the following term describes the membrane of connective tissue that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except the ends of the epiphyses? a.) periosteum b.) endosteum c.) sharpe's fibers d.) pericardium
Periosteum
What forms the ENDOTHELIUM of blood vessels and the MESOTHELIUM of the ventral body cavity?
Simple squamous epithelium
The pleural cavity is the
Space between the membranes around the lungs.
neuroglial cells
Specialized cell of the nervous system that produces myelin, communicates between cells, and maintains the ionic environment
What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification
Calcification
The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue
Which intercellular attachment, also called "macula adherens," consists of a system of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and intercellular cement? a.) occluding junctions b.) anchoring junctions c.) gap junctions d.) desmosomes e.) tight junctions
Tight junctions
apocrine secretes
Vesecular merocrine secretion
reticular fibers are
a single unit of collagen proteins
What is the term for molecule movement across a membrane from a LOW TO HIGH concentration? a.) facilitated diffusion b.) osmosis c.) active transport d.) filtration
active transport
Which of the following tissue types are found in the integument? a.) connective b.) nervous c.) msucle d.) epithelial e.) all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? a.) thermoregulation b.) excretion c.) synthesis of vitamin D d.) coordinates immune response to pathogens e.) all of the above are functions of the integument
all of the above are functions of the integument
Which of the following is FALSE regarding spongy bone? a.) spongy bone is lighter than compact bone b.) spongy bone contains no blood vessels c.) spongy bone is capable of resisting stresses from many different directions d.) spongy bone contains trabeculae e.) all the above are true
all the above are true
Simple squamous epithelium lines what?
alveoli of lungs
Loose connective tissues
areolar, adipose, reticular
Tissues are
avascular but innervated
Gap junctions are most found in what type of muscle tissue? a.) smooth b.) rough c.) skeletal d.) cardiac
cardiac
supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cartilage? a.) most cartilages cannot repair themselves after a severe injury b.) collagen fibers provide tensile strength in cartilage c.) chondrocytes are the dominant cells in cartilage d.) cartilage is both AVASCULAR and INNERVATED
cartilage is both AVASCULAR and INNERVATED
Which type of fiber is most found in dense irregular connective tissue? a.) elastic b.) reticular c.) collagen d.) hyaline
collagen
the visceral pleura
covers the lungs
non-membranous organelles
cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes
Dense irregular connective tissue found
deep dermis, covers bone and cartilages, CAPSULES OF ORGANS
Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system? a.) support b.) protection of soft tissues c.) blood cell formation d.) defense against infection and disease
defense against infection and disease
What tissue serves as the main component of ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and fascia? a.) loose areolar b.) dense irregular c.) reticular d.) dense irregular e.) adipose
dense irregular
Which type of tissues is found in the capsules of organs? a.) loose areolar connective tissue b.) dense irregular connective tissue c.) reticular connective d.) dense regular connective tissue e.) adipose tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
Simple tissues are good for which functions?
diffusion and secretion
In which body cavity does the brain and spinal cord lie? a.) ventral b.) pleural c.) dorsal d.) pericardial
dorsal
sudoriferous glands
eccrine and apocrine
What type of supportive tissue is found in the pinna of the ear and the apex of the nose? a.) bone b.) hyaline cartilage c.) fibrous cartilage d.) elastic cartilage e.) none of the above
elastic cartilage
Which of the following terms describes the process by which most elements of the appendicular skeleton (long bones) form? a.) intramembranous ossification b.) osteogenesis c.) endochondral calcification d.) endochondral ossification
endochondral ossification
Which of the following is NOT a passive process? a.) diffusion b.) facilitated diffusion c.) osmosis d.) endocytosis e.) all of these are passive processes
endocytosis
visceral layer of serous pericardium
epicardium
What two tissues compose a membrane? a.) nervous & muscular b.) epithelial & connective c.) connective & nervous d.)all 4 tissue types compose a membrane
epithelial & connective
Membranes are organs formed by the combination of which tissues? a.) epithelial and muscle b.) muscle and neural c.) muscle and epithelial d.) connective and neural e.) epithelial and connective
epithelial and connective
Stratified Non-keratinized Squamous Epithelium lines
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
What happens to the integument as you age?
fewer melanocytes, dry epidermis, thin epidermis, fewer active follicles, changes in distribution of fat and hair, reduced blood supply etc.
Which of the following cell types is NOT found in the epidermis? a.) keratinocytes b.) fibroblasts c.) melanocyte d.) merkel cell e.) langerhan cell
fibroblasts
What type of supportive tissue is found in areas of high stress such as between the spinal vertebrae and the pubic symphysis? a.) hyaline cartilage b.) elastic cartilage c.) skeletal muscle d.) fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage
Which of the following are the most abundant cells found in the connective tissue proper? a.) adipocytes & melanocytes b.) fibrocytes & fibroblasts c.) chondrocytes & chondroblasts d.) free macrophages
fibrocytes & fibroblasts
What kind of cartilage is found in our intervertebral discs?
fibrous cartilage
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
fused to fibrous pericardium
Integument accessory structures
hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails
During which mode of secretion does the entire cell become packed with secretory products and then burst apart, destroying the cell? a.) merocrine b.) apocrine c.) endocrine d.) holocrine
holocrine
Growth hormone and thyroxine
increase osteoblast activity leading to bone growth
During which phase of the cell life cycle do somatic cells spend most of their life? a.) mitosis b.) cytokinesis c.) meiosis d.) interphase
interphase
Which of the following is NOT true of the plasmalemma? a.) physical barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular fluid b.) regulates the exchange of ions and nutrients with the environment c.) is not affected by changes in the extracellular fluid d.) provides structural support to the cells e.) all the above statements are true
is not affected by changes in the extracellular fluid
You will find simple cuboidal epithelium..
kidney tubules, and in ducts and secretory portions of small glands SECRETION AND ABSORPTION
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus ABSORPTION, SECRETION AND ION TRANSPORT
the parietal pleura
lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Endochondral ossification occurs in
long bones
Connective tissue proper
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stratum lucidum? a.) found in the thick skin of the palms and soles b.) made up of flattened, densely packed keratinocytes c.) found in hairless skin d.) melanocytes are the predominant cells in this layer
melanocytes are the predominant cells in this layer
Serous cells undergo which mechanism of secretion? a.) holcrine b.) endocrine c.) apocrine d.) lactorine e.) merocrine
merocrine
Organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and portions of the large intestine are suspended within the peritoneal cavity by double sheets of peritoneum known as what? a.) viscera b.) mesentries c.) parietal pleura d.) serous membranes
mesentries
What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
which of the following describes the tiny fingerlike projections of the cell membrane that increases the surface area of cells? a.) cilia b.) centrioles c.) flagella d.) microvilli e.) microtubules
microvilli
membraneous organelles
mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
The wet membrane that covers cavities, which open to the external surface of the body is called the: a.) cutaneous membrane b.) synovial membrane c.) petechiae d.) mucous membrane
mucous membrane
Osteoclasts are
multinucleated
Which of the following terms describes the process of bone replacing existing tissue? a.) osteogenesis b.) calcification c.) ossification d.) osetolysis
ossification
What type of cell found in bone secretes acids that dissolve the bony matrix and release amino acids, stored calcium, and phosphate through osteolysis? a.) osteocyte b.) osteoblast c.) osteoclast d.) osteoprogenitor cells
osteoclast
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and microstructural changes that compromise normal function and increase susceptibility to fractures? a.) osteoporosis b.) osteolysis c.) osteopenia d.) osteomyelitis
osteoporosis
epicardium
outermost layer of the heart
Where can you find thick skin?
palms of hands and soles of feet
The ___ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity. a.) superficial fascia b.) mesocolon c.) mesentery proper d.) parietal pericardium e.) parietal peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
diffusion
passive; high to low
osmosis
passive; low to high
The serous membrane covering the heart is referred to as which of the following? a.) peritoneal membrane b.) pericardium c.) pleural membrane d.) mediastinum
pericardium
outer covering of bone
periosteum (DICT)
Which of the following terms refers to the back of the knee? a.) antecubital b.) sural c.) crural d.) hallux e.) popliteal
popliteal
cytosol is high in
potassium ions (gives a negative charge)
apocrine sweat glands
produce true sweat plus fatty substances and proteins; found in the axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas of the body
Cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble during which phase of mitosis? a.) anaphase b.) metaphase c.) telophase d.) prophase
prophase
During which phase of mitosis do the chromatin threads coil and condense and the cytoskeletal microtubules disassemble? a.) prophase b.) metaphase c.) anaphase d.) telophase e.) cytokinesis
prophase
stratified cuboidal epithelium
protection; occurs in ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands
The brachium is ___ to the carpus a.) inferior b.) superficial c.) distal d.) proximal
proximal
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cartilage? a.) matrix consists of thin collagen fibrils, ground substance, and increased tissue fluid b.) avascular but not innervated c.) reticular fibers are the predominate fiber present d.) chondrocytes are the mature cells found in cartilage
reticular fibers are the predominate fiber present
In which layer of the skin are blood vessels, glands, muscles, hair follicles and nerves found? a.) epidermis b.) papillary layer c.) reticular layer d.) hypodermis
reticular layer
The primary site of protein synthesis a.) smooth ER b.) lysosome c.) ribosome d.) rough er e.) mitochondrion
ribosome
If there is increased osteoclast activity, then there is
rise of parathyroid hormone to help bone grow
Which of the following are TRUE related to bones? a.) 75% of the body's calcium is in bones b.) roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from a collagen fiber c.) the periosteum of bone consists of dense regular connective tissue d.) mature bone cells are called osteoblasts
roughly one-third of the weight of bone is from a collagen fiber
merocrine sweat glands
secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.
What type of membrane lines the internal cavities, is delicate, moist, and very permeable? a.) synovial membrane b.) cutaneous membrane c.) mucous membrane d.) serous membrane
serous membrane
Which of the following type of epithelial is the most delicate type in the body and is found in protected regions where absorption and diffusion occurs? a.) simple squamous b.) stratified squamous c.) simple cuboidal d.) simple columnar
simple squamous
Large, multi-nucleated fibers are found in: a.) skeletal muscle b.) dense irregular connective tissue c.) cardiac muscle d.) smooth muscle e.) dense regular connective tissue
skeletal muscle
intramembranous ossification occurs in
skull bones and the clavicles (flat bones)
Which cellular organelles are responsible for lipid metabolism? a.) smooth endoplasmic reticulum b.) lysosomes c.) golgi complexes (dictyosomes) d.) peroxisomes e.) rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What kind of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?
smooth muscle
Trabeculae are found in: a.) osteons b.) compact bone c.) spongy bone d.) perforating canals
spongy bone
Which layer of the epidermis consists of keratinocytes displaced from the stratum spinosum? a.) stratum corneum b.) stratum granulosom c.) stratum lucidum d.) stratum basale
stratum granulosom
What layer of skin is found only in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
Skeletal muscle is
striated; voluntary
The patella is ___ to the hallux. a.) inferior b.) deep c.) posterior d.) superior
superior
A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be ___. a.) prone b.) cephalic c.) supine d.) ventral
supine
Dense regular tissue found
tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue, ligaments
The diaphysis of a typical long bone refers to which of the following? a.) the ends of the bone b.) articular cartilage at the ends of bones c.) the shaft or long axis of the bone d.) the red marrow e.) none of the above
the shaft or long axis of the bone
Stratified tissues (function)
to protect because they are more durable
What tissue lines the ureters and part of the urethra? a.) transitional epithelium b.) dense regular connective tissue c.) loose areolar connective tissue d.) pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium e.) simple squamous epithelium
transitional epithelium
Which type of plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? a.) frontal b.) coronal c.) sagittal d.) transverse
transverse
Serous membranes line
ventral body cavity
The two layers of a serous membrane are: a.) pericardial and parietal b.) visceral and parietal c.) double sheets of peritoneum d.) pleural and parietal
visceral and parietal
intramembranous ossification steps
1. Mesenchymal cells (stem cells) ossify at the ossification center; bone grows outward in small structs called spicules 2. Blood vessels grow in the area and become trapped by the ossified matrix; spicules meet and fuse 3. Spongy bone formed; may later be removed to create a medullary cavity, or converted into compact bone
Endochondral ossification steps
1. hyaline cartilage models are formed in early embryo; chondrocytes enlarge and surround cartilage begins to calcify; chondrocytes die and disintegrate leaving cavities (no blood flow) 2. a bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage shaft; the cells of the inner perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts and these cells from bone matrix (no blood flow) 3. the hyaline cartilage in the center of the shaft calcifies, becoming the Center of Ossification; vessels and fibroblasts invade the head of the cartilage; calcified cartilaginous matrix breaks down and fibroblasts convert into osteoblasts and lay down spongy bone; no medullary cavity (blood flow) 4. remodeling and formation of the medullary cavity; osteoclasts break down the spongy bone in the center of the shaft creating the medullary cavity; increased growth in length and diameter 5. secondary ossification centers calcify the epiphyses; capillaries and osteoblasts migrate to the epiphyses and begins to ossify 6. articular cartilage (ends of each side) remains exposed to joint cavities and the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) separates the diaphysis (shaft) from the epiphysis; articular cartilage prevents bone-to-bone contact, and the epiphyseal plate allows bone lengthening
Superficial fascia also referred to by which of the following terms? a.) hypodermis b.) camper's fascia c.) epidermis d.) papillary layer e.) A & B
A & B
Which of the following cells can be found in connective tissue? a.) osteocytes b.) macrophages c.) fibroblasts d.) all of the above e.). A and B only
A and B only
Which of the following is a part of the nucleus? a.) DNA b.) mitochondria c.) histones d.) plasmalemma e.) A and C
A and C