Practice Questions 2 (Study.com Chapters 11-20)

As you evaluate the effectiveness of a piece of deductive reasoning, you should first look for _______.

A clearly expressed main point

What is a logical fallacy?

A misconception or false assumption made in reasoning

What is bias?

A partiality for or against a person or idea

In the context of philosophy, what is an argument?

A series of assertions meant to demonstrate that a certain claim is valid

Which fallacy is attacking the speaker/organization, rather than the argument itself?

Ad hominem

'The two teams faced off. One team had gone undefeated for three seasons. The other, a young team, was playing their first game. This competition was a David and Goliath match-up.' This passage is an example of which literary term?

Allusion

How should an appeal based on logos be delivered?

Based on the clarity of the arguments

What signs help the reader check for the writer's assumptions?

Bias and word choice

You see a commercial. A famous basketball player is wearing a t-shirt, saying it's the best t-shirt he's ever worn. What type of persuasion is this?

Big names

Which fallacy is a fallacy that occurs when the arguer shifts the burden of proof to the opponent, requiring the other to disprove the argument to beat it?

Burden of proof

If an author writes on Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath, this would be an example of which informational text pattern?

Cause and effect

Consider the following paragraph: I always vote for the National Party candidate in gubernatorial elections. This year, Sally Smith is the National Party candidate for governor, so I will vote for Sally Smith for governor this year. Which type of reasoning is displayed in this paragraph?

Deductive reasoning

If a person begins an essay by pointing out they are a researcher who has been studying this particular field for the past 18 years, what form of appeal are they making?

Ethos

Which fallacy is a fallacy where two solutions are pitted against one another, forcing the listener to choose between two options?

False dilemma

What are the categories of rhetorical devices?

Figures of speech Sentences Words Sounds

What are some examples of a print feature?

Glossary Pronunciation Guide Preface Table of Contents

What rhetorical device is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration?

Hyperbole

Studying roots, prefixes, and suffixes helps students:

Increase their vocabulary and reading comprehension Learn to break apart unfamiliar words in order to understand their overall meanings Understand how affixes can change a word's meaning and how much of our language is constructed

What features might an author use when writing an informational text?

Large fonts, headings, or bullets Pictures and illustrations Table of contents and glossary Diagrams, graphs, and charts

What form of appeal is being used by the following statement? I can still remember the first time I rode my bike without training wheels. As the wind brushed past my hair it felt as if I was flying rather than riding on two wheels.

Pathos

Which fallacy is an argument that is used as a distraction to the main issue?

Red herring

What is denotation?

The literal meaning of a word

What is the ideal reader?

The targeted audience of the reader

What is the definition for the connotation of a word?

Underlying meanings we associate with the word

A root word is...

a word that does not have a prefix or suffix and is the base or core that can't be reduced into a smaller word form

Prefixes and suffixes are similar because both...

change a word's meaning

Structural analysis is...

dividing words into part to discover what an unknown word means

Broadcast media is that which always...

is distributed by signal waves to many people

In order to identify the problem and solution structure in a text, the reader needs to look for...

signal words and phrases that serve as clues to the reader that this organizational structure is being used

Deductive reasoning involves _____.

starting with a generalization and moving to specific details

Which rhetorical device occurs when words imitate sounds?

Onomatopoeia

What should you preview before reading a text?

Preface Table of Contents Glossary

Which fallacy is a fallacy where the arguer manipulates an opponents argument in order to make the argument look as if it is weak and easy to beat?

Straw man

What should you do as you read an informational text?

Take notes

What types of author's make assumptions?

All writers make assumptions

In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet says, "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet." She's actually saying that it matters who Romeo is, not what his name is. Juliet is using which rhetorical device to explain her idea?

Analogy

Which rhetorical device occurs when a writer repeats a word or set of words at the beginning of sentences or lines?

Anaphora

Which rhetorical device occurs when a writer deliberately leaves a sentence unfinished to startle the reader and express strong emotion?

Aposiopesis

'Similar to her first novel, Gillian Flynn continues to rely on an unreliable narrator in her next work.' You would expect to see this sentence in what type of essay pattern?

Compare/contrast

'Youthful' and 'childlike' have similar definitions, but they have different emotional impacts. The emotional impact of a word is the word's:

Connotation

What word best describes the tone of most technical writing?

Descriptive

Which supplemental feature helps guide the audience through the paper?

Print features

What are the four types distracting fallacies?

Red herring Ad hominem Appeal to tradition Straw Man

What word often indicates a conclusion?

Therefore

How can an author introduce complex ideas in an easier way?

With diagrams

Being able to identify the problem and solution structure helps readers better comprehend and remember the information covered in a reading selection because they have to:

identify the issue, explain how people tried to resolve it or how it was actually resolved, and recognize which details expand on the problem, which expand on the solution, and which ones are not important to the main idea of the text

You drive by a billboard. It states, 'Come try our new Buffalo Chicken! Everyone else is loving it!' What type of persuasion is this?

Bandwagon

What are the four conditional fallacies?

Bandwagon False dilemma Slippery slope Burden of proof

How are testimonials and big names similar?

Big names is simply a testimonial using a famous person or an expert

Why would it help to use color coding when teaching structural analysis?

By putting prefixes, suffixes, and roots in different colors, students can easily identify those different word parts. Using the same color for all prefixes, suffixes, or roots can help them identify which word part is being used. It can also help them see how the same word part is used in different words by using a color to help that prefix, suffix or root visually stand out.

What rhetorical device occurs when a writer splits their sentence into two parts and the second part provides a mirror image of the first?

Chiasmus

Why is a deductive pattern is more common than an inductive pattern in student writing?

Deduction more closely matches the general pattern that teachers often look for in student papers

What are some of the signal words used to show that the sequence of events or steps structure is being used?

Eventually, next, first, second, third, finally

What are some forms of textual evidence?

Facts Expert testimony Anecdotes Statistics Graphs

In the broadest terms, what are media?

Forms of distributing information

Why would an author use ethos to appeal to their audience?

If they want to emphasize their credentials

What are some examples of signal words or phrases used in an informational text that uses the cause/effect organizational structure?

May be due to, consequently, since, on account of

Which supplemental feature helps the audience find important information?

Organization aids

Which fallacy is a fallacy where the disadvantage is the result of several consequences of the original argument?

Slippery slope

In Robert Frost's 'Mending Wall', what is the denotation of walking the line?

The practice of securing a property line

If the problem/solution organizational structure is being used by a journalist, how information much must they organize in this way?

They can organize information this way for just one paragraph or for an entire text

What is the traditional synonym for the Greek word "logos"?

Word

Inductive reasoning involves _______.

starting with specific details and moving to a larger concluding point or generalization

Complete the sentence: When a sequential pattern of organization is used, __________.

the information is arranged according to a step-by-step sequence that describes a specific process.

What rhetorical device occurs when sounds are repeated at the beginning of words?

Alliteration

Which fallacy is a fallacy where the popularity of an action is the basis for the argument?

Bandwagon

Which rhetorical device occurs when an unusual word order is used to stress some important phrase or point?

Inversion

A formal and objective attitude often exhibits what?

Rational reasons and evidence Very little emotion Complex sentences High-level vocabulary

Which rhetorical device occurs when a writer repeats vowel sounds?

Assonance

What literary term refers to the actual definition of a word?

Denotation

What is the newest form of media?

Digital media

What are syntactic clues?

Signals provided by syntax

What word is often used to indicate a premise?

Since

Which fallacy is an argument that is used because the solution/action has occurred previously and is expected to continue?

Appeal to tradition

Rhetoric is communication that...

Attempts to shift readers' perspectives Imaginatively expresses important ideas Creatively asserts a point of view Helps readers remember key points

In 'Harry Potter', Professor Snape's first name, Severus, means serious, strict, and severe. The character of Professor Snape is also serious and strict. This is an example of what?

Denotation and connotation working together

What do writers use to express their attitudes?

Details, reasons, and evidence Figurative language Word choices Sentence structures

Which rhetorical device occurs when a writer repeats a word or set of words at the end of sentences or lines?

Epistrophe

In philosophy, what method is typically used to read a conclusion?

Establish premises that connect and lead to the conclusion

What role does a premise serve in an argument?

Establishes rationale for the conclusion Is an idea that will likely be accepted by those listening to the argument Is a way for those listening to the argument to understand the thought process

Is the cause and effect organizational structure written in sequential order?

It can be but it doesn't have to be

A technical writer's diction, or choice and arrangement of words, often includes a considerable amount of terms with specific usages in particular fields, known as what?

Jargon

Identify the attitude of the following writing sample: When I walked into the kitchen, I was immediately transported back to my childhood. The gingham curtains, old-fashioned stove, simple table and chairs, and wonderful aromas reminded me strongly of my grandmother's kitchen years and years ago.

Nostalgic

What should you do after reading an informational text?

Record any further thoughts See if your questions have been answered Review your notes Quiz yourself about main ideas and important details

What are some signal words and phrases used to help the reader recognize the problem and solution structure is being used in a text?

Resolved, to address this, solution, remedy, challenge, issue, problem

What are some examples of an organizational aid?

Sidebars Bold font Italics Headings

Why is it important to know and look for signal words in an informational text that organizes information using a sequence of events or steps?

Signal words help the reader identify the organizational structure being used. They also help him or her understand the process or series of events and remember its key parts in a clear and concise manner

Though some forms of technical writing are intended for the general public, most are usually geared toward what types of audiences?

Specialized

Print media, as opposed to artistic media, are almost always based on what?

Text

When an author organizes an informational text using the cause/effect structure, what should they focus on?

The author can choose to focus more on causes than effects, vice versa, or he or she can decide to fully examine both. It is up to him or her.

What is an author's attitude?

The author's feelings about the subject they are writing about

An informal and subjective attitude often exhibits what?

The first and second person points of view Conversational language Short, simple sentences A wide range of emotions

Why are sidebars and reviews important in an informational text?

They help identify and review the main ideas of the writing

Why are headings and subheadings important?

They make main ideas easy to identify, show the relationship between the main ideas, separate the main ideas and the major details of these ideas, and help organize the main ideas of the writing

What should you do before reading an informational text?

Think about what you already know about the topic Survey the text Jot down some questions about what you want to learn

What is the primary purpose of an informational text?

To convey knowledge about a topic

Why should you preview an informational text before reading?

To review the main goals and ideas of the writing

Which term refers to the attitude of a speaker?

Tone

Technical writing is a style of communication used to...

convey information on a specific subject

In an informational text that is organized using the sequential steps structure, each main section...

focuses on a step that one would follow in that particular process. Specific details and points included within each main section are part of the sub-steps followed.