Practice Questions

Which of the following statements regarding statistical significance is true? A. A statistically significant difference can occur between experimental groups and control groups even if the magnitude of difference between the groups is quite small. B.If a statistically significant difference between groups occurs, it means that large and important change occurs in at least one of the groups. C.Statistically significant findings in a clinical research study suggest that the treatment is successful and highly recommended. D.The terms "statistically significant" and "clinically significant" are interchangeable.

A. A statistically significant difference can occur between experimental groups and control groups even if the magnitude of difference between the groups is quite small.

Which of the following motor speech disorders is/are more localized in origin? A. Apraxia B. Dysarthrias C. Both are equal in localization D. Their localization is not known

A. Apraxia

Researchers are conducting an experiment that depends on the use of professional judgments of the speech produced by 30 research subjects. Which of the following actions should the researchers take to determine interjudge reliability? A. Asking two SLPs to each independently rate the 30 subjects B. Asking an SLP to rate the 30 subjects C. Asking one SLP to rate the 30 subjects before treatment and another SLPS L P to rate them after treatment D. Asking an SLP to rate the 30 subjects and then rate them again two weeks later

A. Asking two SLPs to each independently rate the 30 subjects

An SLP recommends a patient perform a chin-down posture (CDP) when swallowing liquids. Which THREE of the following statements accurately represent published evidence regarding the chin-down posture? A. CDP reduced thin liquid aspiration caused by delayed pharyngeal response in people who had a stroke. B. CDP increased the speed and completeness of oral transit in people with dysphagia after a stroke. C. CDP was shown to narrow the width of the laryngeal inlet and widen the vallecular space during swallowing. D. CDP resulted in an increased upper esophageal sphincter opening diameter in patients with Parkinson's disease. E. CDP does not reduce aspiration after the swallow in patients who had a stroke and aspirate pyriform sinus residue.

A. CDP reduced thin liquid aspiration caused by delayed pharyngeal response in people who had a stroke. C. CDP was shown to narrow the width of the laryngeal inlet and widen the vallecular space during swallowing. E. CDP does not reduce aspiration after the swallow in patients who had a stroke and aspirate pyriform sinus residue.

Of the following, which statement is an argument against the behaviorist theory of language development as a result of conditioning? A. Children overregularize irregular verb tenses despite adult's correct examples B. Children's rate of language acquisition is consistent with conditioning processes C. Children can only generate a finite, fixed number of sentences of any language D. Children acquire language through having adults constantly correct their syntax

A. Children overregularize irregular verb tenses despite adult's correct examples

A kindergarten teacher requests a speech screening for a student who is 5 years, 2 months old. The teacher observes that the student has a lisp during conversation and reading activities. Results of the screening note an interdental sound production for /s/, as in the word sit and /z/, as in the word zebra in all positions of words. The oral peripheral screening appears unremarkable and adequate for speech production. Which of the following summary recommendations is most appropriate based on the student's screening results? A. Interdental production of /s/, as in the word sit and /z/, as in the word zebra sounds are within range of typical development. Continue to monitor and reassess in one year. B.Interdental production of /ss, as in the word sit and /z/, as in the word zebra sounds are not within the range of typical development. An evaluation is recommended. C. Interdental production of the /s/, as in the word sit sound is within the range of typical development, while /z/, as in the word zebra sound errors are not. RTI intervention is recommended. D.Correct production of /s/, as in the word sit and /z/, as in the word zebra sounds is emerging, and the student should be rescreened in three months.

A. Interdental production of /s/, as in the word sit and /z/, as in the word zebra sounds are within range of typical development. Continue to monitor and reassess in one year.

An SLP is providing services to adults with neurogenic disorders of communication. Of the following clients, which will likely have the most favorable management prognosis? A. John, who has a brain injury resulting in a slight concussion B. Jim, who has a traumatic brain injury resulting in paralysis C. Juan, who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D. Helen, who has Huntington's chorea

A. John, who has a brain injury resulting in a slight concussion

A phonological disorder is a _____________ disorder that affects the __________ level, entailing ____________ functions that organize speech sounds into contrasting patterns A. Language; phonemic; cognitive B. Speech; phonetic; cognitive C. Language; phonetic; motor D. speech; phonemic; motor

A. Language; phonemic; cognitive

A child shows the presence of phonological patterns such as epenthesis, final consonant deletion, and cluster reduction. He is demonstrating the use of: A. Patterns affecting syllable structure B. Assimilation C. Coalescence D. Patterns involving substitutions of sounds

A. Patterns affecting syllable structure

What is/are the brach(es) of linguistics dealing mainly with the production, perception, properties, and description of speech sounds? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Phonemics D. All of these

A. Phonetics

Of the following examples of phonological processes (developmentally normal, predictable pronunciation errors typically made by young children still learning correct speech), which has the youngest age norm for its elimination? A. Pronouncing 'fish' as 'tish' B. Pronouncing 'very' and 'berry' C. Pronouncing 'juice' as 'deuce' D. Pronouncing 'thing' as 'ting'

A. Pronouncing 'fish' as 'tish'

A child with a language delay is in Brown's Stage V of morpheme mastery. Which of the following would not be appropriate to target in intervention? A. regular plural inflection -s B. irregular third person C. contractible auxiliary D. contractible copula

A. Regular plural inflection -s

A 60-year-old man has Parkinson's disease and is in the early stage of dementia. It would be appropriate to address which of the following goals first in therapy? A. To educate the family or caregivers B. To decrease jargon C. To decrease circumlocution D. To improve motor skills

A. To educate the family or caregivers

A child who says things like kek/tek shows that she is using the pattern of: A. Velar assimilation B. Alveolar assimilation C. Coalescence D. Segmentation

A. Velar assimilation

In facilitating the retrieval of an elusive word for a client with aphasia, which of the following cues are most effective? A. initial phoneme and sentence completion B. direct model and tactile cues C. verbal and visual cues D. initial phoneme and visual model

A. initial phoneme and sentence completion

In acoustic phonetics, sound waves are always: A. longitudinal B. transverse C. sinusoidal D. complex

A. longitudinal

Which of the following is a middle-ear disorder? A. otitis media B. presbycusis C. Meniere's disease D. tinnitus

A. otitis media

A clinician is teaching a patient a technique for dysphagia that includes having the patient manually lift the larynx to improve swallowing functioning because of reduced laryngeal elevation and cricopharyngeus opening. The clinician teaches the patient to take liquid in the mouth and hold it while simultaneously placing the index finger and the thumb around the thyroid notch. The clinician then instructs the patient to hold the larynx at the highest point of laryngeal elevation and swallow, continuing to hold the thyroid notch for a few seconds during and after the swallow before releasing that hold. This technique is called A. the Mendelssohn maneuver B. an effortful swallow C. a supraglottic swallow D. a super-supraglottic swallow

A. the Mendelssohn maneuver

An SLP works at a hospital with the adult acute-care inpatient team. During a clinical bedside swallow evaluation, a patient asks the SLP how common it is for adults to experience a swallowing disorder. The SLP tells the patient that recent research indicates the prevalence of adults with swallowing problems each year is A.1 in 25 B.1 in 50 C.1 in 100 D.1 in 200

A.1 in 25

The acoustic reflex is triggered in a person with typical hearing when the listener is exposed to a sound above approximately A.85 dB HTL B.130 dB HTL C.1000 Hz D.6500 Hz

A.85 dB HTL

Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated? A.A random ratio of tokens to correct responses B.A ratio of 1 token to 1 correct response C.A ratio of 1 token to 4 correct responses only D.A ratio of 1 token to 10 correct responses only

A.A random ratio of tokens to correct responses

A 62-year-old male presents to an outpatient SLP following an extended stay at a rehabilitation facility. He had a left-hemisphere stroke three months ago and currently has moderate Broca's aphasia and severe apraxia of speech. It is difficult for him to participate in conversation because of the combination of his word-finding deficits and apraxia of speech. The patient's normal speech pattern consists of one- to two-word phrases, at times including paraphasias. He is able to write but often misspells words. During evaluation, the SLP finds the patient is able to initiate communication, recognize and categorize picture symbols, and comprehend familiar words and phrases. In general, his communication is fragmented and inefficient, but he will try anything to get his message across. Which of the following AAC treatment strategies would be most appropriate for the patient to start with? A.Accessing stored messages in a speech-generating device B.Learning sign language C.Answering multiple-choice questions and writing answers D.Using a 20-item picture board to convey essential wants and needs

A.Accessing stored messages in a speech-generating device

An SLP uses evidence-based practice by integrating the perspectives and values of the client, patient, or caregivers into the treatment plan. Which of the following best reflects simultaneous incorporation of the host culture's perspectives and values and maintenance of the native culture's perspectives and values? A.Acculturation B.Assimilation C.Enculturation D.Ethnocentrism

A.Acculturation

Christel and Sharon are 14-month-old fraternal twins. Christel has more intelligible words than her sister, although she talks far less frequently. Sharon speaks almost exclusively in running jargon that nobody understands. Their parents are worried about Sharon's development because her language skills appear to be behind those of her sister. Which of the following is an SLP's best response to the parents' concern? A.At Sharon's age, jargon is normal and may even continue for another three to four months. B.Christel's language development is more abnormal because she should be beyond single words. C.Both girls were exposed to the same language environments, so the relative lack of intelligible words indicates a language delay. D.Jargon should not persist past the age of 12 months and thus Sharon may be presenting a language disorder.

A.At Sharon's age, jargon is normal and may even continue for another three to four months.

A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system? A.Brain stem B.Cerebellum C.Left cerebral cortex D.Right cerebral cortex

A.Brain stem

Which of the following techniques is most effective when treating phonation in a patient with spastic dysarthria? A.Completing head and neck relaxation exercises B.Engaging in lip-stretching exercises C.Providing instruction in phonetic placement D.Working on pitch-range exercises

A.Completing head and neck relaxation exercises

An SLP works at a voice clinic and learns that a patient, who has arrived for an initial voice evaluation, has not received medical evaluation by a laryngologist. Which of the following actions is the best plan for referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation? A.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation prior to initiating therapeutic intervention B.Completing the voice evaluation and treatment plan, as the SLPS L P is not required to obtain medical information from a physician and can diagnose and treat voice disorders without referring the patient C.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist while initiating therapeutic intervention, knowing that the patient will see the laryngologist soon D.Deferring the voice evaluation until after the patient has seen a laryngologist for a medical evaluation

A.Completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation prior to initiating therapeutic intervention

After completing an evaluation of a 5-year-old patient, an SLP finds that the child's speech contains numerous phonological error patterns. If the SLP follows a developmental sequence in planning intervention, which of the following is most appropriate to target first? A.Consonant assimilation B.Gliding C.Deaffrication D.Cluster reduction

A.Consonant assimilation

Which of the following would be most likely to help a client who has aphonia? A.Development of phonation through coughing or throat clearing B.Pairing the production of /s/ and /z/ C.Respiratory exercises D.Easy initiation of phonation

A.Development of phonation through coughing or throat clearing

A 55-year-old female presents for a speech evaluation because of concerns with recent changes in the clarity of her speech. She has also noticed occasional coughing when drinking, and her friends have commented that her voice sounds different. A recent visit to her primary care doctor could not determine the cause of her speech changes or coughing. Select the THREE most important factors for the SLP to explore during the patient interview. A.Difficulties with hearing, vision, and fine or gross motor skills B.History of a psychological or psychiatric disorder C.Employment history and current stressors in her life D.Onset and duration of her speech changes E.Consistency of the symptoms

A.Difficulties with hearing, vision, and fine or gross motor skills D.Onset and duration of her speech changes E.Consistency of the symptoms

Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following? A.Establishing successful and useful communication B.Using multiple trials and training techniques C.Using more adult-initiated interactions than child-initiated interactions D.Using differential reinforcement, fading, and modeling

A.Establishing successful and useful communication

Oropharyngeal dysphagia in a child with Down syndrome is most likely caused by which of the following factors? A.Hypotonia B.Digestive problems C.Pneumonia D.Aversive feeding behaviors

A.Hypotonia

Which of the following will most effectively decrease the fundamental frequency? A.Increasing the mass of the vocal folds B.Increasing the subglottal pressure C.Raising the position of the larynx within the neck D.Lengthening the vocal folds

A.Increasing the mass of the vocal folds

Fela is a third-grade student in a public school. She is a speaker of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) who has difficulty with the Standard American English (SAE) dialect used in her classroom. Her teacher believes that Fela's language skills are affecting her academic performance and has referred her to the school's speech-language pathologist. Which of the following is an appropriate rationale for providing language intervention for Fela? Select all that apply. A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities. D.It will likely lead Fela to adopt SAE as her primary dialect.

A.It will likely foster better communication with Fela's linguistically and culturally diverse peers. B.It will likely improve Fela's code-switching ability with her teacher and other adult speakers of SAE. C.It may expand Fela's later academic and vocational opportunities.

After sustaining a CVA, Ms. Williams, age 75, was referred to an SLP for a speech and language evaluation. While Ms. Williams was describing the cookie-theft picture, the SLP observed that her grammatical structure appeared to be intact and her prosody was normal but that many of her sentences were meaningless, did not fit the context, and included nonsensical paraphasic errors. Additional testing also revealed that Ms. Williams exhibited poor repetition and naming skills, did not respond appropriately to many simple commands, and had difficulty reading. Ms. Williams appeared happy and talked excessively. She did not appear to be aware of her communication deficits. What is the most likely location of the lesion? A.Left posterior superior temporal gyrus B.Left inferior frontal gyrus C.Left superior frontal gyrus D.Left inferior parietal gyrus

A.Left posterior superior temporal gyrus

Which of the following factors contributes to UES opening? Select all that apply. A.Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B.Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion C.Velopharyngeal closure D.Posterior and inferior hyolaryngeal excursion

A.Partial relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle B.Superior and anterior hyolaryngeal excursion

Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold abduction? A.Posterior cricoarytenoid B.Cricothyroid C.Interarytenoid D.Lateral cricoarytenoid

A.Posterior cricoarytenoid

Which of the following must a child first be able to do before the child can produce narratives? A.Produce several utterances on the same topic B.Use past and future tenses C.Express a sequence using "then" or "next" D.Produce compound sentences using "and"

A.Produce several utterances on the same topic

Children diagnosed as having specific language impairments are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in which of the following? A.Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax B.Acquisition of word meanings C.Comprehension of short sentences D. Motoric aspects of written expression

A.Production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax

Joe, an 18-year-old male, sustained a severe traumatic brain injury following a motorcycle accident. He was in a coma for approximately four weeks before being transferred to a rehabilitation program. Joe demonstrates severe attention deficits, anomia, disorientation, and poor short-term memory. Which of the following should be the initial target area in the treatment plan? A.Retraining attention as a discrete cognitive process B.Using declarative memory as an active learning strategy C.Using implicit memory as a passive learning strategy D.Reality orientation training

A.Retraining attention as a discrete cognitive process

Mr. Greene recently sustained a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which impaired his communication. An SLP asked him to describe the illustration above. He said, "Well, it's a black-and-white drawing on heavy paper. There's a window with blinds and a driveway or sidewalk going off into the distance." Mr. Greene's response is most characteristic of which type of language disorder? A.Right-hemisphere language impairment B.Broca's aphasia C.Global aphasia D.Anomia

A.Right-hemisphere language impairment

An SLP works with a patient who has severe dysphagia. The patient is on a pureed diet and honey-thick liquids. During treatment, the patient becomes tearful and expresses frustration. The patient says, "I feel like I'm not making any progress and I'm never going to eat normal food again. I hate this diet, and I hate doing therapy. I just want to give up." The SLP responds by saying, "What you're feeling is normal, and I understand. You're doing everything you can right now to get better, and giving up isn't the answer." The SLP reaches across the table and places a comforting hand on the patient's arm and has a caring facial expression. Which of the following principles of counseling is the SLP primarily demonstrating? A.Showing congruence B.Having unconditional positive regard C.Offering the patient sympathy D.Providing emotional support

A.Showing congruence

Which of the following sets of minimal pair words best targets the phonological patterns of stopping of fricatives? A.Sun and ton B.Sip and ship C.Star and tar D.Shoe and shoot

A.Sun and ton

Which of the following activities is a principal component of the Lidcombe Program for childhood stuttering? A.Teaching caregivers to provide feedback to their child about the child's fluent and stuttered speech B.Teaching caregivers to support their child's communication attempts but to avoid acknowledging the child's fluency performance C.Teaching children to describe their emotional state to their caregiver when stuttering is anticipated on an upcoming word D.Teaching children to present nonverbal cues to their caregivers when stuttering is anticipated on an upcoming word

A.Teaching caregivers to provide feedback to their child about the child's fluent and stuttered speech

Which of the following is the most reasonable standard to apply when judging whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill? A.The client uses the targeted skill under stimulus conditions that were not present during the training process and without reinforcement. B.The client maintains the correct production of the targeted skill when the reinforcement schedule is changed. C.The client correctly produces the targeted skill effortlessly and without hesitation. D.The client is able to monitor errors and correct them with only a minimal number of cues from the clinician.

A.The client uses the targeted skill under stimulus conditions that were not present during the training process and without reinforcement.

An SLP who is treating an adolescent who stutters designs a treatment plan that includes three fluency management strategies: prolonged speech, cancellation, and pullout. Which of the following is true about the use of these treatment strategies? Select all that apply. A.Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B.Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. C.The client will seek to apply cancellation whenever he feels anxious about the possibility of stuttering overtly. D.The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation

A.Use of prolonged speech is likely to reduce the frequency of part-word repetitions and sound prolongations significantly. B.Each of the three strategies entails deliberate regulation of speech motor movements. D.The client will seek to apply pullout during the course of part-word repetition or sound prolongation

Which of the following are the THREE types of velopharyngeal dysfunction? A.Velopharyngeal insufficiency B.Velopharyngeal mislearning C.Velopharyngeal mismatching D.Velopharyngeal ineffectiveness E.Velopharyngeal incompetence

A.Velopharyngeal insufficiency B.Velopharyngeal mislearning E.Velopharyngeal incompetence

Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on A.evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention B.strengthening exercises for the oral articulators C.a trial period using the yawn-sign technique D.complete vocal rest

A.evaluation for prosthetic or surgical intervention

In Bloom and Lahey's model, morphology is considered A.form B.content C.use D.semantics

A.form

To compensate for the effects of normal aging on cognitive functions, older adults will naturally demonstrate A.greater amounts of bilateral activation of prefrontal brain regions B.significant reduction in the activation of the hippocampus C.increased activation in areas of the cortex responsible for visual-spatial processing D.an increase in semantic abilities that do not rely on long-term memory abilities

A.greater amounts of bilateral activation of prefrontal brain regions

The most serious limitation of employing imitation as an intervention strategy for children with a language impairment is that imitation A.lacks communicative intention B.relies on semantic knowledge C.is clinician controlled D.is contextualized speech

A.lacks communicative intention

Native speakers of a language possess several capacities or abilities that provide insight into their language competence. Sentences such as "Visiting friends can be a nuisance" are especially useful to test a person's ability to A.recognize syntactic ambiguity B.interpret metaphoric language C.distinguish homophones by means of syntactic cues D.recognize a semantically anomalous sentence

A.recognize syntactic ambiguity

An endoscopic examination of swallowing is the best instrumental assessment when the SLP wishes to evaluate the A.volume of and patient's response to pharyngeal secretions B.duration and extent of hyolaryngeal elevation C.penetration of material into the laryngeal vestibule during the swallow D.efficiency of lingual manipulation during bolus formation and anterior-posterior bolus transit

A.volume of and patient's response to pharyngeal secretions

The parent of a child who is receiving therapy for a speech-sound disorder does some research on the internet and says to you "What are glides?" You resond A. /l/ and /r/ B. /w/ and /j/ C. /s/ and /z/ D. /b/ and /p/

B. /w/ and /j/

One of the behavioral objectives in a client's initial therapy plan is written as "The client will use easy onsets on 9 of 10 trials by the end of 10 therapy sessions as measured by clinician data collection." Which of the following elements is missing from this objective? A. A criterion B. A condition C. An action D. A time frame

B. A condition

Of the following theorists of cognitive development, who stated that the requirements for learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation? A. Piaget B. Bandura C. Skinner D. Vygotsky

B. Bandura

An SLP evaluates the speech of a child with suspected velopharyngeal dysfunction. Loading sentences with which of the following types of stimuli would be most helpful to include in the speech evaluation? A. Nasal phonemes B. High-pressure oral stops and fricatives C. Sustained /α/greek small letter alpha, as in the word hot sounds D. Liquids and glides

B. High-pressure oral stops and fricatives

A patient in a nursing home is being treated for dysphagia post cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The patient is oriented and can follow directions. The patient has poor tongue control but good pharyngeal and laryngeal control. The clinician decided to try a technique in which she places a bolus in the mouth, tilts the patients head back, and asks her to swallow. This treatment technique will result in: A. Increasing the valleculae space B. Narrowing or closure of the valleculae space C. Laryngeal closure issues D. Peristalsis issues

B. Narrowing or closure of the valleculae space

Which of the following is the best action to take initially with a client who presents with poor oral control of liquids and solids, coughing and choking while eating and drinking, and a history of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia? A.Thickening liquids so that the client will be better able to control oral movements for swallowing B.Obtaining a modified barium-swallow study to determine appropriate interventions C.Evaluating the client's ability to eat a variety of foods in order to determine which foods are safest D.Prescribing that the client be NPO, since aspiration is presen

B. Obtaining a modified barium-swallow study to determine appropriate interventions

Patients who exhibit ____________________ have difficulty making non-speech sounds and cannot move the muscles of the throat, soft palate, and tongue for non-speech purposes. A. Apraxia of speech B. Oral apraxia C. Limb apraxia D. developmental apraxia of speech

B. Oral apraxia

What is unclear articulation often observed in some students with Down syndrome caused by primarily? A. Lower intelligence levels B. Physiological stigmata C. Behavioral problems D. Unknown etiology

B. Physiological stigmata

An SLP determines the mean length of utterance (MLU) of a language sample from a three-year-old child. Two weeks later, the SLP reevaluates the same sample and again determines the MLU. The extent to which the two scores are similar is most directly a function of the A. Validity of the scores B. Reliability of the scores C. Skewness of the score distribution D. Speededness of the measure

B. Reliability of the scores

When carcinoma affects the cricoid and trachea, the damage is: A. supraglottic B. subglottic C. aryepiglottic D. epiglottic

B. Subglottic

Which of the following should be the primary focus of early language intervention for at-risk infants? A.Establishing object permanence through play activities B.Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning C.Creating readiness activities in the context of play D.Enhancing social communication through play activities

B. Training primary caregivers to facilitate language learning

Which of the following is true in physiological phonetics? A. The sounds we hear and produce are all processed within the same hemisphere of the brain B. We process linguistic sounds in a different brain hemisphere than we process musical sounds C. Our process of spatial information is in the same brain hemisphere as our math process D. Analytical functions occur in the right hemisphere, while creative functions happen in the left

B. We process linguistic sounds in a different brain hemisphere than we process musical sounds

You are working in an early intervention program, doing language therapy with Noah, a nonverbal 2-year-old. What will you prioritize when you select target vocabulary words for him? A. Common objects on the playground B. Words that have ecological validity for him C. Names of various animals D. Names of letters of the alphabet

B. Words that have ecological validity for him

A regionally or socially distinct variety of a language identified by distinct set of words and structures is called: A. code switching B. a dialect C. bilingualism D. socioeconomic bilingualism

B. a dialect

What is the electronic data interchange (EDI) portion of the Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) intended to do? A. institute procedures for electronically disclosing patient records B. create standards for electronic exchanges of financial and administrative data C. implement rules for disposing of electronic patient records D. establish rules for safeguarding electronic patient records

B. create standards for electronic exchanges of financial and administrative data

Injecting Botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both vocal folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions? A. laryngeal webs B. spasmodic dysphonia C. carcinoma D. polyps

B. spasmodic dysphonia

When carcinoma affects the cricoid and trachea, the damage is A. supraglottic B. subglottic C.aryepiglottic D. epiglottic

B. subglottic

An elderly patient with multiple diagnoses including Parkinson's disease (PD) presents to a home health SLP for treatment. The SLP recommends that the patient follow a mechanical soft diet with thin liquids, alternate bites and sips, take small bites, and have supervision when eating. Throughout the course of treatment, the patient exhibits a 12 percent weight loss with variable intake levels. To which of the following professionals is it most appropriate for the SLP to refer the patient? A.A gastroenterologist, for possible feeding tube placement B.A dietitian, for nutrition management C.An ENT specialist, for possible esophageal deficits D.A neurologist, for assessment of progression of PD

B.A dietitian, for nutrition management

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with a short lingual frenulum, heart-shaped tongue tip, and a failure to elevate the tongue tip beyond the mandibular incisors, as revealed during oral-facial examination? A.Bulbar palsy B.Ankyloglossia C.Glossoptosis D.Congenital lip pits

B.Ankyloglossia

A 59-year-old male patient with laryngeal cancer presents to an SLP before a laryngectomy. The SLP completes the evaluation and takes time to counsel the patient regarding what to expect during and after the procedure. Which of the following reasons best identifies the importance of a patient meeting with an SLP prior to surgery? A.Exploring alternatives to surgical intervention B.Being educated regarding artificial forms of speech C.Completing therapeutic exercises before the procedure D.Gaining a better understanding of the prognosis

B.Being educated regarding artificial forms of speech

During an examination of his oral mechanism, an adult male is asked to pucker his lips and then to spread them into a wide smile. This ability depends on the bilateral integrity of which of the following cranial nerves? A.CN V B.CN VII C.CN IX D.CN XII

B.CN VII

A 12-year-old phonology patient responds very well to continuous verbal reinforcement. The SLP wishes to increase the task level for sibilant production to conversational speech, but is concerned that the accuracy of the patient's productions will diminish without continuous reinforcement. Which of the following adjustments is most logical for the patient's treatment plan? A.Increase task level to conversation and continue with continuous reinforcement for correct productions B.Changing the reinforcement schedule to variable-interval C.Discontinuing reinforcement and providing a performance summary at the end of the conversation D.Shifting the feedback to punishment

B.Changing the reinforcement schedule to variable-interval

Which dental condition is most likely to have a negative effect on articulation? A.Class II malocclusion B.Class III malocclusion C.Missing maxillary lateral incisors D.Missing mandibular central incisors

B.Class III malocclusion

Which of the following strategies best demonstrates an SLP working as a Response to Intervention (RTI) team member to provide a student Tier 2 language supports? A.Assisting the teacher with Individualized Education Program referral paperwork B.Collaborating with the teacher to provide small-group instruction C.Enrolling the student in language therapy to address language needs D.Evaluating the student's speech and language skills

B.Collaborating with the teacher to provide small-group instruction

A patient is diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident of the temporal lobe. The patient exhibits deficits in repetition, written expression, and auditory comprehension. In addition, literal paraphasias are noted. These findings are consistent with what type of aphasia? A.Broca's B.Conduction C.Anomic D.Global

B.Conduction

Which of the following errors is likely to persist the longest in the speech of children who are learning Standard American English (SAE) as a first language and are following the normal developmental course for speech and language acquisition? A.Assimilation B.Consonant cluster reduction C.Final-consonant deletion D.Velar fronting

B.Consonant cluster reduction

An SLPdesigns a study to examine the effect of a new therapy technique in comparison to the effect of the current standard approach. Patients are recruited and randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. The outcomes of each group will then be compared. Which of the following best describes the SLP's research project? A.Cohort study B.Controlled trial C.Cross-sectional study D.Case-Control study

B.Controlled trial

A two-year-old child produces the following utterances during a play-based conversation with her mother. No kitty = It's not a kitty. My doggie = This toy dog is mine. No goat = It's not a goat. Kitty house = The cat is in the house. Big kitty = It's a big cat. Doggie ball = The dog pushed the ball. Which of the following semantic-syntactic constructions does the child show evidence of using? Select all that apply. A.Disappearance B.Denial C.Possessor + possession D.Attribute + entity E.Agent + action

B.Denial C.Possessor + possession D.Attribute + entity E.Agent + action

Mr. Lewis, a fourth-grade teacher, has referred a 9-year-old student to the school speech-language pathologist (SLP) because he is concerned that the student's speech is interfering with spelling performance. The SLP observes that the student substitutes the voiceless labiodental fricative for the voiceless interdental fricative in the word-final position and that the student reverses /s/ and /k/ in words such as "ask." Which of the following areas needs to be considered first? A.Auditory discrimination B.Dialectal differences C.Disordered phonological system D.Dyslexia

B.Dialectal differences

A child who is 4 years and 4 months old is referred for assessment of speech sound development, with the following results. Stopping ​Observed only on /ð/ = 85%; Fronting = 90% ; Gliding = 20%; Final consonant deletion = 80%; Epenthesis = 10% Which of the following phonological error patterns is most appropriate to address in a treatment program? Select all that apply. A.Stopping B.Fronting C.Gliding D.Final consonant deletion E.Epenthesis

B.Fronting D.Final consonant deletion

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of articulation therapy for a 2-year-old patient with a repaired cleft palate and compensatory errors? A.Cycling through multiple speech goals in a given session B.Having a play-based learning approach to address goals C.Focusing on carryover of speech productions D.Addressing speech targets with high frequency and intensity

B.Having a play-based learning approach to address goals

A 70-year-old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client? A.Providing a puree diet with thickened liquids B.Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow C.Having the client turn (rotate) her head to the right when swallowing D.Providing a diet that consists of thin liquids

B.Having the client flex her head forward (perform the chin-down posture) during oral preparation and transit stages of the swallow

According to current research, which of the following is most contributing to a rise in oropharyngeal cancers in the United States? A.Cigarettes B.Human papillomavirus (HPV) C.Alcohol D.Smokeless tobacco

B.Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A 60-year-old male is referred to the SLP in an acute rehabilitation center for a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) following a first-time stroke: a lateral medullary stroke damaging the right nucleus ambiguus and other centers. The clinical examination revealed ptosis of the left eye, soft palate elevation to the right of midline, symmetrical lingual protrusion, and a breathy dysphonia with precise articulation of all consonants. The patient is unable to swallow his saliva and coughs when he attempts to do so. Based on the stroke type and clinical examination observations, which THREE of the following swallow impairments would the SLP likely observe on the VFSS? A.Incomplete clearance of material from the oral cavity B.Impaired or absent opening of the upper esophageal sphincter C.Anterior loss of bolus contents during the oral preparatory stage D.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation during the pharyngeal stage E.Adequate excursion of the hyolaryngeal complex F.Unilateral pharyngeal paralysis

B.Impaired or absent opening of the upper esophageal sphincter D.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation during the pharyngeal stage F.Unilateral pharyngeal paralysis

Establishment of which of the following is most important in ensuring that the results of any diagnostic test of speech or language are replicable? A.Content validity B.Interjudge reliability C.Split-half reliability D.Face validity

B.Interjudge reliability

Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech? A.It is produced by approximating the arytenoid cartilages so that their medial surfaces are in direct contact. B.It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds. C.Spectrographic analysis of it reveals no discernible formants for the vowels. D.Most people can produce longer utterances per breath using it than they can using conventional phonation.

B.It is composed largely of aperiodic sounds.

Which of the following views make up a standard videofluoroscopic swallow study? Select all that apply. A.Frontal B.Lateral C.Transverse D.Anterior-posterior

B.Lateral D.Anterior-posterior

A 90-year-old female patient residing in a long-term care facility is referred to the facility SLP for a swallow evaluation. The patient has advanced dementia, is under hospice care, and is currently on a pureed diet with nectar-thick liquids. During the evaluation, the SLP finds that the patient is showing signs and symptoms of aspiration on all consistencies, including pudding-thick liquids. The patient's cognitive condition makes an instrumental exam inappropriate. The SLP's recommendation is nothing by mouth (NPO) except for pleasure. The family and patient have decided against feeding-tube placement. Which of the following is a primary ethical responsibility of the SLP in this situation? A.Asking the family what diet level they would like the patient to consume B.Making a recommendation based on clinical judgment C.Deferring to a doctor or nurse to help with the decision D.Refusing to write diet orders for the patient because of the NPO recommendation

B.Making a recommendation based on clinical judgment

The commonly used chin-down posture was initially developed to eliminate thin-liquid aspiration in people with delayed pharyngeal stage onset after having a stroke, and when its efficacy was investigated, it was found to be 50% effective. For whom is the chin-down posture ineffective at eliminating thin-liquid aspiration? A.People who have cricopharyngeal dysfunction B.People who aspirate residue from the pyriform sinuses C.People who have impaired lingual function D.People who aspirate residue from the valleculae

B.People who aspirate residue from the pyriform sinuses

Management of which one of the following examination observations alone will produce the best improvement in the pneumonia risk of an adult patient with chronic dysphagia? A.Poor oral bolus control and containment B.Poor oral hygiene and dependence for oral care C.Delayed onset of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing D.Impaired distension of the upper esophageal sphincter

B.Poor oral hygiene and dependence for oral care

Which of the following treatments is most appropriate to promote expressive and receptive language performance in conversation for an individual with aphasia? A.Melodic intonation therapy B.Promoting Aphasics' Communication Effectiveness C.Response elaboration training D.Semantic feature analysis

B.Promoting Aphasics' Communication Effectiveness

Six months ago, an SLP evaluated 4-year-old Molly's speech fluency during conversation. At that time, she displayed physically relaxed repetitions of words and phrases (occurring at a frequency of 2 per 100 words), and interjections such as "um" (occurring at a frequency of 1 per 100 words). She did not display any sound prolongations or facial grimaces; she did not produce any pitch rises or phonatory breaks; and she did not appear to avoid any sounds or words. Results from several formal tests suggested that her articulation and language development were within normal limits. Molly reportedly began producing repetitions and interjections at age 24 months, and the frequency of these disfluency types reportedly has remained stable since then. The SLP did not recommend speech-language intervention following the previous evaluation; however, she did provide the parents with information about fluency development, symptoms of stuttering, and general suggestions for how to facilitate children's fluency. A reevaluation is scheduled for next week. Which of the following is most appropriate for the SLP to do if Molly's speech fluency has remained the same since the previous evaluation? A.Recommend that Molly immediately begin fluency therapy, in which the focus is on reducing the frequency of repetitions and interjections in her conversational speech B.Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload C.Recommend that Molly be referred for psychological counseling, with a focus on on helping Molly improve speech fluency by learning how to manage anxiety more effectively D.Recommend monthly evaluations of Molly's speech fluency until she is five years old

B.Recommend that Molly be released from the SLP's active caseload

An aphasia evaluation of a 68-year-old retired woman reveals utterances of one to two words, no apraxia of speech, and relatively good comprehension. When the patient makes production errors, they are typically semantic errors and she attempts to correct them, often with success. Her goal is to use more words to convey ideas using complete sentences. She is active and wants to communicate in various settings, such as at her volunteer job, with her family, and when traveling. Which of the following treatments best prioritizes the patient's language needs and personal goals? A.Providing a script for the patient to recite that allows her to tell people about her stroke B.Starting Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) to increase word retrieval in untrained discourse C.Engaging the patient in semantic feature analysis (SFA) to teach her self-cuing techniques and aid with word retrieval D.Having the patient use melodic intonation treatment (MIT) to increase fluency of commonly uttered phrases

B.Starting Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) to increase word retrieval in untrained discourse

A school district does not use a standard therapy log for SLP services. An SLP who works for the district develops a form to document therapy services provided. Which THREE of the following are key to include on the form to document the provision of speech and language IEP services? A.The date a student's IEP was established B.Student performance during the therapy session C.Names of other students in the group D.Types of services provided within a therapy session E.Signature from the SLP verifying delivery of services

B.Student performance during the therapy session D.Types of services provided within a therapy session E.Signature from the SLP verifying delivery of services

A mother reports that her three-year-old son's speech seems normal at school, but at home his speech is either loud or fast, or he stops talking altogether. The mother further reports that she, her husband, and their two older children speak quickly and interrupt each other frequently. She is concerned that her son is not developing the speech and language skills to keep up. Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the mother's concern? A.Based on the child's age, speech is typically intermittent and thus he is very likely developing language skills normally. B.The child's speech neuromotor system can keep up with the language systems of children his own age but not with the more advanced systems in his household. C.The child's situational lack of language is more consistent with a cognitive delay than a speech or language deficit. D.The child is employing compensatory speech production techniques at school but not at home

B.The child's speech neuromotor system can keep up with the language systems of children his own age but not with the more advanced systems in his household.

During an examination of the oral peripheral mechanism of an adult who has had a right hemisphere stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, testing for lingual motor function reveals protrusion of the tongue to the left of midline. Which of the following is true? A.The patient has a lesion affecting the left hypoglossal nucleus. B.The patient exhibits unilateral left lingual weakness. C.Left vocal fold paralysis should be expected because of the site of the lesion. D.The right hypoglossal nerve is damaged.

B.The patient exhibits unilateral left lingual weakness.

During videofluoroscopic evaluation of an adult patient, the SLP notices material in both pyriform sinuses after the patient swallows. Upon review, the SLP sees that both pyriform sinuses clear during the pharyngeal swallow but then refill quickly as the structures return to rest. Which of the following statements best explains this observation? A.Pharyngeal stripping was not adequate to fully clear the pyriform sinuses, so there was material in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. B.The patient had small pharyngeal pouches (pharyngoceles) that filled with barium during the swallow and then emptied into the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. C.Hyolaryngeal elevation was not sufficient, leaving material in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow. D.The patient had a tracheoesophageal fistula, and contrast was deposited in the pyriform sinuses after each swallow.

B.The patient had small pharyngeal pouches (pharyngoceles) that filled with barium during the swallow and then emptied into the pyriform sinuses after each swallow.

The following components of a case history were collected from a medical record review and interview with a patient and the patient's caregiver. The patient has a prior history of all of the following conditions, but only three of them are significant predictors of an elevated likelihood of clinically significant dysphagia. Which THREE of the following historical items at the time of the referral to the SLP are suggestive of an elevated likelihood of clinically significant dysphagia in a 70-year-old adult? A.The patient had pneumonia as a child and then again 10 years ago. B.The patient has a history of stroke or other neurological disease. C.The patient has been losing weight since recovering from anterior cervical spine fusion. D.The patient was cured of pharyngeal cancer with radiation therapy 30 years ago. E.The patient was intubated for surgery and routinely extubated postoperatively 24 hours before the SLP consult. F.The patient has a history of spasmodic dysphonia and underwent botulinum toxin injection 10 years ago.

B.The patient has a history of stroke or other neurological disease. C.The patient has been losing weight since recovering from anterior cervical spine fusion. D.The patient was cured of pharyngeal cancer with radiation therapy 30 years ago.

An SLP administers a language test to all kindergarten children in a particular school and finds that 40 percent fall below the tenth percentile of the normative sample. Which of the following is the most reasonable interpretation of this finding? A.Forty percent of the kindergarten children in the school have language disorders. B.The school's kindergarten population differs from the standardization population in the language skills measured. C.The SLP administered the test incorrectly. D.The standardization population is not representative of the nation as a whole.

B.The school's kindergarten population differs from the standardization population in the language skills measured.

Which of the following structures is a relay center for sensory information? A.The reticular formation B.The thalamus C.The putamen D.The hippocampus

B.The thalamus

The sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two of the cranial nerves? A.The accessory and hypoglossal B.The trigeminal and facial C.The vagus and glossopharyngeal D.The phrenic and facial

B.The trigeminal and facial

Which of the following strategies is most appropriate for an SLP to try in an effort to minimize the perception of mild nasal emission in a patient? A.Increasing fundamental frequency B.Using light articulatory contacts C.Reducing mouth opening D.Increasing rate of speech

B.Using light articulatory contacts

Individuals diagnosed as having hemifacial microsomia are also most likely to have A.laryngeal dysfunction B.ear malformation C.webbed fingers and toes D.widely spaced eyes

B.ear malformation

Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from Ménière's disease causes A.a sudden hearing loss without warning B.fluctuating levels of hearing loss C.complete hearing loss at all frequencies D.bilateral progressive hearing loss

B.fluctuating levels of hearing loss

Children with semantic-pragmatic language disorders often have difficulty learning deictic words because such terms A.require an understanding of indirect directives B.take the perspective of the communication partner C.refer to object permanence D.have many alternate forms

B.take the perspective of the communication partner

To best apply the multiple oppositions method for phonological errors when treating a child, an SLP should use pairs of words such as A. "son" and "ton," "fun" and "pun," and "zoo" and "do" to help discriminate stops from fricatives B. "torn" and "sore," "soup" and "two," and "fast" and "pat" to help produce final consonants C. "doe" and "go," "doe" and "though," and "doe and Joe" to address using /d/, as in the word dog for various sounds D. "key" and "tea," "cone" and "tone," and "cap" and "tap" to address the use of velar fronting

C. "doe" and "go," "doe" and "though," and "doe and Joe" to address using /d/, as in the word dog for various sounds

Receptively at what age can children typically point to a few of their body parts on request? A. 4-6 months B. 7 months-1 year C. 1 year-2 years D. 2-3 years

C. 1 year - 2 years

What is the typical age range when a child begins to combine two words, for example, "Where Daddy" or "Mommy show"? A. 12 - 19 months B. 14-24 months C. 20-30 months D. 28-42 months

C. 20-30 months

You would like to work with a 24-month-old who says 25 words. Her father, an engineer, would like her to use two-word combinations such as "thank you" and "up, please." You tell him that children do not combine words until they have at least ____ words in their expressive vocabulary. A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75

C. 50

In an Amish family living in Penn., a monther tells her daughter,"Sally, eat your mouth empty before you say!" What is this version of the common American English expression, "Don't talk with your mouth full!" classified as linguistically? A. A familial variation B. An idiolectecal C. A dialectical variation D. A regional variation

C. A dialectical variation

What are school-wide positive behavioral support programs MOST characterized by? A. Intensive behavioral intervention at the lowest risk B. A stringent behavior modification system at all tiers C. A greater emphasis on prevention than intervention D. Giving positive reinforcement but never punishment

C. A greater emphasis on prevention than intervention

Which of the following approaches most accurately helps an SLP know if a treatment plan for an adolescent with language disorders is having an impact on academic learning? A. Reviewing the results of state standards-based assessments B. Administering the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) C. Analyzing performance on classroom-based assessments D. Using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF) assessment

C. Analyzing performance on classroom-based assessments

Which of the following statements is true about cultural differences in nonverbal communication? A. Native Americans and Middle Eastern cultures require eye contact in conversations B. Vietnamese and Hmong cultures value admiration and compliments to their babies C. Asian and Hispanic cultures find it rude or disrespectful to make direct eye contact D. American and Asian cultures find it affectionate or friendly to pat a child on the head

C. Asian and Hispanic cultures find it rude or disrespectful to make direct eye contact

A 5-year-old child, Shannon, is brought to you for an evaluation. According to her mother, Shannon has a history of middle-ear infections. Shannon's mother reports that Shannon is difficult to understand. For example, Shannon makes k/t and g/d substitutions, saying things like koυ/toυ. This child is manifesting the phonological process of A. cluster reduction. B. stridency deletion. C. backing. D. glottal replacement.

C. Backing

Ms. Brown, a 70-year-old retired female, was admitted to the hospital following a CVA. The SLP conducted a comprehensive evaluation that revealed the presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), and visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Although her auditory comprehension and repetition skills were good, she experienced difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. Based on the clinical features described, Ms. Brown's diagnostic classification would most likely be A.Wernicke's aphasia B.Conduction aphasia C.Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage D.Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with left hemisphere damage

C. Cognitive-communicative disorder consistent with right hemisphere damage

You are working in a special needs school with children who are at risk for language disorders. A teacher referred to you a young boy whose symptoms include low birth weight, microcephaly, low-set ears, micrognathia, wide eyes, and excessive drooling. His behaviors include hyperactivity, tantrums, aggression, repetitive movements, feeding problems, catlike meowing, as well as severe cognitive, speech, and motor delays. The case history indicates that this syndrome is partially due to the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. Which syndrome does this child display? A. Bantis B. Cruveilhier-Baumgarten C. Cri du chat D. Mobius

C. Cri du chat

What percent of all speech problems are attributed to various degrees of hearing loss? A. More than 50 percent B. Fewer than 5 percent C. More than 10 percent D. Fewer than 8 percent

C. More than 10 percent

An SLP is behaving ethically if he or she does which of the following? A. Offers to provide speech or language services solely by correspondence for an individual whose disability prevents easy access to the professional's office B. Diagnoses a speech disorder solely through correspondence as long as the correspondence is thorough and careful C. Offers general information of an educational nature by correspondence D. Indicates the specific duration of the therapeutic program

C. Offers general information of an educational nature by correspondence

Which of the following is the major physical or organic factor underlying impairment in the speech of persons with cleft palate? A. Congenital hearing loss from otitis media B. Broad irregular maxillary arch C. Palatopharyngeal insufficiency D. Irregular vocal fold abduction

C. Palatopharyngeal insufficiency

Examples of secondary stuttering include A. whispering B. part-word repetitions C. quivering of the nostrils D. all of the above

C. Quivering of the nostrils

Kimberly, a patient who suffered a brain stem stroke and has had a fairly successful recovery, complained of food sticking in her throat and needing to swallow two to three times to clear liquid and solid boluses. She underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study that showed a limited duration of upper esophageal sphincter opening. The SLP decides to employ an intervention plan that includes the Mendelsohn maneuver. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be effective in accomplishing this goal? A.Completing a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) to determine if the patient is performing the maneuver properly B.Performing cervical auscultation (CA) to quantify improved swallowing with the maneuver C.Using submental surface electromyography (sEMG) as biofeedback during attempts to perform the maneuver D.Teaching the patient to use palpation of her neck and a mirror to help her master the maneuver

C. Using submental surface electromyography (sEMG) as biofeedback during attempts to perform the maneuver

A 35-year-old female is referred for an outpatient swallowing evaluation after having a thyroidectomy. Her complaints include coughing when drinking and dysphonia. Which of the following evaluation options is the most appropriate post-treatment follow-up for the patient? A. Completing a clinical swallow evaluation B. Setting up an appointment for a pharyngeal manometry test C. Using the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) D. Recording the patient during a videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS)

C. Using the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)

A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart's notch. What is Carhart's notch? A. specific hearing losses at both 2,000 and 4,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing B. a specific type of sensorineural hearing loss, characterized by a "dip" at 1,000 Hz C. a specific hearing loss at 2,000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing D. a specific hearing loss at 4,000 Hz as indicated by both air- and bone- conduction testing

C. a specific hearing loss at 2,000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing

Damage to the cerebellum may cause a movement disorder called A. athetosis B. flaccidity C. ataxia D. all of the above

C. ataxia

Which of the following is an example of a pragmatic approach to aphasia therapy? A. melodic intonation therapy B. deblocking C. focusing on conveying of ideas rather than linguistic content of the message D. behavioral naming drills

C. focusing on conveying of ideas rather than linguistic content of the message

Sarah, the mother of 18-month-old toddler Brandon, has taken time off her job as an engineer to be with Brandon full time at home. Sarah is very conscientious about Brandon's speech and language development, and brings him to you for an evaluation "just to make sure he's on track." Which of the following would Brandon be expected to demonstrate at 18 months of age if he is developing in a typical fashion? A. says 300-400 expressive vocabulary words, mostly consisting of nouns B. follows three-step directions C. says several single words D. is able to say his first name, gender, and age

C. says several single words

When completing a videofluoroscopic swallow study on a geriatric patient, which of the following findings is most appropriately considered typical development? A.Vallecular retention of more than 50 percent of vallecular height B.Nasopharyngeal regurgitation C.Liquid bolus enters pharynx before hyolaryngeal excursion begins D.Oral pocketing

C.Liquid bolus enters pharynx before hyolaryngeal excursion begins

Over the past six weeks, the general education teacher implemented evidence-based classroom and teaching modifications for a student struggling in a language arts class. Careful observation has not shown an increase in the student's performance. The teacher informs the student's parents of plans to refer the student to the speech-language pathologist at school. The teacher then makes an official referral to the local educational agency. Which of the following choices is the maximum time allowed by IDEAI D E A from the official referral for eligibility determination to completion of the evaluation? A.14 days B.30 days C.60 days D.120 days

C.60 days

Joanna is a 36-month-old child who is enrolled in a treatment program for stuttering. The SLP is involving Joanna's parents and 5-year-old brother in treatment activities. Every time Joanna's brother participates in a treatment activity, Joanna begins to stutter much more severely than she does when interacting with her parents. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate for the SLP to take next? A.Helping the parents devise strategies for limiting how often Joanna and her brother converse with each other at home B.Engaging Joanna in a role-playing activity that seeks to identify how she would like her brother to interact with her during conversations C.Analyzing recorded conversations between Joanna and her brother to identify discourse factors that might affect the severity of Joanna's stuttering D.Teaching her brother to produce statements that support Joanna's attempts to talk

C.Analyzing recorded conversations between Joanna and her brother to identify discourse factors that might affect the severity of Joanna's stuttering

An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use? A.Assisting the patient to produce a soft glottal attack B.Digitally manipulation of the patient's neck to reduce strap-muscle tension C.Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack D.Employing techniques aimed at increasing airflow

C.Assisting the patient to produce a hard glottal attack

Control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone is most closely related to the activity of which of the following muscles? A.Posterior cricoarytenoid B.Lateral cricoarytenoid C.Cricothyroid D.Sternocleidomastoid

C.Cricothyroid

Which of the following formants typically characterizes a high vowel? A.High-frequency second formant (F2) B.High-frequency first formant (F1) C.Low-frequency first formant (F1) D.Low-frequency second formant (F2)

C.Low-frequency first formant (F1)

Hearing loss in infants who are born with a cleft palate is usually related to which of the following? A.The infant's inability to create positive pressure in the oral cavity B.Malformation of the middle-ear ossicles associated with malformation of the palate C.Eustachian tube dysfunction D.Cochlear dysfunction

C.Eustachian tube dysfunction

Which of the following phonological processes is a child expected to suppress by 3 years of age? A.Displaying stopping patterns B.Using vocalization substitutions C.Exhibiting weak syllable deletions D.Having consonant cluster reductions

C.Exhibiting weak syllable deletions

For which of the following conditions is it most appropriate for the SLP to recommend that the patient's primary-care physician refer the patient to a prosthodontist for construction of a palatal-lift appliance? A.Submucous cleft palate B.Unrepaired cleft of the secondary palate C.Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate D.Congenitally short palate

C.Flaccid paralysis of the soft palate

Patient is a 77-year-old female with a left hemisphere stroke. Sensorimotor clinical examination revealed right lower facial droop, impaired oral sensation, absence of dentition, need for frequent prompts to engage the patient in evaluation procedures, and aphasia. Bedside swallow evaluation with pureed food and nectar-thick liquids revealed food remnants in right lateral sulcus, drooling from the right oral cavity, and intermittent cough that was not present before the swallow evaluation. Prior medical history includes COPDC O P D, diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Patient does not want an instrumental examination. Based on the data above, which of the following is most likely to lead to a clinically significant dysphagia-related adverse event? A.Impaired oral sensorimotor function B.Prior medical history C.Impaired level of alertness D.Aphasia

C.Impaired level of alertness

The head lift exercise published by Shaker et al. (2002) was designed to produce which of the following changes in swallow biomechanics? A.Increase in laryngeal closure duration B.Strengthening of the base of the tongue C.Increase in diameter and duration of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening D.Prolonged relaxation of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle

C.Increase in diameter and duration of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening

An SLP in a private practice receives a letter from the state licensing office informing her that her license expired the previous week. The SLP was unaware that she had been practicing with a lapsed license for seven working days. Which THREE of the following actions are the best course of action for the SLP? A.Continuing to see patients as scheduled B.Discontinuing treatment documentation C.Informing the practice administrator D.Reassigning patients to a licensed SLP E.Alerting patients to the lapse in licensure

C.Informing the practice administrator D.Reassigning patients to a licensed SLP E.Alerting patients to the lapse in licensure

Which of the following is an example of a reversible passive? A.The balloon was broken by the pin. B.The kite was flown by Ben Franklin. C.Jared was bullied by Michael. D.The girl put her doll by her friend.

C.Jared was bullied by Michael.

Which of the following procedures would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss? A.Development of phonation from coughing B.Pushing exercises C.Manual depression of the larynx D.Manual elevation of the larynx

C.Manual depression of the larynx

An SLP designs a series of treatment activities for Jake, a 4 year old who presents with severely delayed phonological development. During one of the activities, the SLP asks Jake to say various word pairs in which two phonologically dissimilar target sounds are contrasted (for example, "chip" and "rip"). Which of the following choices best describes the treatment approach that is being used? A.Multiple-oppositions approach B.Minimal-pairs approach C.Maximal-oppositions approach D.Metaphonological approach

C.Maximal-oppositions approach

Which of the following muscles produces the opposing action to those that produce velopharyngeal closure? A.Musculus uvulae B.Levator veli palatini C.Palatoglossus D.Stylopharyngeus

C.Palatoglossus

An assessment of a patient with suspected neurodegenerative disease who presents with language problems as the primary symptom reveals the following: Impaired single-word retrieval in speech Naming that includes phonological errors Impaired repetition of sentences and phrases Spared single-word comprehension and object knowledge Spared motor speech abilities Which of the following disorders is the most accurate diagnosis of the patient? A.Broca's aphasia B.Anomic aphasia C.Primary progressive aphasia D.Transcortical motor aphasia

C.Primary progressive aphasia

A 28-year-old classroom teacher complaining of frequent voice loss is seen by an SLP and an otolaryngologist. It is determined the patient's symptoms are linked to significant vocal demands. Which of following recommendations is the most appropriate first step to treat the underlying disorder? A.Advising the patient to undergo complete voice rest until the nodules improve or resolve B.Educating the patient on the importance of hydration and behavioral antireflux strategies C.Recommending voice amplification with resonant voice therapy D.Training strategies to increase vocal loudness

C.Recommending voice amplification with resonant voice therapy

A teacher asks the speech-language pathologist for advice regarding a child who talks excessively during class, rarely listens to instructions, and does work only intermittently. Attempts at alternative seating for the child have not been successful. Of the following, which is the most appropriate recommendation that the speech-language pathologist can provide to the teacher? A.Have the school counselor consider working with the child and the parents on self-control and discipline B.Put the child on a management system for classroom behavior C.Refer the child for evaluation by members of the child-study team D.Suggest remedial speech-language services for the child to improve the child's interactive communication

C.Refer the child for evaluation by members of the child-study team

According to research on the development of Brown's morphemes in young children, which of the following is a determinant of acquisition order? A.Phonological ease of production B.Figurative-language ability C.Semantic and syntactic complexity D.Sequencing and segmentation strategies

C.Semantic and syntactic complexity

A 65-year-old-male who is hospitalized with pneumonia completed a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Findings showed aspiration after the swallow due to a reduced upper esophageal sphincter opening diameter separating the bolus tail, which was then retained in the pyriform sinuses. Which of the following interventions was designed to and is shown to improve upper esophageal sphincter opening? A.Effortful swallow B.Valsalva (breath hold) C.Shaker (head lift) exercise D.Lingual resistance exercise

C.Shaker (head lift) exercise

Compensatory swallowing maneuvers and interventions are designed to mitigate a biomechanical impairment during the swallow; however, some of them have unintended consequences that have been documented in scientific literature. Which of the following swallow maneuvers has been found to produce cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) in patients with stroke or cardiovascular diseases? A.Mendelsohn maneuver B.Chin-down posture C.Supraglottic swallow maneuver D.Head rotation toward the weak side

C.Supraglottic swallow maneuver

Computer software that has been developed to facilitate speech and language treatment can best be used A.in group sessions when the SLP's caseload precludes working individually with clients B.by clients in place of services that would otherwise be provided by an SLP C.by clients under the direction of SLPs D.when SLPs are unavailable

C.by clients under the direction of SLPs

Which THREE of the following statements are true regarding the treatment of swallowing disorders? A.Thickened liquids cause dehydration because they require more water to be metabolized. B.The chin-down posture eliminates thin-liquid aspiration from the pyriform sinuses. C.Supraglottic swallow may cause cardiac arrhythmia in patients with coronary artery disease or stroke history. D.Mass practice and task specificity are important principles of exercise therapy. E.Periodontal disease due to poor oral hygiene increases aspiration risk in people with dysphagia. F.Shaker and jaw-opening exercises are designed to increase the upper esophageal sphincter opening.

C.Supraglottic swallow may cause cardiac arrhythmia in patients with coronary artery disease or stroke history. D.Mass practice and task specificity are important principles of exercise therapy. F.Shaker and jaw-opening exercises are designed to increase the upper esophageal sphincter opening.

To provide greater independence for a client who has a brain injury and is in a late stage of speech-language treatment, which of the following techniques is most appropriate? A.Increasing memory-retention span B.Using word-repetition drills C.Teaching compensatory strategies D.Training visual-perceptual skills

C.Teaching compensatory strategies

Studies of the anatomy of human vocal folds and of mucosal behavior during phonation have led to the current cover-body characterization of the vocal fold. Which of the following is included in the vocal-fold transition? A.The epithelium and superficial lamina propria B.The epithelium and deep lamina propria C.The intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria D.The lamina of the thyroid cartilage

C.The intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria

When assessing the ability of a student with cerebral palsy to access an augmentative and alternative communication device, which of the following physical factors must be evaluated first? A.Upper extremity range of motion B.Lower extremity strength C.Trunk stability and control D.Fine motor dexterity

C.Trunk stability and control

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) guarantees parents access to their child's educational records. However, this mandate does not apply to the daily records kept by an SLP working in a school setting if these records A.are not used for treatment-related reimbursement from state or local government B.remain within the school district in which the SLP works C.are kept in the sole possession of the SLP D.are not distributed to anyone outside of the child's school

C.are kept in the sole possession of the SLP

Treatment for apraxia of speech most appropriately emphasizes A.coordination of respiration with phonation and articulation B.auditory discrimination, resonance, and respiration C.auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement D.rate of speech, range of movement, strength, and coordination of the oral mechanism

C.auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement

A physician told the spouse of a client that melodic intonation therapy (MIT) would improve the client's speech considerably. The most appropriate next action by the SLP would be to A.provide MIT, as recommended B.tell the physician that it is inappropriate for the physician to make recommendations for a speech treatment C.consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment D.explain MIT to the client's spouse to assist in the decision-making process about the type of therapy to use

C.consider the potential value of incorporating MIT into the client's treatment

A patient with the recent onset of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis with a large glottal gap is evaluated by an otolaryngologist and SLP. The treatment most appropriate for this patient is A.voice therapy B.injection augmentation C.injection augmentation with subsequent voice therapy D.thyroplasty with subsequent voice therapy

C.injection augmentation with subsequent voice therapy

An individual attempting to sustain /f/ is shown in the midsagittal view above. The most important reason why this speaker will not produce an acceptable /f/ is that A.the upper central incisors are tipped too far labially B.the lower central incisors tipped too far labially C.intraoral air pressure will be insufficient D.lip placement is inadequate

C.intraoral air pressure will be insufficient

A 60-year-old man says that he has "trouble thinking of names and words" and that it is interfering with his job performance. The problem began three months ago after he had a minor cerebrovascular accident. He does not report any other problems. His conversation is characterized by some hesitancies, latencies, repetitions, interjections, and self-corrections. On the basis of an interview and the results of an aphasia battery, it is concluded that he has a mild aphasia. The most appropriate course of action is to A.advise the client to wait for three more months in order to allow spontaneous recovery to take place B.begin a treatment program designed to decrease dysfluencies in his speech C.offer a treatment program designed to improve word-retrieval skills D.encourage the client to increase his reading of information related to his profession in order to facilitate recall of professional terminology

C.offer a treatment program designed to improve word-retrieval skills

According to literature on men's and women's voices, the prevalence of benign vocal fold lesions in women can best be explained by differences in A.daily dairy consumption B.speaking duration C.rates of vocal fold vibration D.neck circumference

C.rates of vocal fold vibration

After an evaluation of a patient's communication needs, an SLPS L P pursues acquisition of a high-tech AAC device. The patient's private health insurance rejects the request, stating that the device is "not medically necessary." The SLP can best advocate for the patient by immediately appealing A.to the insurance company to determine a lower-technology device that is covered by the payer B.the denial and providing a review of how the patient's quality of life is impacted by the device C.the denial and providing data regarding the medical necessity for the device D.to a member of the state government for coverage of high-tech AAC devices

C.the denial and providing data regarding the medical necessity for the device

Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function? A. "more". (said by a child with an empty juice glass) B. "I want cookie" C. "Grandpa white car" D. "Why doggy bark?"

D. "Why doggy bark?"

The concrete operations stage of cognitive development, defined by Piaget, occurs at what age? A. 2-7 years B. 5-7 years C. 4-11 years D. 7-11 years

D. 7-11 years

Phonological process disorders are characterized by which of these? A. Errors in producing isolated speech sounds B. Patterns of errors in producing some sounds C. Omitting one consonant from initial clusters D. Both of the answer choices (B) and (C)

D. Both of the answer choices (B) and (C)

HIPAA, passed by the U.S. Congress, mandates certain rules that all health professionals must follow. Of the following statements regarding HIPAA, select the one that is correct. A. Consumers who think their privacy may have been violated by a medical provider can complain only to the provider in question. B. The law (HIPAA) does not provide for civil or criminal penalties for facilities that misuse patient information. C. HIPAA regulations do not cover electronically transmitted medical records of patients. D. Medical information about a patient may be shared by other professionals who serve the same patient, but it cannot be released for purposes unrelated to the care of the patient.

D. Medical information about a patient may be shared by other professionals who serve the same patient, but it cannot be released for purposes unrelated to the care of the patient.

A 3-year-old says, "I want 'pasghetti' for supper!' The parent says, "You mean spaghetti?" When the child repeats this correctly, he says spaghetti. Eventually, the child learns to pronounce the word correctly. Regarding learning theories of language development, what is this an example of? A. Classical conditioning B. Social learning theory C. Generative grammar D. Operant conditioning

D. Operant conditioning

The Spanish-speaking parents of a nine-year old bilingual child report that their child communicates in Spanish with complete utterances and has a good vocabulary in comparison to other children in the neighborhood. Their concern is that the child interrupts their conversations and has not learned social rules that are important within the family and community. Testing confirms similar problems in English-speaking settings. The SLP would most likely recommend that therapy focus on which of the following language areas? A. Syntax B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics

D. Pragmatics

An SLP has targeted the phonological process of "stopping of initial fricatives" for remediation and is using the word "shoes" to establish the new behavior. The SLP now wishes to investigate whether the speaker can generalize the newly learned pattern to untrained words. If it is assumed that generalization will occur on words whose phonetic characteristics are most like the trained word "shoes," which of the following words should be selected? A. Shouting B. Fished C. Ocean D. Shook

D. Shook

Within all world languages, which word order is used by the largest number of people? A. Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) B. Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) C. Verb-Object-Subject (VOS) D. Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

D. Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

Which of the following nerves provides efferent innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and contributes toward the elevation of the pharynx and the larynx? A.The trigeminal B.The hypoglossal C.The vagus D.The glossopharyngeal

D.The glossopharyngeal

Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative? A. that chair B. more juice C. jump [on] bed D. juice [in] glass

D. juice [in] glass

The malleus, incus, and stapes form the: A. tympanic membrane B. stapedius muscle C. tensor tympani D. ossicular chain

D. ossicular chain

The most common types of myopathies affect what? A. nasal fasciculation B. optic nerve C. ossicular movement D. proximal rather than distal muscles

D. proximal rather than distal muscles

Contact ulcers may be caused by all of the following except A. chronic throat clearing B. hard-glottal attack C. intubation D. psychogenic problems

D. psychogenic problems

Which of the following assessment descriptions represents an s/z ratio that is indicative of a vocal pathology? A.1.0 B.1.1 C.1.3 D.1.5

D.1.5

A 3-year-old child presents for an evaluation of communication skills. When the SLP says "Sit in your seat," the child responds by saying [tɪ ɪ ti]. When the SLP asks the child to "put the big block in the box," the child responds by saying [bɪ bɑ ɪ bɑ]. Based on the responses, the child's primary problem with communication is most likely which of the following? A.Oral-motor weakness B.Poor auditory discrimination C.A fluency disorder D.A receptive and/or expressive language impairment

D.A receptive and/or expressive language impairment

Jay is 3 years and 8 months old and was diagnosed with stuttering following a speech-language assessment. The diagnosis is based in part on the presence of part-word repetitions on 15% of syllables in conversational speech during the initial evaluation. His mother says that the onset of stuttered speech occurred eight months before the assessment and that the child occasionally is frustrated with his fluency difficulties. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation for the SLP to make? A.Monitoring fluency performance until age 5 years and 0 months old, but commencing fluency therapy immediately if Jay's stuttering frequency exceeds 20% of syllables before then. B.Monitoring fluency performance until age 5 years and 0 months old, and commencing fluency therapy immediately if Jay's stuttering has not resolved by then. C.Beginning a treatment program in which Jay learns how to regulate his articulation rate during daily conversational speech. D.Beginning a treatment program in which Jay's parents learn how to respond to his stuttering-related frustration and how to label and comment on his fluent and stuttered utterances.

D.Beginning a treatment program in which Jay's parents learn how to respond to his stuttering-related frustration and how to label and comment on his fluent and stuttered utterances.

When completing an oral mechanism examination on a patient presenting with stroke-like symptoms, which of the following findings would be most likely to predict aspiration during an instrumental swallow evaluation? A.Inability to swallow on command B.Facial droop C.Absent gag reflex D.Breathy phonation

D.Breathy phonation

According to research, which of the following structural factors has the most adverse effect on articulation? A.Short labial frenulum B.Micrognathia C.Unilateral facial palsy D.Class III malocclusion

D.Class III malocclusion

A child with discourse problems is most likely to need remediation directed at which of the following? A.Morphology B.An initial lexicon C.Gestural communication D.Cohesive devices

D.Cohesive devices

Of the following, which is generally the most appropriate treatment goal for clients who have had a laryngectomy? A.Acceptance of the alaryngeal status B.Production of an esophageal voice C.Use of a voice prosthesis D.Restoration of oral communication

D.Restoration of oral communication

Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in "cap" versus "cab"? A.Locus frequency of burst B.Voice onset time C.Vocal fundamental frequency D.Duration of the preceding vowel

D.Duration of the preceding vowel

Mr. Charles, age 78, has had Alzheimer's disease for the past nine years. A recent speech and language evaluation at his nursing home indicated severe deficits in verbal reasoning, memory, word finding, discourse, pragmatics, phonology, semantics, and syntax. Which of the following should the speech-language pathologist do next? A.Recommend individual treatment to improve his receptive and expressive language skills, beginning with the areas where he is least deficient B.Recommend individual treatment to improve his receptive and expressive language skills, beginning with the areas where he is most deficient C.Initiate group treatment with other adults with language impairments to improve spontaneous conversational speech and pragmatic skills D.Examine his living conditions and, if necessary, educate the nursing staff concerning ways to help him communicate more effectively

D.Examine his living conditions and, if necessary, educate the nursing staff concerning ways to help him communicate more effectively

Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice? A.Changes in the frequency range between F1 and F2 over time B.Changes in the frequency range between F2 and F3 over time C.F3 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time D.F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

D.F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

If a child's language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child might say [wɛd] for "red." When asked, "Do you mean wed?" the child may respond, "No! [wɛd]!" Such a response demonstrates which of the following? A.Phonological development lags behind semantic development. B.Semantic development lags behind phonological development. C.Linguistic competence lags behind linguistic performance. D.Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

D.Linguistic performance lags behind linguistic competence.

A 75-year-old patient is referred from a laryngologist with a diagnosis of presbylaryngis/presbyphonia. The patient complains of reduced vocal loudness and increased vocal effort while speaking. Which of the following treatments is most appropriate for the patient? A.Using sigh phonation with soft glottal attacks B.Generating vowel sounds with inhalatory phonation C.Completing voice rest for one week then gradually reintroducing voice use D.Producing vowel sounds and phrases using high vocal intensity phonation

D.Producing vowel sounds and phrases using high vocal intensity phonation

Which of the following instruments is often used to document stages of recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) ? A.Glasgow Coma Scale B.Scale of Executive Function C.Sequenced Inventory of Communication Development D.Rancho Los Amigos Scales of Cognitive Function

D.Rancho Los Amigos Scales of Cognitive Function

An SLPS is reviewing research literature for an evidence-based communication intervention for a young child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Which of the following research designs provides the strongest proof of efficacy for evidence-based communication intervention? A.Case studies describing a successful treatment for a child with ASD B.Single case designs that rigorously test an intervention for a child with ASD C.A group design with children receiving two different ASD treatments simultaneously D.Randomized controlled trials of a treatment including children with ASD

D.Randomized controlled trials of a treatment including children with ASD

An SLP has a consultation with a self-referred adult who has a fluency disorder. The client had been enrolled in treatment programs with the clinician three times before and had reached from 75 to 90 percent fluency before dropping out of treatment for various reasons. Thirty percent of the client's syllables are spoken disfluently. The client also exhibits signs of depression and anxiety. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take? A.Encouraging the client to re-enroll for remedial services B.Encouraging the client to take responsibility for maintaining fluency by using techniques learned in the previous treatment sessions C.Recommending that the client schedule a neurological evaluation D.Referring the client for psychological counseling

D.Referring the client for psychological counseling

Which of the following is used to improve the performance of struggling students who receive scientifically based instruction in a general education classroom? A.Discrepancy formula model B.Early intervention C.Multitier intervention model D.Response to Intervention

D.Response to Intervention

A 5-year-old child's evaluation reveals a developmental speech delay secondary to an intellectual disability. Which of the following statements about etiology is most likely true? A.A genetic etiology can be assumed and treatment can be withheld. B.A genetic etiology can be assumed and compensatory strategies should be taught. C.Prenatal trauma can be assumed and a plan to counsel the parents is necessary. D.The information provided does not allow an assumption to be made on etiology.

D.The information provided does not allow an assumption to be made on etiology.

Infants with cleft lip and palate are susceptible to middle ear disease because which of the following muscles is commonly impaired? A.The superior constrictor muscle B.The levator veli palatini muscle C.The palatopharyngeus muscle D.The tensor veli palatini muscle

D.The tensor veli palatini muscle

Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of clients with which of the following types of aphasia? A.Conduction B.Anomic C.Wernicke D.Transcortical motor

D.Transcortical motor

A child repeatedly inserts an inappropriate sound in certain environments; for example, [fpɪʃ] for [fɪʃ] . Which of the following would likely be most helpful for the child as a target for treatment? A.Bisyllabic words for which a minimal-contrast pair can be easily identified B.Words containing phonemes that have distinctive features in common with the sound the child inserts inappropriately C.Repeated practice with the combinations of phonemes that the child finds particularly easy to produce D.Words that contrast the child's error pattern with the target pattern in the word

D.Words that contrast the child's error pattern with the target pattern in the word

Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial nerve? A.V B.VII C.IX D.X

D.X

For a test of expressive morphology and syntax for speakers of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), the test item that would be considered LEAST biased against such speakers would be one requiring A.use of the auxiliary verb "be" in the present progressive tense B.use of the past-tense ending "-ed" C.use of sentences with multiple negation D.agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents in gender and number

D.agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents in gender and number

A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for A.spastic dysphonia B.acute laryngitis C.vocal nodules D.contact ulcers

D.contact ulcers

When a surgeon closes a cleft of the soft palate first and a cleft of the hard palate later, that is known as A. secondary surgery. B. palatal surgery. C.pharyngeal flap surgery. D.delayed hard palate closure

D.delayed hard palate closure

Esophageal and tracheoesophageal (TEP) techniques for producing alaryngeal voice are similar in that both A.redirect expiratory airflow from the lungs to the esophagus B.result in a vocal fundamental frequency similar to that of laryngeal phonation C.require the speaker to occlude the stoma with either a thumb or a valve D.depend on adequate vibration of the pharyngoesophageal (P E) segment

D.depend on adequate vibration of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) segment

Elisions and transpositions are referred to as phoneme A.additions B.blending C.deletions D.manipulations

D.manipulations

Following anoxic encephalopathy, clients are likely to experience the most significant long-term impairments in the area of A.prosody B.resonance C.aphonia D.memory

D.memory

Research regarding the use of intensive phonemic-awareness treatment for children who have difficulty learning to read has demonstrated that the treatment A.is effective only for children from 4 to 8 years old B.is effective mainly with children who have remediated all phonological process errors C.is effective only when combined with a supplemental literacy program D.might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

D.might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

Object permanence

Piaget

Discriminative stimulus

Skinner

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky