practice quiz/ homework questions chapters 5-7 for A&P
place the following the correct order: 1.) chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium 2.) osteoblasts lay down bone matrix forming spongy bone in the primary ossification center 3.) the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone 4.) secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones 5.) the perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum and a bony collar is produced 6.) a primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade 7.) chondrocytes hypertrophy, die and calcified cartilage forms 8.) the cartilage model is almost completely ossified; the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage
1, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 3, 7
put the steps of bone repair in the correct order 1.) a localized mass of blood called a hematoma is formed 2.) fibers and cartilage of the calluses are replaced by spongy bone 3.) fracture of the bone, damage to blood vessels and surrounding periosteum 4.) an internal callus forms between the ends of the bones an external callus forms a collar around the break 5.) woven bone is replaced by compact bone
2, 4, 1, 3, 5
place the following events in order: 1.) trabeculae increase in size 2.) red bone marrow appears in the spaces of the spongy bone 3.) osteochondral progenitor cells become osteoblasts 4.) osteoblasts produce bone matrix that surrounds collagen fibers, and some become osteocytes within the new matrix 5.) trabeculae develop 6.) osteoblasts form a ring on the outer surface of the trabeculae 7.) spongy bone forms as trabeculae join together 8.) osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone matrix to form an outer surface of compact bone 9.) some mesenchymal cells in the membrane become osteochondral progenitor cells
6, 8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 1
A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following caused his condition? a.) hypersecretion of testosterone b.) hypersecretion of growth hormone c.) hypersecretion of estrogen d.) hypersecretion of vitamin D e.) hyposecretion of estrogen
A
Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the a.) papillary layer of the dermis b.) stratum granulosum c.) stratum basale d.) stratum corneum e.) stratum spinosum
A
a person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones? a.) occipital b.) temporal c.) nasal d.) sphenoid e.) zygomatic
A
important functions of the skeletal system include: a.) protection of the brain and soft organs b.) regulation of acid-base balance c.) production of vitamin E d.) integration of other systems e.) storage of water
A
many are found in the inner layer of the periosteum a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
A
skin glands do not include a.) salivary glands b.) sebaceous glands c.) sweat glands d.) ceruminous glands e.) mammary glands
A
stem cells a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
A
the longitudinal growth of long bone ceases when a.) the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue b.) the periosteum is completed c.) the epiphysis becomes separated from the diaphysis d.) the bone marrow forms
A
these cells may become chondrocytes a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
A
which of the following events occurs last in intramembraneous ossification? a.) cancellous bone is formed b.) many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop c.) periosteum is formed d.) a membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops
A
which of the following is mismatched? a.) parathyroid hormone- inceases calcium loss in the kidneys b.) sex hormones- cause spurt of growth at puberty c.) vitamin C- necessary for collagen synthesis d.) vitamin D- aids calcium absorption e.) vitamin D- obtained by synthesis or ingestion
A
which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true ? a.) the epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis b.) the epidermis contains numerous blood vessels c.) the epidermis is very permeable to water-soluble molecules d.) the most numerous cells in the epidermis are the melanocytes
A
which of the following statements is true? a.) An exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis. b.) Scoliosis is the term applied to normal curvature of the spine. c.) The adult vertebral column has three curvatures. d.) The cervical curve develops before birth. e.) Lordosis is an exaggeration of the cervical curvature.
A
which protein is found in the nails, hair and epidermis? a.) keratin b.) carotene c.) elastin d.) melanin e.) collagen
A
Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of their dermal blood vessels A. The blood vessels become dilated B. Body heat is conserved C. More blood enters into the heart D. Body temperature tends to drop in that area E. More blood flows to the skin
B
andrew's car is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. to which group of bones does this belong? a.) cervical vertebrae b.) viscerocranium c.) pectoral girdle d.) chest cavity e.) neurocranium
B
eighty year old mrs.smith has a bent-over stance with a noticeable hump back. Along with osteoporosis, Mrs. Smith also is afflicted with which condition? a.) lordosis b.) kyphosis c.) scoliosis d.) spina bifida e.) herniated disk
B
if you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your a.) ulna b.) radius c.) humerus d.) olecranon e.) carpals
B
the dermis.. a.) does not contain connective tissue b.) is responsible for most of the skin's structural strength c.) functions as padding and insulation d.) is divided into three distinct layers e.) contains no blood vessels
B
the layer of the epidermis that undergoes mitosis and forms new epidermal cells is the a.) stratum corneum b.) stratum basale c.) stratum dermum d.) stratum lucidum e.) stratum granulosum
B
the process of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous and endochondral ossification? a.) both only form flat bones b.) both processes form woven bone c.) both processes require a precursor of connective tissue membrane d.) in both processes, bone replaces cartilage e.) chondrocytes participate in both processes
B
the sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is: a.) calcification, hypertrophy, proliferation, ossification, cell death, and remodeling. b.) proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling. c.) proliferation, hypertrophy, cell death, calcification, ossification, and remodeling. d.) hypertrophy, proliferation, calcification, ossification, and remodeling. e.) hypertrophy, calcification, proliferation, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
B
these are involved with bone deposition a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
B
these cells release matrix vesicles a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
B
which of the following events occurs last? a.) a cartilage model is formed by chondroblasts b.) secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses c.) osteoblasts produce trabeculae and lamellae on the surface of calcified cartilage d.) blood vessels grow into the primary ossification center e.) cartilage is calcified in the cartilage model
B
which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct? a.) the rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly b.) exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling c.) bone remodeling does not involve the activity of the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts d.) bone remodeling involves removal of old bone by osteoblasts e.) as a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases
B
which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts? a.) osteocytes b.) osteochondral progenitor cell c.) osteoblasts d.) osteclasts
B
regions that are composed of loose connective tissue: a.) epidermis of the skin b.) papillary layer of dermis c.) reticular layer of the dermis d.) subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
B and D
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones? a.) epiphysis b.) medullary cavity c.) epiphyseal plate d.) sharpey's fibers e.) endosteum
C
a coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. which bone is this? a.) sphenoid b.) vomer c.) hyoid d.) clavicle
C
a passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a: a.) osteocanal b.) central canal c.) canaliculus d.) lamella e.) lacuna
C
a patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the a.) femur b.) tibia c.) fibula d.) calcaneus e.) talus
C
calcitonin decreases the activity of these cells a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
C
delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called: a.) primary hairs b.) terminal hairs c.) lanugo hairs d.) vellus hairs e.) secondary hairs
C
how does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis? a.) immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair b.) excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss c.) lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption d.) calcium ions released from the bones are excreted e.) decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease
C
the proper sequence of events in bone repair is a.) callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone. b.) hematoma formation, callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone. c.) hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone. d.) callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone, hematoma formation. e.) remodeling of bone, callus ossification, hematoma formation, callus formation.
C
the ribs articulate with the _______ vertebrae a.) sacral b.) lumbar c.) thoracic d.) cervical e.) coccygeal
C
these are bone reabsorbing cells a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
C
these evolve from same cells that form macrophages or monocytes a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
C
those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as _____ ribs a.) false b.) vertebral c.) vertebrosternal d.) vertebrochondral e.) floating
C
which of the following anatomical features of the bones is correctly matched with its function? a.) tubercle- lining of a joint b.) foramen- a depression in a bone c.) foramen- a hole for a blood vessel d.) body- attachment point for a tendon or ligament e.) sinus- a tunnel in a bone
C
which of the following bones is part of the neurocranium? a.) vomer b.) palatine bone c.) occipital bone d.) mandible e.) nasal bone
C
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will: a.) become bright red b.) not change color c.) have a reddish hue d.) become pale e.) develop a yellow tint
D
Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected? a.) epidermis b.) stratum granulosum c.) stratum basale d.) reticular layer of dermis e.) stratum corneum
D
bone cells encased in matrix a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
D
in which layer of the epidermis are granules of keratohyalin formed? a.) stratum lucidum b.) stratum spinosum c.) stratum corneum d.) stratum granulosum e.) stratum basale
D
manubrium, body, and xiphoid process are all parts of the a.) pelvis b.) scapula c.) clavicle d.) sternum e.) sacrum
D
relatively inactive cells a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
D
send out slender cell processes into canaliculi a.) osteochondral progenitor cells b.) osteoblasts c.) osteoclasts d.) osteocytes
D
spongy bone tissue a.) is the primary component of compact bone b.) is very dense c.) contains concentric lamellae d.) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae e.) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes
D
the compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of: a.) elastin fibers b.) collagenase c.) bone marrow d.) hydroxyapatite crystals e.) collagen fibers
D
the first cervical vertebrae is the a.) occipital b.) axis c.) clavicle d.) atlas e.) mastoid
D
the site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the a.) intervertebral disk b.) vertebral foramen c.) lamina d.) intervertebral foramen e.) spinous process
D
which of the following functions is associated with the skin? a.) fat production b.) vitamin C production c.) regulation of body pH d.) protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun e.) vitamin A production
D
Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years old. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations? 1. He has fewer functional hair follicles now. 2. He has fewer functional sebaceous glands now 3. He has fewer merocrine sweat glands now 4. He has fewer apocrine sweat glands now A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 1, 3, 4 E. 1, 2
E
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to a.) manufacture tissue cells for the skin b.) store bone-forming cells c.) store adipose tissue d.) make vitamin D e.) manufacture blood cells
E
a subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the a.) muscle b.) dermis c.) epidermis d.) joint e.) hypodermis
E
bone remodeling may occur a.) as bones grow b.) as bones adjust to stress c.) as fractures heal d.) constantly during a person's lifetime e.) all of the choices are correct
E
cartilage a.) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum b.) is well vascularized c.) is composed of osteons d.) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels e.) contains chondrocytes located in the lacunae
E
fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called a.) cleavage lines b.) dermal striae c.) reticular lines d.) melanocytes e.) dermal papillae
E
the medullary cavity is a.) the site where osteoblasts are found b.) filled with fibrocartilage and elastin fibers c.) dead space in the bone d.) empty in adult bones e.) lined with endosteum
E
thick skin... a.) has three different epidermal strata b.) has fewer layers of cells in the stratum corneum than thin skin c.) is found covering most of the body d.) is determined by the thickness of the dermis e.) is found in areas subject to pressure or friction such as palms
E
which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true? a.) increased osteoblast activity increases blood calcium levels b.) parathyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast activity c.) parathyroid hormone increases calcium loss from the kidney d.) calcitonin elevates blood calcium levels e.) when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases
E
the storage or release of buffering compounds works to aid the body in __________________ balance
acid-base
clavicle is part of which anatomical skeleton
appendicular
coxal bone is part of which anatomical skeleton
appendicular
patella is part of which anatomical skeleton
appendicular
tarsal bones is part of which anatomical skeleton
appendicular
the osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix through ___________ growth
appositional
hyaline cartilage covering where a bone forms a joint
articular cartilage
coccyx is part of which anatomical skeleton
axial
hyoid bone is part of which anatomical skeleton
axial
sacrum is part of which anatomical skeleton
axial
sternum is part of which anatomical skeleton
axial
contained within the spongy sections of bones, marrow is responsible for
blood formation
this is a conduit for the cardiovascular and circulatory system
blood vessel
hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the zone of ______________
calcification
this is the channel that includes vessels running through the shaft lengthwise
central canal
these are circular areas of collagen underneath the periosteum
circumferential lamellae
these protein fibers compose the lamellae
collagen fibers
specific connective tissue type that makes up the shaft
compact bone
these are circular areas of collagen around the canal
concentric lamellae
if you take a cold shower, the blood vessels in the dermis will ______ to maintain homeostasis
constrict
when the blood vessels in the dermis constrict, blood from the deeper tissues to the dermis decreases; therefore, heat loss from the body
decreases
deepest layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength
dermis
the shaft of the bone
diaphysis
when you are hot, blood vessels in the dermis _______ in order to maintain homeostasis
dilate
minerals can be stored in the skeleton which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain ____________________- throughout the body
electrolyte balance
connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bones
endosteum
this is the innermost lining in the bone shaft
endosteum
outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue
epidermis
growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
the end(s) of long bones
epiphysis
ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum are called ________ ribs
false
true or false- bone tissue is classified as woven or lamellar bone based upon the organization of elastic fibers in the bone
false
true or false- lamellar bone is remodeled to form woven bone
false
true or false- the cervical and thoracic regions concave anteriorly
false
true or false- the intervertebral disks are pads of hyaline cartilage found between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
false
produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms
glands
protects against abrasion; acts a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects
hair
elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal ___________ cartilage persists near the epiphysis
hyaline
the next layer is the zone of ____________ where the exisiting, columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin
hypertrophy
when blood vessels in the dermis dilate and promote blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin, the result is that heat loss from the body ___________
increases
these are open areas around bone cells
lacuna
an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar region is
lordosis
large cavity found within the shaft
medullary cavity
the _________- of the entire skeleton or skeletal elements utilizes the anchoring of muscles to attachment sites on the bones which then serve as levers
movement
protects the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense
nails
this connects the body to the brain and spinal cord
nerve
very large, multinucleate cells
osteoclasts
this is a central canal and its lamellae
osteon
these attach the central canals to the periosteum
perforating canal
connective tissue membrane covering the most of the outer surface
periosteum
the outermost covering of a bone
periosteum
the zone of cell ________________________ is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification
proliferation
the skull, pelvis, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum provide _______ to many delicate organs of the body by encasing them in hardened shell-like or cage structures
protection
connective tissue in that serves as a site of blood cell production
red marrow
protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light
skin
this type of bone contains red bone marrow
spongy bone
connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue
subcutaneous tissue
the bones of the skeleton provide structure to the body and serve as a _________ to hold up the body and maintain proper positioning of some organs
support
contains all five epithelial strata
thick skin
in _________, the stratum corneum has many layers of cells
thick skin
is found in all areas subject to pressure or friction
thick skin
is found on the palms of the hands, fingertips and soles of the feet
thick skin
covers the majority of the body
thin skin
hair is found only in
thin skin
in __________, each stratum contains fewer layers of cells
thin skin
in __________, the stratum lucidum generally is absent
thin skin
in ___________, the stratum granulosum frequently consists of only one or two layers of cells
thin skin
is more flexible than thick skin
thin skin
these are thin bony plates
trabeculae
true or false- lamellar bone has fibers that are parallel to one another in one lamella but at an angle to the fibers in the adjacent lamellae
true
true or false- the five regions of the adult vertebral column have four major curvatures
true
true or false- the intervertebral foramina are openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal cord
true
true or false- woven bone has fibers that are randomly arranged in many directions
true
true or false- woven bone is first formed during fetal development and during the repair of a fracture
true
found in the medullary cavity and is mainly adipose tissue
yellow marrow