practice test ap human unit 6

The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of? A large, local supplies of iron ore and intersecting railroads B large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers C large, local supplies of food and intersecting highways D large, local supplies of skilled labor and seaports E large, local supplies of educated workers and university growth poles

large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers

which is the most likely location for low-income migrants to take up residence in these urban areas? A The central business district B The outlying areas C Infills within old neighborhoods D Industrial zones E Public housing complexes

outlying areas

A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes A smart growth, which concentrates growth in compact urban centers to avoid sprawl B Fordism, which promotes industrialization C counterurbanization, which decreases the need for transportation infrastructure D edge cities, which improve regional economies E slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory? A A major department store opens in a small town because the town does not have any major retailers competing for business. B A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car. C A high rate of rural-to-urban migration occurs in a developing country as people seek jobs in cities. D A consumer purchases a home in the suburbs rather than in the nearest city because the cost of land is lower in the suburbs. E A tech company is headquartered in a more developed country, but its customer service center is located in a less developed country.

A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car.

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of a citywide sustainable design initiative? A An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods B A rapid period of gentrification resulting in more affordable housing options throughout the city C The growth of edge cities, which stimulates regional economic development D A sharp increase in the city's population as suburban residents are drawn back to the city center E The decline of industry within the city as factories move to locations with lower labor costs

An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods

The map shows major highways and the route of the Metrorail Silver Line around Tysons Corner, Virginia, an edge city outside of Washington, D.C. Using the information in the map and the data table, which of the following was the most likely positive result of the opening of the Metrorail Silver Line in 2014 ? A More vehicular traffic on the 495 Capital Beltway and 287 Toll Road B More vehicular traffic on Chain Bridge Road and Leesburg Pike C An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity D A decrease in population and business activity as a result of changing demographics E A decrease in the number of shoppers at the Tysons Corner shopping malls

An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity

Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur? A The site of a city always influences the importance and power of a city. B Land value decreases with increasing distance from the central business district. C Large cities will outnumber smaller towns and cities. D People are more likely to commute to a larger city to find a job. E Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.

Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.

Which of the following would support an explanation of the availability of public services based upon a country's level of development? A Cities with lower population density are less able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with higher population density. B Cities with higher population density are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with lower population. C A country's level of development provides little indication of a city's ability to overcome the challenges of providing public services. D Cities located in periphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the semiperiphery. E Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.

Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.

Which of the following is a central goal for planning concepts such as New Urbanism? A Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space B Creation of affordable housing such as clusters of high-rise apartment buildings to house low-income residents C Redesign of neighborhoods to replace older historic structures with multistory office buildings and modern residences D Creation of adequate streets, beltways, and parking spaces for automobiles and reduction in public transit options E Repeal of zoning regulations that limit construction of new single-family housing developments

Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space

Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns? A Manufacturing districts are adjacent to the center of the city. B Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine. C Plazas are increasingly being built along peripheral areas. D Squatter settlements are rapidly shrinking in the periphery and increasing in the central city. E Gentrification has greatly improved housing along peripheral areas.

Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.

Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities? A North American and European cities continue to dominate global financial services and generate large volumes of media and entertainment. B Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries. C Japan and Germany are the most highly urbanized developed countries in the world, with much of their economies focused on high technology and financial services. D Brazilian and Mexican cities remain the largest metropolitan areas in the world because of continuous rural-to-urban migration. E Africa and the Middle East have produced a large number of metropolitan areas where commercial development and real estate values have increased significantly.

Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries.

Based on the pattern shown in the model, which of the following is the most likely process by which rural-to-urban migrants in Latin America acquire housing upon arriving in a city? A Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery. B Rural-to-urban migrants must apply for government public housing assistance and receive an available downtown apartment from a local housing authority. C Rural-to-urban migrants have to find businesses to sponsor them and provide company housing near their industrial facilities. D Rural-to-urban migrants have to make inquiries with landlords and at apartment complexes to find available housing units for rent in the city center. E Rural-to-urban migrants must have family with whom they can stay temporarily and who will provide them with a link to affordable housing in the city.

Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.

Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million. Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference? A Seoul exports more goods to Busan than to any other city. B Seoul is centrally located within South Korea, making it easily accessible for all residents of South Korea. C South Korea is experiencing rapid population growth because of a disproportionately high total fertility rate in the Seoul metropolitan area. D Hierarchical diffusion causes cultural practices and innovations to spread from smaller cities such as Busan to Seoul. E Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.

Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.

Which of the following phenomena can be explained using the urban data presented in the map and table? A Urbanization and the rise of an industrial middle class B Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core C Deindustrialization and the rise of service workforce D Industrialization and the rise of an urban working class E Gentrification and the movement of the middle class to the urban core

Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core

Which of the following is an infrastructure trend supported by the data shown in the table? A Despite the country's rapid economic growth, urban Chinese residents are unlikely to own cars as a means of transportation. B Automobile parts and assembly factories are declining in number within the major industrialized countries of the world. C The social development and growth of large metropolitan areas is limited in places where urban travel is limited to subways. D The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure. E The political development and growth of large metropolitan areas is dependent mainly upon the number of access points to the city's transportation network.

The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure.

Traffic congestion is a common feature of major Southeast Asian cities. Which of the following is a possible solution that a city or regional government could implement to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the city's urban sustainability? A The government could enact laws that would prohibit the migration of people from nearby rural areas into the city. B The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources. C The government could enact laws that would prohibit the development of features such as rooftop gardens and urban agriculture. D The government could enact laws to limit growth within the city, including the construction of high-rise office buildings. E The government could enact laws to limit external influence in the form of foreign-owned stores and businesses.

The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources.

While New Urbanism is seen as a more sustainable pattern for urban growth, which of the following is a negative consequence of New Urbanism? A The influx of lower-income residents may cause some businesses to leave as they seek higher profits in upper-income areas. B The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area. C The increased use of automobiles required to access goods and services will increase pollution. D The expansion of built-up urban spaces will threaten wildlife and habitats. E The uniformity of residential areas provides limited housing options for residents.

The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields? A The redevelopment of brownfields in city centers complements the development of greenbelts surrounding urban areas. B Contaminated brownfields on the outskirts of urban areas often restrict the economic development of edge cities. C The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure. D Brownfield redevelopment reduces the city's ecological footprint and improves urban air quality. E The remediation of brownfields results in open green spaces within cities, facilitating urban agriculture programs.

The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.

For urbanization in North American cities, which of the following is best explained by the model? A The probable location of primary transportation lines and the neighborhoods served by railways B The locational advantages for different socioeconomic groups based on their level of local political power C The predominant culture region of the area and how neighborhoods can be divided based on ethnicity of immigrant groups D The spatial organization of the greater metropolitan area and the likely locations of different types of residences E The location of gentrified neighborhoods in relation to growth poles such as universities or arts districts

The spatial organization of the greater metropolitan area and the likely locations of different types of residences

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities? A They are capital cities in their respective countries and centers of political power. B They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization. C They are located in the interiors of their respective countries and require sophisticated transportation networks. D They have political dominance within their respective regions and are former centers of colonial power. E They have historical significance on a global scale and are located within early cultural hearths.

They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization

Comparing the patterns of commercial space and residential space, which of the following examples is the weakest fit for the Burgess concentric zone model? A Urban areas such as London that developed before the Industrial Revolution, where a medieval city center is surrounded by increasingly expensive housing B Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences C Cities such as Philadelphia, where residents may be willing to commute long distances in order to live in lower-cost housing D Twin cities such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, where two Industrial-Era central business districts are surrounded by increasingly expensive housing E Cities such as Toronto, where waves of historical migrations have prompted the expansion of high-income housing on the outer edges of the city

Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences

Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions? A Economic development occurred at the same rate in western Europe and South America, leading to similar levels of urbanization. B Most countries in western Europe and South America are democracies, a form of government generally associated with urbanized societies. C Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe. D South America and western Europe share similar population growth rates, leading to comparable levels of urbanization. E South America urbanized before western Europe because South America had large supplies of natural resource

Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.

Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. These events provide major clothing designers with the opportunity to finance new brands and to collaborate. Fashion weeks receive a large amount of news coverage in online, print, and televised media, which influences consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions. Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers? A Central business districts are increasingly commercialized. B Push and pull factors affect the flows of urban migrants. C World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture. D Urban populations are correlated as described in the rank-size rule. E Uneven development results from the dominance of primate cities.

World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture

The construction of makeshift housing in a country within the periphery, as shown in the photograph, is often the result of? A natural disasters that moved through the area, damaging homes B government housing projects that were neglected as a result of government corruption C an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing D too few schools and an increasing number of informal labor market jobs for children E an increasing number of service-sector jobs available only to workers who have been highly educated

an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing

Policies that increase the quantity of housing units next to downtown employment locations in cities such as Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada are designed to reduce these cities A leapfrogging B ecological footprints C gentrification D urban renewal E greenbelt development

ecological footprints

The growth of squatter settlements within urban areas in Latin America, as shown in the photograph, can be explained by rapid migration to cities and the? A lack of enforceable zoning regulations B declining number of urban jobs C increasing crude birth rate D shortage of working-age individuals E presence of immigration regulations

lack of enforceable zoning regulations

The census data shown would most likely be used by city government officials to analyze which of the following processes? A How income indicates the effects of gentrification in city neighborhoods B How immigration impacts ethnic neighborhoods and cultural institutions C How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups D How family size indicates the needs of different community organizations E How schools will expand staff and facilities to meet future needs

How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups

Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States? A Edge cities have not developed in the Midwest region of the United States because residents abandoned the suburbs and moved into the inner cities for less-expensive housing and for jobs that required less commuting. B Edge cities have developed in the Southeast region of the United States, but growth is limited because the government has zoned out commercial buildings at the edge of suburban areas. C Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives. D Edge cities have not developed in the Mountain West region of the United States because the rugged terrain cannot accommodate large-scale building projects necessary for edge city development; residential development is limited to small villages and remote cabins. E Edge cities have not developed in the New England region of the Unites States because the severe winter weather makes it too expensive to heat large commercial buildings.

Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.

Which of the following site factors is most significant in explaining the expansion of urban areas of Tokyo and Los Angeles following the Second World War? A Deepwater, protected natural harbors B Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines C Availability of forest resources D Seismic hazards and plate tectonic boundaries E Availability of freshwater resources

Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines

Which of the following urban models best addresses the types of specialization in suburban business districts shown? A Burgess concentric zone B Galactic city C Urban realms D Hoyt sector E Borchert's epochs

Galactic city

Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities? A Rank-size rule B Primate city C Gravity model D Central place theory E Threshold population

Gravity model

Based on a comparison of commercial space and residential housing, the Burgess concentric zone model shown best represents which of the following patterns? A Urban land use in large Canadian cities with service and technology economies, where specialized suburban central business districts with higher land prices are found on the urban periphery B Mixed-use urban development in East Coast cities such as New York City with service and technology economies, where residential gentrification occurs near the central business district in areas with lower land prices C Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices D High-income housing within West Coast cities during the late 1800s, because the model was based on ethnic neighborhoods in San Francisco that formed distinct sectors in areas with higher land prices E Suburban growth in Southeastern cities in the late twentieth century, because the model was based on Atlanta where gated residential communities are found on the urban periphery in areas with lower land prices

Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices

In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change in the pattern of development? A Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars. B Gentrification resulted from the reinvestment into existing urban residential real estate. C Brownfields resulted from the deindustrialization of factories, warehouses, ports, and rail yards. D Smart growth resulted from the planning of transportation networks dependent on trains and buses. E New urbanism resulted from the zoning of mixed-use districts dependent on walkways and bikeways

Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars.