Praxis 0081 Review

Russo- Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian communist, founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Romanovs

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917 when executed in secret. Some say Romanov children escaped.

Vitus Jonnasen Bering

Russian explorer who crossed from Siberia to Arctic ocean. Never made it to America but saw Alaska.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Leif Ericson

The Viking explorer believed to be the first European to reach the New World (in about 1000 AD). Landed in Newfoundland which was called Vinland.

The Assembly

The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.

Early African Civilizations

Egyptian- complex polytheistic religion, irrigation systems, medicine, astronomy, rites and monuments for the dead ..... their discoveries influenced the Greeks.

Meiji Emperor

Emperor Mutsuhito "Enlightened Rule" became ruler of Japan after Tokugawa Shogunate toppled. Becan Meiji reformation in which new arm, government, and schools were created

Define empiricism.

Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily via sensory experience, as opposed to nativism. Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation. Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke and John Stuart Mill.

Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made sure all her children were educated, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society

East India Trading Company

English company originally seeking trade in the East Indies before seeing their chance and taking over the Indian government.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer/privateer who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/ settlements for gold. Help defeat Spanish Armada

Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded. Wrote the book "Utopia"

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe, battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe

Equilbrium Exchange Rate

Exchange rate at which demand for a currency is equal to the supply of the currency in the economy.

Sieur de La Salle

Explored the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico and claimed entire river valley for France (named it Louisiana in honor French Kings)

Ponce De Leon

Florida

Time of Troubles

Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as Czar in 1613.

Four Noble Truths

Foundation of Buddhism 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

1st Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press assembly, and petition

Jaques Cartier

French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possesion (1534)

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English in the 100 Years War and to have Charles VII crowned king,

Federal Categorial Grants

Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and oten require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.

Shah of Iran

Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979) and exiled.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. Also, known as Pueblos cliff dwellers.

Charles II

In 1663 gave charter for Carolina to a group of noblemen and the northern part of colony was settled by Virginian farmers.

Yorktown

In 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

The Long March

In 1934 in China lead by Mao with 100,000 followers. Jiang wanted to stop communists and even went after them. 6,000 miles and only about 20,000 lived.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Aryans

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

William the Conquerer

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066 defeating Harold King of the Saxons; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. This brought a blending of Latin (French) and German (Anglo-Saxon) based cultures

Richard J. Gatling

Invented a machine gun, the Gatling Gun, during the Civil War. Important because of its widespread use in WWI.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 but not copyrighted until 1807. Cotton Gin revolutionized clean cotton production with greater efficiency. With easier cotton production the market for cotton increased.

Bob Woodward

Investigative reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation. Worked with Carl Bernstein on Watergate.

Isolationism

Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.

Hammurabi's Code

Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Explain the Jungian collective unconscious.

It is proposed to be a part of the unconscious mind, expressed in humanity and all life forms with nervous systems, and describes how the structure of the psyche autonomously organizes experience. Jung distinguished the collective unconscious from the personal unconscious, in that the personal unconscious is a personal reservoir of experience unique to each individual, while the collective unconscious collects and organizes those personal experiences in a similar way with each member of a particular species.

Shinto

Japanese polytheistic religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits, kami.

Carl Bernstein

Journalist for the Washington Post that helped uncover the Watergate scandal with Bob Woodward earning the Post the Pulitzer Prize for public service, wrote All the Presidents Men

Silent Majority

Label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam. He contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s who were termed the "active minority".

War on Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

Define market failure.

Market failure is a concept within economic theory wherein the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off. Market failures are often associated with information asymmetries, non-competitive markets, immobile resources, negative externalities, and failure to provide public goods.

Monopolistic Competition

Market or industry characterized by numerous buyers and relatively numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors.

Define market socialism.

Market socialism refers to various economic systems where the means of production are either publicly owned or cooperatively owned and operated for a profit in a market economy.

NCLB

No Child Left Behind - 2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often affect funding and administration control

4th Amendment

No illegal search and seizure

Huns

Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.

North America: Pre - colonial Non - urban Agricultural Life

Non- urban agriculture life dominated what is now southeast Canada, eastern and southern U.S., and Chile. Settlements did not grow large enough to be considered cities.

John Hawkins

One of the most famous Elizabethan Sea Dogs; deeply involved in slave trade and transported people from West Africa to the New World; eventually overshadowed by his partner Francis Drake, though he was highly successful too

Libertarian

One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.

5 Oceans

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic (Southern). The largest is the Pacific.

Sexual Revolution

Participants int he counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were labeled this. Based in part on the availability of birth control pill.

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. Was later given Delaware by charter to give the colony coastline.

Entrepreneurs

People who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business

Daoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Virginia Company of Plymouth

Potomac to Maine

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Ended about 500 A.D.

9th Amendment

Powers reserved to the people

List the five major classifications of social groups.

Primary, Secondary, Reference, In-Groups and Out-Groups, and Social Networks.

Ivan the Great

Prince of the duchy of Moscow who responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols in the 1400s; took the title of Czar.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachians

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcoholic beverages

Wolfgang Amadaeus Mozart

Prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy, master of all classical music of his time (1756-1791)

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

Long Run Phillips Curve

Relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in the long run, looks at long-term natural rate of unemployment.

Detente

Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

21th Amendment

Repeal of prohibition

Nominal Interest Rate

Reported without a correction for the effects of inflation.

Trade Quotas

Restritions to free trade, put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial by jury

Raleigh

Roanoke, NC

Who founded Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Ivan the Terrible

Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Vedas and Upanishads

Sacred writings of Hinduism interpreted by priests called Brahman.

Act of Settlement

Said no Catholic could be King of England thus insuring the Protestant line of succession. Succession switched from Stuarts to Hanovers because of this passing.

War of the Roses

Struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the monarch Henry VII first of the Tudor dynasty

1850 Compromise

The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed on September 4, 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North

Article II

The Executive Branch

What is the Goode homolosine projection?

The Goode homolosine projection (or interrupted Goode homolosine projection) is a pseudocylindrical, equal-area, composite map projection used for world maps. Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution of phenomena. The "squished orange peel."

Grand Canyon:

The Grand Canyon is a 5,000 foot deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River, in

Organization of African Unity

The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Originally 32

Define Psychology.

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behavior in a given context.

Hundred Years War

The series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare.

What is the Robinson map projection?

The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image. The meridians curve gently, avoiding extremes, but thereby stretch the poles into long lines instead of leaving them as points.

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

George Roger Clark

The colonial frontiersman who in 1778-1779 captured important British forts at Vincennes, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia.

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Define comparative advantage.

The ability of an individual or group to carry out an economic activity, such as production, at a lower cost and more efficiently than another entity.

Explicit Costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers.

Rock N Roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture. (947)

Petrarch

(1304-1374)The father of humanism, he wrote that literature should not be subordinate to religion. He studied ancient texts like Cicero, and wrote his poetry in Italian vernacular, which unified the Italian language. He became a symbol of a new type of writer, he didn't use language merely as a practical tool but instead for expression.

Erasmus

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Johanne Sebastian Bach

(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Lived in Leipzig, and wrote St. Mathew Passion Coffee Cantata. Worked privately for the church and publicly.

Ch'in Dynasty

(221 - 206 BC) a legalist dynasty created by Qin Shi; all the city states were combined; the Great Wall was built during this dynasty, but not completed

Forest

- a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush.

South Central Asia

- countries include: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh, Kyrgystan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Tajikistan, India, Napal and Turkmenistan.

Africa

- with 56 countries, the second-largest continent (after Asia), located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the atlantic ocean and to the east by the indian ocean. It is widely believed that the human race began here.

Mahatma Ghandi

-Hindu leader who protested with non violent acts and civil disobedience -Was able to: 1. Pull India out of British rule 2. Heal the clash between Hindus and Muslims 3. Gave rights to Outcastes, calling them "God's Children"

Causes of WWI

1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe (especially Serbia) 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand The immediate cause was the claiming of territory and power in the Balkans.

When did Mound Builders build mounds?

10th century CE

When did people begin migrating to North America?

15,000 - 30,000 years ago

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

When was the Stamp Act enacted?

1765

Spanish American War

1898 War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Ronald Reagan

40th US president.First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980.

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached because of sex scandal. Carried on education reforms began with Republican President George Bush.

Wu Hou

625 - 705 First Chinese empress who ruled during the Tang dynasty and unified the empire

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States, Secretary of State. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Sung Dynasty

969 AD - 1279 AD reunited the country, invented paper money,typography, gun powder, and compass; taken over by the mongols

Creek Confederacy

A North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma.

Civic Life

A manner of existence of an individual concerned with the affairs of communities and the common good rather than solely in pursuit of private and personal interests.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa and trade rules.

Davey Crockett

A member of the group of Texas "patriot" fighters during the Alamo, he was a renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman, argued that he was America's first celebrity

Proletarian

A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Related to WWII.

Romanticism

A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and the past rather than civilization. Emotion was valued over reason. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and poetry of William Wordsworth were notable pieces of literature while music was influenced by nationalism in the musical works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi.

Developing nations:

A nation in which the average income is much lower than in industrialized/developed nations,

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Gold Rush

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Liberal

A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.

Confucianism

A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Major John Andre

A poet and humorist who was Benedict Arnold's co-conspirator to betray West Point to the English. Hung by the Americans fro spying.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to control other countries politically, socially, and economically without direct colonization

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Define radical behaviorism.

A school of thought developed by B.F. Skinner, it proposes that all organismic action is determined and not free and rejects hypothetico-deductive methods and theory construction about things in unobservable, unmeasurable "other places" (such as the mind).

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Code Napolean

A set of laws made in 18th century that guaranteed certain freedoms for the males of France, French law is still based on this code. One of the main ways Napoleon was said to be the heir to the French Revolution.

Civilization

A stratified society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations). Usually indicates a population of 10,000 or more historically.

Japan

A string of more than 3,000 islands east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean. Japanese first migrated to islands from mainland Asia in 300 A.D. Though nominally led by a Shogun, Japan fell to the feudal systems under warlords called Samurai and Daimyo.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Constitutional Government

A system of government in which the functions of government are defined by a constitution. It effectively restrains the powers of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people.

Socialism

A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Axum

A town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia. Was the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Athenian democracy

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

Second Amendment

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Denmark Vesey

American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states.

William Dawes

American patriot( leader in Sons of Patriots) who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)

Betsy Ross

American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Captain Nathan Hale

American spy that was captured and hanged by British. "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

Ulysses Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. Claimed Virginia for Queen. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Edward Teach

An English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718) aka Blackbeard

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Animal husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Macedonia

An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Define planned economy.

An economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc.

Laissez- faire capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

Mogul Empire

An empire established by the Mongol conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857

Libertarianism

An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Judicial Activism

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that determines price of oil by regulating supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members

Intifada

An uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000; "the first Intifada ended when Israel granted limited autonomy to the Palestine National Authority in 1993"

Socrates

Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age

Price Ceilings

Are maximum prices set by the government for particular goods and services that they believe are being sold at too high of a price and thus consumers need some help purchasing them.

Price Floor

Are minimum prices set by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market, with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance.

Judicial Powers

Are placed in the Supreme Court and lower courts as deemed necessary by congress. Specific to Supreme Court: Redress Diversity Jurisdiction Subject Matter Jurisdiction dealing with federal law Precedent Stasis Decisis

Define opportunity cost.

The benefits lost when pursuing a particular course of action instead of a mutually-exclusive alternative.

Luba

Around 700 A.D. developed a group of loosely associated states in modern day Democratic Republic of Congo

Economics

The branch of social science that deals with financial resources and the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and their management. Generally divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics.

Congressional Powers

Article 2 Section 8 of constitution gives the legislature or congress 27 expressed powers. A few are: Declare War Raise and fund army Regulate trade and commerce Levy taxes Borrow Money Investigate activities Impeach President Make laws for execution of expressed powers Many implied powers as well

Major Mountain ranges

Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and Pamir; Europe: Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Urals; Africa: Abyssinian, Atlas, Ruwenzori, Kilimanjaro (inactive volcano); North America: Rocky Mountains and Applachians; South America: Andes; Australia: Kosciusko

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.

Cabot

Atlantic Coast of Canada

Who was Auguste Comte and why is he significant?

Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher, is considered the first sociologist and developed the theory of Positivism.

Who was B.F. Skinner?

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was a Harvard professor and an American behaviorist who invented the operant conditioning chamber, innovated his own philosophy of science called radical behaviorism, and founded his own school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior.

How is GDP calculated using the income approach?

Based on how much money is earned in each individual sector. "Sum total of incomes of individual living in a country during 1 year."

Natural Law of Diminishing Returns

Benefit is outweighed by costs. Example: The 15th candy bar is not as desirable as the 1st three or the 5th pet may not bring as much pleasure as the 1st.

What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts?

Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act, Quebec Act

King Edward VIII

British Monarch from the House of Windsor; Abdicated the throne to be able to marry "the women I love" Wallace Warfield-Simpson

Minoan Age

Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC), administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances

Ethnic Strife

Conflict between groups of people with different language and culture often a result of ethnic nationalism. Much of Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia are affected by ethnic strife. Egypt is one of the few exceptions. Much of the ethnic strife is between Hindus, Muslims, and animists.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Ponce De Leon

Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth 1513 and St. Augustine the first permanent European colony was established in 1565 to keep the French out.

Define anthropology.

The comparative study of human societies and cultures and their development.

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Mandingo

The group of African people that formed Mali. Converted to Muslim. In 1300s capital was Timbuktu which had a palace, mosque, and university.

Social Norms

The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

Scarcity

The limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants, the condition that results from limited resources combined with unlimited wants.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.

Define Discount Rate:

The minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks. Lower rates encourage more borrowing, more spending, and economic expansion.

Islam

The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

March to the Sea

The name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

Impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Democracy

The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

Pre- Colonial Population of North America

The population of North America before colonization was entirely made up of Native Americans who were originally thought to be Indians from India. These people crossed the Bering Straits from north east Asia long ago and spread out across the Americas from the Bering Straits to the southern tip of South America. Lifestyles could be divided into hunter gatherers, urban, and non-urban agricultural.

Market Price

The price at which buyers and sellers agree to trade. The price determined by supply and demand.

Price Equilibrium

The price at which demand and supply are equal.

Equilibrium price

The price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy

Relative price

The price of a specific good or service in comparison to the prices of other goods and services.

Appeals Process

The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.

Money Supply

The quantity of money available in the economy

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) Most of southern Europe followed the counter reformation movement.

Oprichnina

The secret army/police created by Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible that he used to kill anyone who got in his way (i.e. the Boyars)

Great Schism

The separation of most of the Eastern churches from the Western Church in A.D. 1054 causing the establishment of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox.

Money

The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

95 Theses

The sheet of paper that Martin Luther put on a church door stating what he believed to be the abuses of the Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences. This act is regarded as the start or catalyst to the reformation.

Define synchronicity.

The simultaneous occurrence of events that appear significantly related but have no discernible causal connection.

Average Fixed Cost

The total fixed costs (TFC) divided by the number of units produced. It is the only cost that decreases with production.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Empiricism

The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

American Revolution

The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. Colonists rebelled against the Intolerable Acts

Women's suffrage

The western U.S. was early in offering women's suffrage while many of the eastern states did not until the 19th Amendment was passed while the mid-west was split.

Waste disposal

There are three methods of handling solid waste: burying, recycling, and burning.

Merchants

This group in medieval Europe helped loosen fuedal ties.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Barter

To exchange goods or services without the use of money

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong.

Expansion of European colonial rule in Africa

Was greatest from 1850 - 1900

Gunpowder

Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequene.

Article IV

explains relationship of states to one another and the national government; each state gives citizens of other states the same rights

Kazakhstan

has a republic authoritarian presidential rule.

Eastern Europe

the former Eastern Bloc, or Communist Europe.

Logging

there are two methods of logging: clear-cutting and selective cutting.

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in Scotland) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) , founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Define monopoly

When a single seller controls production of a product and its price.

When is a market efficient?

When output can equal demand.

Aerial photograph

a photograph of an area on earth taken from an aircraft flying overhead.

Valley

an elongated depression in the earth's surface, usually between ranges of hills or mountains.

Uzbekistan

has a republic, authoritarian presidential rule.

Iran

has an Islamic theocratic republic.

Pakistan

has become a modern Islamic republic and a major regional power, having nuclear bomb capabilities. It is plauged by corruption, political repression and military rule although the current President Pervez Musharraf is an ally of the US in the war against terrorism.

Plate Tectonics

heory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Plates

Zen

school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith

Unified Italy

started in 1860s unofficial in 1870 because the Patrimony of St. Peter was not included; complete in 1871 included all Italian states and the Patrimony of St. Peter

Linear settlements

tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which

Deforestation

the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else.

Central America

the southern most part of the North American continent, lying between Mexico and South America including belize, guatemala, el salvador, honduras, nicaragua and costa rica

Miranda VS. Arizona

the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment.

Global warming

the term attached to the belief that the Earth's temperature is gradually increasing due to the

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

WW2

1939-1945, Hitler, invading Poland, was the beginning of the war. U.S. was neutral but became involved when Japan, bombed Pearl Harbor. We then dropped the atomic bombs, Little Boy, & Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, using the Enola Gay B-29 bomber.

Sumerians

2900 B.C.E.- First known civilization, who dominated Southern Mesopotamia, which lay in the river valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform writing, mathematics, law, and religious conceptions.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization (600,000,000 population) in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Practiced slavery and human sacrifice. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Songhai

A West African people that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. Defeated by Moroccans armed with guns in 1590.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife.

Political Party Leadership

In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.

Define perfect competition

In economic theory, perfect competition describes markets such that no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.

Nomadic Herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

Growth Rate

Is the percentage increase or decrease of GDP from the previous measurement cycle. It is annualized so it can be compared to the previous year.

Idealism

Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian cartographer commissioned by Portugal and sailed along the coast of South America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continent was named after him

What is the law of specific energies of the sense and who developed it? What is its import to psychology?

Johannes Muller (1801-1858) developed the principle, not before recognized, that the kind of sensation following stimulation of a sensory nerve does not depend on the mode of stimulation but upon the nature of the sense organ. Thus light, pressure, or mechanical stimulation acting on the retina and optic nerve invariably produces luminous impressions. These studies were some of the first to demonstrate that physical processes work to produce mental activity (contrary to the Aristotelian view of mind as separate from the body).

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Mesolithic Period

Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago

Chou Dynasty

1122-256 BC AKA Middle Kingdom Chinese longest ruling dynasty; used iron implements and metal coins

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Henry of Navarre's policy of religious tolerance to keep peace in France. Edict was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV.

Boston Massacre

1770 The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

First U.S. flag

1777 Continental Congress adopted first 13 star union flag.

Great Compromise

1787 Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

26th Amendment

18 year voting age

Franco Prussian War

1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor eventually led to WWI due the changes in balance of power.

Dawes Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Brown VS. Topeka Board of Education

1954 Supreme court case that overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson ruling; ruled "separate but equal" education system is "inherently unequal". This upheld rights guaranteed under 14th amendment. Rationale: Minorities separated from the majority will not/ cannot have access to the same experiences and opportunities; therefore, separate can never be equal in education.

Chunnel

1990s Underwater (English Channel) tunnel that links Great Britain and France

George Washington

1st President of the United States, was commander of the Continental Army who accepted surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. Served two terms

Tanzania, Africa

1st signs of life from about 3,000,000 years ago found here and possibly south China.

How many houses made up colonial legislatures?

2 - upper and lower (except PA)

John F. Kennedy

35th President. President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act. Assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

New Amsterdam

A 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands. City and colony was seized by the English in 1664. Dutch surrendered without a battle. Later became the city now known as New York City.

Investiture

A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.

Bonds

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate.

French Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763 named by the British because they fought against French and most Indian tribes. French were defeated. Caused most North America to be English Speaking.

What is the Winkel Tripel projection?

A map projection accepted by the National Geographic Society in 1998, replacing the Robinson projection, that balances size and shape and reduces map distortion.

What is an equal area map?

A map that focuses on making proportional sizes of various areas accurate.

What is a conformal map?

A map that focuses on representing the correct shape of a geographical area, with less concern for comparative size.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. Rose and spread through the Roman Empire then onto the most of the world.

Qin dynasty

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise (inflation)

Conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Protectionist Policy

A way to "protect" or insulate a domestic industry from competition by foreign producers of the same good. import tariff allows domestic producers to both capture a larger share of the domestic market and charge a higher price than would otherwise be possible

What is the basic philosophical prediction of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

According to Marx and Engels, society could be described by conflict between the classes, which would eventually lead to a revolution by working class people.

Which were the proprietary colonies of England?

Carolinas and Georgia

John Calvin

French religious reformer who founded system of theology later known as Calvinism.

Middle East

Geo-Political designation of the area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western side of the Indian subcontinent. Consists of countries such as Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson in 1804 to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. They were guided in part by Sacajewia

Cabeza de Vaca

Southwest

Tariffs

Taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from these are collected by the domestic government.

What is the basis of psychoanalysis?

That human behavior, experience and cognition are largely determined by innate and irrational drives.

Marbury Vs. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Dred Scot Decision

The 1857 ruling of the Supreme Court in the case Scot v. Sandford that legalized slavery in the territories and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Also, declared Scot as a slave did not have the right to sue because he was not a citizen.

United States vs. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Legislative Branch

The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Specialization

The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities usually based on financial advantage.

Fifth Amendment

The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

The Four Noble Truths

The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).

Russian Revolution

The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Executive Branch

The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.

Jakota Triangle

The easternmost region of the East Asian realm, consisting of Japan, (South) Korea, and Taiwan. This region consists of large cities, numerous exports, and increasing consumption of raw materials.

Black Death

The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages 1347-1351 when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe. Was caused by fleas on ship rats departing Asia but at the time was considered to be caused by magic or as punishment from God. Led in increased wages and taxes for the decimated workforce causing many revolts.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and exert rule over the people.

Deadweight Loss

The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The first company to begin actual road operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

U.S. Supreme Court

The highest court in the land which has original jurisdiction in all cases involving ambassadors, consuls, other public ministers, and cases in which a state is a party. First organized in 1790 with 1 chief judge and 5 associate judges. Hears first case in 1792.

Reign of Terror

The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were social services implemented

Political Rights

The rights to vote or run for office, which give you control over your government i.e. rights of political participation.

Magna Carta

The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. Rights given limited monarch's power, right to trial by peer jury for barons, and representation for taxation.

Miranda Rule

The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Marginal Propensity

The smaller marginal propensity to save, the larger the multiplier; the larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier

Gregorian Calendar

The solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years. Britain and British colonies moved from using the Julian calendar to Gregorian

Define behaviorism.

The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed and based on the proposition that all things that organisms do—including acting, thinking, and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors. According to behaviorist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviorism.

Calvinism

The theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Cold War

This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years. No actual battles fought.

Mexican Revolution

This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianist movements, led by Fransico Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone in 1876 (1847-1922)

Shintoism

Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.

Sparta

Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.

Law of Diminishing Return

When additonal units of a variable input are added to fixed inputs after a certain point, the marginal product of the variable input declines.

China

___is the largest communist population in the world.

Andreas Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

Rivers

are large, natural streams of fresh water.

Austrian Empire

After the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It remained a collection of territories held together by the Habsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.

Buddhism

A world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire, religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha

7 continents

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America. The largest is Asia.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration or "repatriation" of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Post WWI Middle East

As mandated by the League of Nations, Britain administered or influenced the governance of: Iraq, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia while France administered: Syria and Lebanon Turkey became the first secular state in Middle East under "Ataturk" Mustafa Kemal. Iran (aka Persia until 1935) and Iraq became independent nations as did Egypt and all the others except Palestine eventually.

Settled Agriculture

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Conglomerate

A group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization.

Bicameralism

A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.

Interest Groups

Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.

Climate

is a region's usual long-term weather patterns. Average temperatures, amounts and kinds of precipitation,

Sri Lanka

is a republic.

Mecca

joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia

Equal-area map

shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes.

Robinson map

a useful overall picture of the world; keeps correct size and shape of most continents and oceans,

Mountain ranges

rows or chains of mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountain range, along India's northern border, is about 1,500 miles long and 5 miles high, and is the highest mountain range in the world.

Who was John Smith?

saved Jamestown, said "He who works not, eats not."

Japan

after WWII, Japan became a powerhouse unexpectedly.

Renewable resource

any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished

Seas

are large bodies of salt water; smaller than oceans.

Seasons:

because the Earth is closer to the Sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the Earth's tilt and rotation about its axis, we have different seasons on Earth.

B.C.

before the Christian era or before Christ many have moved to using B,C.E. or before common era

Weather map

depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time.

Desertification

the transformation of arable, or habitable, land into desert, as by a change in climate, or by

"The sun never sets on the British Empire"

At the peak of the British Empire's power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations.

Thomas Day

Born to free black parents in Virginia; as well educated as some white students; free black craftsman and successful businessman of fine furniture; lived in Milton, Caswell County

What book is Margaret Mead most known for?

Coming of Age in Samoa

Variable Costs

Costs that DO vary with the quantity of output produced

Pre- colonial North America Sub-arctic Cultures

Cree pictured. "Subarctic culture region, which is covered mainly in coniferous forest, encompasses most of Alaska and Canada. Subarctic peoples hunted various animals (notably caribou) and fished; in winter, many navigated the frozen landscape with snowshoes and toboggans.15 Most of the Cree and Athabaskan peoples are native to the Subarctic region." Source: http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke with the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce for wife not bearing male child.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Define frictional unemployment.

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for, or transitioning from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer; assistant to Tycho Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Johannes Gutenburg

German printer; in 1446 he invented a printing press that used movable type. This eventually led to written information including scripture being available to the general population causing a greater need for literacy.

Martin Luther

German religious reformer who authored 95 Theses, posted in 1517 to church doors in Wittenburg, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

GNP

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

Vedic

Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.

Homo erectus

Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.

Article V

How to amend the Constitution

Hudson

Hudson Bay

Croatoan

In 1590, John White finally returned to Roanoke. No settlers were found, this word was found carved into a tree.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. 1565-1611

List three processes that bring about cultural change.

Discovery, Invention, Diffusion. (destruction?)

What was the British Navigation Act?

Dutch, 1660, restricted all imports to and from England

Define elasticity.

Elasticity is the measurement of how changing one economic variable affects others.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

The Silk Road

Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.

Sedentary Agriculture

Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place

List three major methods for sociological study.

Field observation, surveys, and controlled experiments.

Teotihuacan

First major Olmec metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

First major battle of the Revolution. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

10th Amendment

Powers reserved to the state

How is GDP calculated using the expenditure approach?

"All expenditure incurred by individuals during 1 year." Based on how much money is spent in each individual sector.

Implicit Costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners for which the owners do not make an explicit charge

Custer's Last Stand

At the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors

Nelson Mandela

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

The Black Death

By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation

Cabrilho

California Coast

Frictional Unemployment

Comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.

What are the components of GDP?

Consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports (gross exports minus gross imports).

Hippocrates

Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.

Real Interest Rate

Corrected for the effects of inflation.

Opportunity Costs

Cost of one alternative over another in use of money, time, or resources

Opportunity Cost

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another, the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

Fixed Costs

Costs that DO NOT vary with the quantity of output produced

Agriculture

Dates from 10,000 years ago. Prior to agriculture humans were hunters and gatherers.

Homo Sapiens

Dates from 75,000 to 115,000 years old and are the species modern man belongs to. AKA "wise men" because of the use of tools and thinking/ reasoning.

Malinche

Daughter of an Aztec leader that was given to the Mayans as a slave and Cortes main translator.

Federal Courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in schools is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1787 Constitutional Convention

Delegates met in Philedplhia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote a new constitution and formed a federal system of government

Derived Demand

Demand for business or organizational products (tires) caused by demand for consumer goods of services (autos).

Franklin Delanor Roosevelt

Democrat elected President in 1932. Responsible for New Deal and fireside chats. First president to use media (radio) as a regular/ common connection to people.

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor as a protest to taxes on tea

Division of Labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers individually

Piet Heyn

Dutch pirate/ naval commander against the Spanish, steals silver from Spanish Silver Fleet in 1628

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood (1578-1657)

Define factor income.

Factor income is income derived from selling the services of factors of production. In the case of labour, this means wages, plus the part of the incomes of the self-employed which is a reward for their own labour. Income from land is rents, including part of the incomes of the self-employed, and part of the imputed incomes of owner-occupiers of houses. Incomes from capital and entrepreneurship are received as dividends, interest, the retained profits of companies and the part of the incomes of the self-employed which is a return on their own capital and entrepreneurship.

The President

Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.

Jame Oglethorpe

Founded the colony of Georgia as a haven for debtors; Georgia Served as a buffer zone with Spanish Florida. Georgia was the last of the English colonies founded.

Who lead the Pilgrims?

Governor John Winthrop

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Benedict Arnold

He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

Chandragupta Maurya

He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander the Great invaded western India.; founded Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization

Poison Gas

Technology used in trench warfare (WWI) first by Germans, then British and French that caused burning in the eyes and throat and a slow death

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

Han Dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization

Han dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).

Market Economies

Individuals make their own decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it.

Legitimacy

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

Easter Rebellion

Irish demand for independence in 1916, hoping to get it while British were occupied by the WW1.

Japanese Tea Ceremony

Is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea. the art of its performance, is called otemae. Zen Buddhism was a primary influence in the development of the tea ceremony.

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) allied Italy with Adolf Hitler's Germany in WWII

Who was Karl Marx and why is he significant?

Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 -1883) was a German philosopher and revolutionary socialist. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867-1894); some of his works were co-written with his friend, the fellow German revolutionary socialist Friedrich Engels. Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century, leading to the formation of such socialist states as the Soviet Union in 1922 and the People's Republic of China in 1949, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism and Maoism, were developed.

Seneca Falls Convention

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II; was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) conditioned on signing the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarchy.

Sun Yat-sen

Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.

V.I. Lenin

Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)

22th Amendment

Limit on number of President's terms

The Long March

Mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.

Who was Margaret Mead?

Margaret Mead (1901 - 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s. She was both a popularizer of the insights of anthropology into modern American and Western culture, and also a respected, if controversial, academic anthropologist. Her reports about the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures amply informed the 1960s sexual revolution. Mead was a champion of broadened sexual morals within a context of traditional western religious life.

Huegonots

Members of the Protestand Reformed church of France which were persecuted by French Catholics

Cortes

Mexico

Cinco De Mayo

Mexico beats France in the Battle of Puebla in 1862

Mexico

Mexico's northern border is the United States, to the west, the Pacific Ocean and to the east, the Gulf of Mexico and the caribbean sea.

Define microeconomics.

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of how the individual modern household and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. Typically, it applies to markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviours affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices, and how prices, in turn, determine the quantity supplied and quantity demanded of goods and services.

Feminine Mystique

Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker. Considered catalyst to feminist movement.

NAACP

National Association for Advancement of Colored People formed in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois. Played substantial role in Civil Rights movement of 1960s. Still active today.

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan, author of Feminine Mystique,was first president. NOW wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination.

Balance of Payments Account

National account of international payments and receipts, devided into current account, and capital and financial account

Squanto

Native American who helped the English Pilgrims in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. In November of 1621 first Thanksgiving was celebrated by settlers and Indians with native foods grown.

8th Amendment

No excessive bail or punishment

Cartier

Northeastern Canada

Touro

Oldest synagogue in America built in 1763.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to

Which was the first state to oppose slavery?

PA

East African Slaves

Predominantly taken to Arabia and India.

West African Slaves

Predominantly taken to the Americas.

Muslim Scholars contributions to science circa 700 to 1400 C.E.

Preserved ancient discoveries and added to their own

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

23th Amendment

Presidential electors for the District of Columbia

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.

What was the first settlement in North America?

St. Augustine, FL in 1565

Champlain

St. Lawrence & Great Lakes

Naval Arms Race

Starting in 1890s, conflict between major countries such as Great Britain, France, Germany, U.S., Japan. They were trying to come up with better technologies and more military power than the rest, created tension and fear, led national leaders to the conclusion that if war should break out, the best protection would be to take the military offense.

11th Amendment

States can not be sued in federal court

Nominal Value

The value of something in current dollars without taking into account the effects of inflation.

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and early 17th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.Africa and Asia became better known as well.

To what did Max Weber attribute differences in social development between the East and West?

To Protestantism's positive influence on Capitalism, and to the state's acceptance of violence as a legitimate means of enforcing rule or protecting citizenry.

Why and when were slaves originally brought to the Colonies?

Tobacco, 1619

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the WWI. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population and 2 million square miles of land. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.

Native Americans

U.S. government made promises in the form of many treaties which were broken and Native American lands were taken.

Real Value

Value in current dollars after adjusting for inflation.

George Bush

Vice President under Reagan and 41st President of the United States (born in 1924) aka the education president. Responsible for NCLB a renewal of ESEA .

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

Democracy in America

Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.

Grassland

a large area of land covered with grasses.

Desert

a large, dry, barren region.

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Mercator map projection

accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.

Island

an area of land which is completely surrounded by water.

Sub-Saharan Africa

consists of the African countries located south of the Sahara desert.

What are bajadas?

detritus skirts, or pediments in the Southwest

What did Magellan do?

discovered southern route to the Pacific

In the 13th century, the Anasazi...

experienced a severe drought.

Bangladesh

has a parliamentary democracy.

Human-initiated fire

human-initiated fires for land clearing and land use can quickly develop into large-scale and

Political map

identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals.

Satellite image

image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space.

What is the Great Basin?

largest US desert

Canada

largest trading partner with the United States. 20% of all U.S. international trade.

LaSalle

lower Mississipi & NOLA

Dispersed settlements

occur in rural areas; the amount of land between each of the dwellings depends on the

Summer Solstice

occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly toward the sun; areas north of the artic circle have 24 hours of daylight.

Droughts

periods of time when less rain than normal falls in an area. During droughts, crops fail and dried out soil

Who was John Locke?

philosopher - life, liberty, and property

Earthquakes

tremors of the Earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which result from shock waves

Azimuthal map

true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape; usually used to show areas

Hsia Dynasty

Legendary dynasty, not enough information Possibly the first dynasty; King Yu founded this dynasty because he dredged channels of Yellow River to let floodwaters flow to sea and solve problem of recurring floods 2,000 BCE

The Connecticut Compromise

Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.

What Is to Be Done

Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.

Yosemite Valley:

Located in California, Yosemite is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls. Yosemite valley was created

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian Czar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg which he founded.

Which states border the Great Lakes?

Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Sino Japanese War

(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighboring China,

Pre-colonial Plains Cultures

Plains covered the southern Canadian prairie provinces and most the central U.S. Blackfoot, Sioux, and Comanche are plains peoples. There lives changed with the arrival of horses from Spain's colonies as they turned from agriculture to hunting from horseback by following the herds.

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

Richard Nixon

President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned.

25th Amendment

Presidential succession and disability

20th Amendment

Presidential terms; Sessions of Congress

Pre-Civil War Immigrants to USA

Northern and Western Europeans

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's daughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre in 1572. Resulted in over 10,000 deaths.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Battle of Marne

September 1914, Britain joins France at Marne river (the Western Front), pushed back Germany's offense and destroyed German hope for a quick victory.

House Representative

Serves a 2 year term

Who was Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis.

In Freudian psychology, what are the three major components to a person's psychological makeup?

The Id (driven by instinct and basic drives - seeking immediate pleasure), the Super-Ego (the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation), and the Ego (which attempts to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions).

North Africa

The Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950's and the 1960's. Algeria, egypt, libya, morocco, sudan, tunisia and western sahara

Article I

The Legislative Branch

Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.

Information Age

The current era, characterized by the shift from an industrial economy to an information economy and the convergence of computer and communication technology.

Internationalism

The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.

Jamestown

The first successful English settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Electoral College

The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President

Civil Liberties

The guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Middle Ages

The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance. Robin Hood and King Arthur are set in these years as well as the building of the Gothic Cathedrals. The Catholic church was the only institution of religion and learning. The Pope and church were very powerful from about 800 A.D. when it crowned Charlemagne emperor. Conflict between monarchs and church marked this era.

French Indian War

1754 - 1763 This struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War, Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Toussaint L'overture

1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Unification of Germany

1871, unified under Bismarck uses spirit of nationalism provoked by the Napoleonic wars; nationalist based on language and religion and culture (not civic nationalism like the French); what we get is "the worship of the state"; state not just agency that regulates relationships but a spiritual corporation

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 corollary to Monroe Doctrine in which US would mediate between Europeans and Latin America.

WWI

1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals; Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka central powers) v. Britain, France, Russia (aka allied powers); America is neutral. Over 10,000,000 people died mostly in battle.

NATO

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Lao-Tse

270 BCE Founder of Daoism (Taoism), the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; stressed that people should live in harmony with nature.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. The Inquisition was an element of the counter reformation.

Thomas Fuller

A black mathematical prodigy., By the time he was shipped to the Americas in 1724 as a slave he had already aquired the abiltiy to calculate numbers into the billions.

Hinduism

A body of polytheistic religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beings of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth

Philadelphia

A city in Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. Established as a Quaker colony by William Penn and others in 1681, it was the site of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. First capital of the U.S. until moved to Washington D.C. in 1800.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas brave actions in saved an Englishman, John Smith, and paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Define natural monopoly

A natural monopoly is a condition on the cost-technology of an industry whereby it is most efficient (involving the lowest long-run average cost) for production to be concentrated in a single form. In some cases, this gives the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, an overwhelming cost advantage over other actual and potential competitors.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Mercantilism

Economic system should work to the advantage of the state.

United States Senator

Elected to the Legisilative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.

Caste System

A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.

Scarcity

A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

Ethan Allen

A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops, "Green Mountain Boys", helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Peloponnesian War

A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.

Gulf War

A war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders.(1990-1991)

Major Rivers

Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria Falls, one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of the World"); South America: Amazon (worlds 2nd longest river); United States: Missouri (longest in U.S.), Mississippi (2nd longest in US), Colorodo (famous for the grand canyon), Niagara (famous for its falls), Rio Grande (between US and Mexico), St. Lawrence (links Great Lakes and Atlantic ocean)

Peter Salem

African American soldier who fought for America's freedom. Fought at Lexington,Concord - became a hero at Bunker Hill.

Lewis Latimer

African american inventor who played a key role in improving practical electrical lighting and invented other electronic gadgets

Soninke

African people which traded with Arabs/Burburs, became wealthy because of taxes, traded gold for salt. Developed into the modern state of Ghana. Developed "silent barter" for gold and salt.

Benjamin Banneker

African-American scientist who taught himself calculus and trigonometry. He also helped design the capitol in Washington D.C.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), He wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

Captain James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

Albert Magnus

Also known as "the Great" and "Dr. Universalis", he was the first scholar to attempt to integrate Aristotle's philosophy into Christian theology. He used Aristotelian language to talk about God. Ex. God is the "prime mover" of all things. He was also the teacher of Thomas Aquinas.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee. Famous for "I have a dream" speech.

Kush

An ancient African kingdom situated at the confluence of the White Nile, Blue Nile, and Atbara. Had farming, iron works, temples, art, and trade at its height in 200 B.C.. Ruled as pharaohs in Egypt for a time but was eventually conquered by Axum in 300 A.D.

Israel

An ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948 by the United Nations as a result of the Holocaust. Conflict between the Jews and Arabs persists over the land which had been part of Palestine.

Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a collection of living things and the environment in which they live.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Define anomie.

Anomie in common parlance is thought to mean something like "at loose ends". The Oxford English Dictionary lists a range of definitions, beginning with a disregard of divine law, through the 19th and 20th century sociological terms meaning an absence of accepted social standards or values. Most sociologists associate the term with Durkheim, who used the concept to speak of the ways in which an individual's actions are matched, or integrated, with a system of social norms and practices ... Durkheim also formally posited anomie as a mismatch, not simply as the absence of norms. Thus, a society with too much rigidity and little individual discretion could also produce a kind of anomie, a mismatch between individual circumstances and larger social mores. Thus, fatalistic suicide arises when a person is too rule-governed, when there is ... no free horizon of expectation.

List four major fields of anthropology.

Archaeology, Social-Cultural Anthropology (focusing on cultural standards, beliefs, and norms), Biological Anthropology (genetic characteristics of different populations), and Linguistics (development of language over time).

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria and Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand in 1914; his death was a main cause for World War I.

Federal Block Grants

Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Hunting and Gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food

Age of Disunity

The period following the fall of the Han dynasty when China was beset by warfare and political unrest which lasted until 589 A.D.

Civil War

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

U.S. Civil War

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

Ghengis Khan

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Thomas Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Roaring Twenties

Called "roaring" because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. Included American expatriate movement in France mostly made up of artists and authors.

Mao Tse-Tung

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976), gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.

Plymouth Colony

Colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620. The colonies government was based on Mayflower Compact which was a contract signed by the 41 male colonists from the Mayflower.

Cotton Production in U.S. 1811-1859

Cotton went from being a minor crop in Mid -Atlantic states to being the major crop of the south by 1859 largely due to the invention of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin. This lead to a larger and more stable slave population in the south to work the plantations.

John Huss

Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation and attacked the corruption of clergy. Was excommunicated in 1409 and later was burned at the stake for heresy.

King Affonso

1505 Christian African ruler of Congo decided slavery harmed his nation and opposed it but failed to bring it to an end. Other rulers openly supported and dealt in slaves to gain power over enemies and to buy firearms from Europeans.

When was the slave code established?

1705 in Virginia

Immigration Act of 1965

(1965) This law made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the amount of immigration.

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

Shifting cultivation

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practised in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Expansionary Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve system actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP; an easy money policy.

Thucydides

Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles

Define monopolistic competition

Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that competing producers sell products that are differentiated from one another as good but not perfect substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location). In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms.

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.

Who first coined the term "survival of the fittest" with reference to sociology (Social Darwinism)?

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

Virginia Company of London

Hudson and Cape Fear

Spanish Armada

In 1588 the Spanish fleet attempted to invade England, ending in defeat, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Moroccans

In 1591, what group of Northern African people conquered the Songhai with the use of guns.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

Define marginal propensity to consume (MPC)

In economics, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is an empirical metric that quantifies induced consumption, the concept that the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers).

The Golden Age

Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.

Roman Empire's use of slavery in their economy

Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.

Who were Louis and Mary Leakey?

Louis Leakey (1903 - 1972) and his wife Mary, were British archaeologists and naturalists whose work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in Africa. They also played a major role in creating organizations for future research in Africa and for protecting wildlife there. Having been a prime mover in establishing a tradition of palaeoanthropological inquiry.

Nationalism

Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.

Battle of Nations

October 1813 at Leipzig in eastern Germany. The decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combined forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Civil Rights

Policies and laws given by a nation within its boundaries designed to protect people its citizens. In U.S., right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

How did Max Weber believe that Protestantism influenced Capitalism?

Protestantism and the Reformation dignified work as adding to the common good and thus blessed by God, creating the "Protestant work ethic." As Calvinistic theology taught predestination, and work was blessed by God, then success in work was a sign of God's favor and salvation.

Nonrenewable resource

natural resources that are not replaced in a useful time frame. As nonrenewable resources

Oceania

the islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Pre-colonial SE Woodland Cultures

"The Southeast Woodlands gave rise to the largest settlements of pre-colonial North America. A typical Southeast settlement consisted of a town centre (where the nobles lived) surrounded by farms (where most of the commoners lived and worked). Southeast Woodlands towns were sometimes dotted with mounds, which served as platforms for temples and houses.15 Southeast peoples include the Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw." In the Southeast culture area the settlement Cahokia, actually exceeded 10,000 residents. Cahokia was a settlement of the Mississippian culture. Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Define three major types of learning in psychology, based on how the behavioral change is acquired.

(1) Classic conditioning (a learning process in which a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time); (2) Operant conditioning (behavior is punished or rewarded, leading to a desired long-term behavior); (3) Social learning (learning based on observation and modeling).

List four major factors involved in Social Psychology.

(1) Social perception, (2) personal relationships, (3) group behavior, and (4) attitudes.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Trade Deficit

When a country imports more than it exports.

Automatic Stablizers

Taxes and transfer payments, Federal government expenditures or receipts that automatically increase or decrease without requiring action by Congress or the President. Examples are unemployment compensation and corporate and individual income tax.

Australia

a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.

Juan de Onate

a descendant of a wealthy Spanish family who, in 1598, took control of the Rio Grande region and the Pueblo region of what is now New Mexico for Spain.

Taliban

a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; "the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior"

Southeast Asia

a geographical subdivision of Asia which includes the following nations: Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the phillipines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It is considered one of the poorest, most illiterate and malnourished nations in the world.

Plateau

a large, flat area that rises above the surrounding land; at least one side has a steep slope.

Tundra

a level and rolling treeless plain in artic and sub-artic regions with black mucky soil with permanently frozen subsoil, called permafrost

Define M2:

a measure of the money supply; M1 plus net time deposits (savings deposits, CDs, etc.).

Define M1:

a measure of the money supply; includes currency in circulation plus demand deposits or checking account balances.

Longitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Latitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator.

Ice cap

a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow; a large glacier forming on an extensive area of relitively level land, flowing outward from its center

Plains

an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.

The International Dateline

an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole between Russia and Alaska which separates 2 consecutive calander days.

Continents

are great divisions of land on the globe; the large part of the surface of the earth that rises above sea level. There are 7 coninents

Oceans

are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents; there are 5 oceans

Bays

bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land.

Physical map

contains labels for countries and capital cities, as well as major physical features like plains, rivers,

East Asia

countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia.

Fall Equinox

in the Northern Hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23; in the Southern Hemisphere this occurs on March 20 or 21. The earth is tilted sideways toward the sun so the hours of daylight and darkness are equal in both hemispheres.

Arab world

name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula; now used also for populations of countries whose primary language is Arabic (algeria, egypt, iraq, jordan, lebananon, libya, morocco, syria and yemen). In the 20th century, arab leaders have attempted to unite the arab speaking world into an arab nation. Since 1945 , most arab countries have joined the arab league. in 1982, memeber nations hada total population estimated at 43 million. Not all arabs are muslims. The culture of the arab world consists or the arab language, the islamic religion and the traditions of the arabian peninsula

Spring Equinox

the Earth's tilt is sideways toward the Sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both

Varanasi

the holiest city of Hinduism that is found on the Ganges River

Ozone-layer depletion

the ozone "hole" is a periodic depletion of the ozone layer that occurs over Antarctica in the

Erosion

the process by which weathered particles are moved to another location.

Topographical map

the shape of the earth's surface is shown by contour lines; contour lines are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation above sea level on the land's surface.

Weather

the short-term state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. Weather involves temperature, air

North America

third largest continent, comprising Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America:

Marquette and Joliette

upper Mississippi

Afghanistan

was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban rulers

Floods

water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. Floods are commonly caused by

Who was Emil Durkheim and why is he significant?

Émile Durkheim (1858 - 1917) is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology. He felt the world was influenced by group beliefs, culture, and attitudes more than individuals. Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity; an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. Durkheim believed there are several possible pathologies that could lead to a breakdown of social integration and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones are anomie and forced division of labor.

What was the largest settlement of Mound Builders?

Cahokia - near present-day St. Louis, MO

The factory system

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

Daniel Boone

Famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains 1734- 1820

Nomadic pastoralism

Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Mexican American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Mencius

(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. Also known as Mengzi, or Meng-tzu.

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE)The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, rebuilt Great Wall, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Mnemonic for Chinese Dynasties

HIS (Hsia) SHOCKING (Shang) CHOICE (Chou) IN (Chin) HAVING (Han) a TAN (Tang) and singing SONGS (Song) MADE (Mongol) ME (Ming) me and mi will be how u remember this one! not to be confused with the mneumonic for Mongol QUEASY (Qing) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110607200403AA7nbP2

IRA

A militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

William Wycliff

Condemned by Catholic church for translating Bible to English from Latin and Greek in late 1300s.

Pre- colonial North America Arctic Cultures

Aleuts lived in the now Alaskan arctic. Eskimos lived in the now Canadian, Alaskan, and eastern Siberian arctic. The Inuit lived in Greenland and the now Canadian Arctic while the Yupik lived in Alaska and eastern Siberia arctic. The arctic region was predominantly located in now NE Canada, upper NW Canada, and part of now Alaska.

Anarchism/ Anarchy

Condition in which there is a lack of government either purposeful or by weakness and ineffectiveness of existing government. Also, a political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

The Korean War

In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.

Seasonal Unemployment

Occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season.

Cost Push Inflation

Occurs when businesses respond to rising production costs, by raising prices in order to maintain their profit margins.

The Republic

A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them

Generals in Revolution

"Mad" Anthony Wayne, Israel Putnamn, Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, Philip Schuyler, Horatio Gates, Daniel Morgan, Benjamin Lincoln, and Nathanael Greene.

How is GDP calculated using the production approach?

"Market value of all final goods and services calculated during 1 year." The production approach is also called as Net Product or Value added method. This method consists of three stages: (1) Estimating the Gross Value of domestic Output in various economic activities; (2) Determining the intermediate consumption, i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services; and finally (3) Deducting intermediate consumption from Gross Value to obtain the Net Value of Domestic Output.

Define three methods to calculate GDP.

(1) The expenditure approach, (2) the income approach, and (3) the production approach.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Aztecs worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Had coed schools for their children.

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rain forests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples (flat topped pyramids), carried on trade with other groups. They had hieroglyphs and number system. Had a ceremonial ball game that ended with some players being sacrificed.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723) a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is known as "the Father of Microbiology;" the first person to see bacteria through a microscope; best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and his work which led to the creation of the field of study called microbiology

Olaudah Equiano

(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

Phyllis Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

Iran Contra

A political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras.

Watergate

A political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice led to resignation of President Nixon

Russo-Turkish War

(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Communism

A political system based in socialism.Characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Fuedalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.

Unified Germany

1860s-1870s Otto von Bismark unified Germany through or because a series of small strategic wars against Denmark, Austria, and France

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

U.S. Presidential Powers

*Appointment of: Ambassadors, public Ministers, Supreme Court Judges and other Officers of U.S. not otherwise provisioned for by Constitution *Make treaties between two or more independent nations *Veto * Commander and Chief of Armed Forces In short the President is the head of the executive branch of the government and is responsible for the execution of laws made by the legislature through Foreign and Domestic Policy.

Causes of U.S. Civil War

1. Social and economic differences - social hierarchy and slave based agriculture vs. industry and abolition 2. States vs. Federal Rights

Virginia Dare

1587-?: 1st child of British parents born in US. Part of "Lost Colony of Roanoke Island"

Socialism

A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Theocracy

A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

When was NY captured from the Dutch?

1664

What were the Townshend Acts?

1767 - import taxes on glass, lea, paint, paper and tea

Captain George Vancouver

1790s Sent to explore the Pacific coast from Alaska to California and to make a report on the Sandwich Islands. Friendly to natives; gave them seeds and plants; Made 2 later trips and brought from California the first cattle to the islands. Thought of highly by Kamehameha such that they wished to be protect by his country, Great Britain. The British flag was raised on the island if Hawaii.

Dr. David Livingston

1813-1873 First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South and Central Africa. He wanted to improve people's health and Christianize them. No one had heard from him and thought him to be dead. H. M. Stanley found him.

James Monroe

1817 - He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Served two terms.

McCulloch Vs. Maryland

1819 The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Sir Richard Burton

1821-1890 Explorer risked his life to find source of the Nile River: natural talent for languages/disguised himself as an Indian with friend John Speke faced obstacles from malaria to steep hills

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Gibbons Vs. Ogden

1824 - supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Tz'u-hsi

1834- 1908 Dowager empress of China who failed to recognize foreign threat.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

1848 ends the Mexican American War. For $15 Million the US acquired Texas territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. US territory increased by 1/3 as a result of the treaty.

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Prominent social reformer and founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Boxer Uprising

1898-1900 A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways.

Enlightenment Period

18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason.

Wright Brothers

1903 Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

Korean War

1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Senator Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.

Rise of Ancient Civilizations

4000 B.C. Yellow River Valley Civilization 3500 to 2340B.C.- Sumerian 3100 to 30 B.C.- Egyptian 2500 to 1500 B.C. - Indus Valley (Harrapan Civilization) 1900 to 1100 B.C. - Babylonian 1500 to 300 B.C. - Olmec 1100 to 50 B.C.- Ancient Greece 1070 to 350 B.C. - Kush 800 to 400 B.C. - Etruscan and Ancient Rome 500 B.C. to 200 A.D. Adena (Chilicothe,Ohio area)

Fall of Rome

476 C.E.- Contributing factors to this event include: military interference in politics, civil war and unrest, moving the capital and division of the empire, low confidence, disloyalty, contrast between rich and poor, poor harvests, gold and silver drain, inflation, and threat of attack; immediate causes were pressure from Huns, invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns, sack of Rome, and conquest by invaders

Constitutional Monarch

A system of government in which the monarch has shared governmental powers with elected legislatures or serves mainly as a ceremonial leader of a government

Adriaen Block

A Dutch trader who was the first European to sail up to the East River into the Long Island Sound and the first European to realize that Long Island was an island. Block Island, to the east of Long Island, is named after him.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial including King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial in 1794.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.. Had strict social class structure.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Ottoman Empire

A Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations.

Liberia

A West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

Spanish Civil War

A conflict form 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces

Cartel

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service. ex/ OPEC

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Byzantine Empire

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Earth Day

A day in which we celebrate the earth on. Held first on April 22, 1970.

Anne Hutchison

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Pure Competition

A firm produces a homogeneous product and is a small part o the total supply such that it cannot influence market price and total output.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

Multilateralism

A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which power resides in a leader who may rule according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties

Salem Poor

A free black man who was honored for his bravery during the American Revolution and fought in the war.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Unitary System

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

Triple Entente

A loose alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

What is a constituent scale map?

A map that makes use of the same scale throughout its entirety. More often used for small areas than large areas.

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Natural resources:

A natural resource is anything in the environment that is used by people.

Populist

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)

Far East

A popular expression for the countries of eastern Asia (usually including China and Mongolia and Taiwan and Japan and Korea and Indochina and eastern Siberia)

Vote of no Confidence

A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.

Neo Colonialism

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

Cultural Revolution

A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.

Money Demand

A relationship between the interest rate and the quantity of money that people are willing to hold at any given interest rate.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of it's endeavor.

Harlem Rennaisance

A renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after World War I in the Harlem section of New York City.

India

A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 after WWII

Exclusionary Rule

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Bill of Rights

A statement of fundamental rights and privileges ( the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) added in 1791.

Interventionism

A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.

Filibuster

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

24th Amendment

Abolition of poll tax

Salem Witch Trials

About 1629 several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 19 people were hanged as witches and many others accused. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Bantu

African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 500 BCE they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically as their language became the basis for several others as did their culture.

North Korea

After WWII, the Soviets and Americans divided Korea into North Korea and South Korea. North Korea came under soviet influence and became communist. Since the 1940's North Korea has become one of the most isolated and dictorial societies int he world. Kim Jong IL, North Korea's leader is an uncompromising Stalinist and is ruthlessly oppressive. N. Korea's economic collapse and its insistence on maintaining a huge military are threatening mass starvation for its people. In 2005, the government announced it had manufactured nuclear weapons and it is withdrawing froom negotiations with South Korea, China and US and other nations to disarm.

Giovanni Caboto

Also known as John Cabot, this Italian mariner was sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 & 1498

Mixed government

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Realism

Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.

Suez Crisis, 1956

Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.

Hinduism

An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.

Law of Supply and Demand

An economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it and depending on how much of the good is available. Prices rise with lack of availability and fall when there is a surplus.

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.

Define market economy.

An economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Plurality system

An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections

Mongol Empire

An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world.

Tank

An enclosed armored military vehicle used by British in WWI. Helped end the war.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed.

Define oligopoly

An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists).

Harappan Civilization

Another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 BC; characterized by sophisticated city planning

Pre - colonial Southwest Cultures

Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo were cultures of the now southwest U.S. and thrived in river communities despite the deserts they lived in.

Trade Standards

Are laws or regulations establishing health and safety standards for imported goods, frequently much stricter than those applied to domestically produced goods.

What was Aristotle's contribution to the study of psychology?

Aristotle is often cited with founding psychology through his study of the human mind. His principal work in psychology is De Anima. Aristotle argued that the mind (only the agent intellect) is immaterial, able to exist without the body, and immortal.

U.S. Election Process

At least 35 years old, A natural born citizen of the United States, A resident of the United States for 14 years. 1) Primaries and Caucuses 2) National Conventions 3) The General (or Popular) Election 4) Electoral College The vote of the electoral college determines the President but most electors vote the popular vote of their state.

Swahili

Bantu combined with Arabic along the east African coast to form the Swahili language starting about 1000 A.D. because of migration of Muslims due to trade in gold, ivory, and slaves between Arabia and the many independent states along the east African coast. Coastal states were controlled by Portuguese from 1500s until Arabs took over in 1800s.

North America: Pre - colonial Urban Life

Before colonization urban life was centered in Mesoamerica (central) and Peru.

WWII

Began when Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941 and ended in 1945

Taiwan and South Korea - both have developed prosperous and free societies.

Both these societies were anticommunist and had a parliament, however the government was run by one dominant party so during the 1970's they were not considered truly democratic. By the end of the 1970's, Taiwan began to truly democratize. South Korea remained authoratarian until 1989, when free elections took place.

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingston. He helped King Leopold II of Belgium establish the Congo Free State.

Helladic Period

Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture.The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Washington D.C.

Capital of the US was moved here in 1800 during Washington's presidency. The secretary of treasury, Hamilton, nationalized the debt (80 million). The south was suspicious because the southern states didn't owe that much debt. Hamilton promised the new capital would be built in the south so the southerners could watch over affairs. This appeased them and ended in DC.

Columbus

Caribbean

Who was Carl Jung?

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical - or Jungian - psychology. He developed theories of extroversion and introversion, proposed the idea of collective unconscious, and the occurrence of synchronicity.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Noh

Classic drama of Japan, developed chiefly in the 14th century, employing verse, prose, choral song, and dance in highly conventionalized formal and thematic patterns derived from religious sources and folk myths.

Define comparative psychology.

Comparative psychology generally refers to the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals. However, scientists from different disciplines do not always agree on this definition. Comparative psychology has also been described as a branch of psychology in which emphasis is placed on cross-species comparisons—including human-to-animal comparisons.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.

Legislative Oversight

Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.

Democracy

Dependent on participation of citizens

Infant Industries

Developing industries that require protection to get started.

17th Amendment

Direct election of Senators

Command Economies

Economic system characterized by a central authority that makes most of the major economic decisions

Free Enterprise

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).

Kongo Empire

Emerged in 14th century along the mouth of the Congo River. Had a & centralized government allowed empire to grow. Traded with Portuguese.

1763 Treaty of Paris

Ending the French and Indian War. British get new land (no more next-door foreign enemies for Colonists). To pay for their new land and war/debt costs, the British tax the Colonists. This fuels the beginning of the American Revolution.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Also, an English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

Who was Eratosthenes?

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 BC- c. 195 BC) was the first person to use the word "geography" and invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and was the first person to calculate the circumference of the earth. He also created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. In addition, Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology.

Europeans in Africa

Europeans and Africans clashed over control of territory. Dutch (Boers) - Khosian and Zulu French- Algerian and Mandingo British - Sudanese, Matabele, and Ashanti German - Tanzanians Italians - Ethiopians, Italians were defeated British ended up controlling from South Africa to Egypt while most of north and west Africa were controlled by French while Portuguese, Spanish, and Germans were left with the remainders. After WWII most African countries became independent.

Etruscans

Etruscans, beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization. Etruscans intermingled with other civilizations to become the Romans.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.

Monopoly

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 B.C.E. to about 400 C.E. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity even though Roman soldiers killed Christ in about 30 A.D.

Battle of Okinawa

First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion.

Kingdom of Ghana

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.

Senate Majority Leader

First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.

Otto the Great

Formed a close alliance with the Church. Built power by gaining support of clergy. Invaded Italy on pope's behalf. Rewarded by being crowned emperor 912-973. Created the Holy Roman Empire which was the strongest in Europe until the 12 century.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Roger Bacon

Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

Jaques Marquette

French priest and missioanry 1673- He and a fur trader named Louis Joliet explored the Mississippi They traveled 700 miles before returning back

Philosophes

French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Economic Performance Indicators

GDP, Unemployment, Inflation, Interest Rates, etc.

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). aka father of modern communism

U-Boats

German submarines used in World War I. Sank many Allied ships most famously the civilian ship, Lusitania in 1915. Sinking of civilian ships was not allowed but British were smuggling contraband weapons on civilian ships.

What is Gestalt Psychology?

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (German: Gestalt - "essence or shape of an entity's complete form") is a theory of mind based on the Principal of Totality - that conscious experience must be considered globally (by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships.

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.

Subsidies

Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition.

Golden Age of Greeks

Greatest period of achievements in arts, philosophy and science 477 - 431 B.C. began with Minoans and Mycenaeans and spread through much of the Middle East. When taken over in 300 B.C. by Alexander the Great (Macedonian) Greek culture was spread further through Middle East and northern Africa.

Byzantine culture

Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was perserved in libraries

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Polis

Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."

Early European Civilization

Greeks - Philosophy, drama, Olympics, democracy (city-state), complex polytheistic religion based on myth, forms of mathematics, architectural styles, and many other contributions. Important Greek scholars: Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Aristarchus. Poets: Homer, Sappho. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Politics: Pericles. Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Mathematician: Pythagoras. Medicine: Hippocrates. Romans- administrative system, military, arch, dome, waterworks

John Locke

He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.

Charlemagne

He attempted to unitfy his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that owtweighed allegience to his son.

Julius Andrassy

He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burian's initiatives in Italy and Poland.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States for two terms.

Magellan

He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Causes of WW2

Hitler violating Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Munich appeasement policy, annexation of Austria, rise of dictatorship, non-aggression pact.

Judicial Restraint

Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution

North America: Pre - colonial Hunter Gatherers

Hunter gatherers dominated most of what is now northwest Canada , the west coast of U.S., and Argentina. Among the hunter gathers there were nomadic, semi-nomadic, and settled tribes. For those who settled, settlements were even smaller than those of the non- urban tribes.

Agricultural settlements vs. hunting and gathering

Hunting and gathering led to agriculture which appeared about 7,000 years ago and allowed for permanent settlements usually along rivers.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

Radioactive materials' effects on the environment:

In 1986, an explosion in a nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst nuclear accident ever. Large

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Define factors of production.

In economics, factors of production means inputs and finished goods means output. Input determines the quantity of output i.e. output depends upon input. Input is the starting point and output is the end point of production process and such input-output relationship is called a production function. All factors of production like land, labor, capital and entrepreneur are required in combination at a time to produce a commodity.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Neolithic Period

In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the mesolithic)

Winter Solstice

In the Northern Hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22; areas north of the Arctic Circle have 24

Construction of houses, roads, and cities

In the U.S., about a million acres of farmland (an area half the size of

British Invasion

Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene.

Define nativism (psychology)/innatism.

Innatism is a philosophical doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a 'blank slate' at birth, as early empiricists such as John Locke claimed. It asserts therefore that not all knowledge is obtained from experience and the senses. In general usage the terms innatism and nativism are synonymous as they both refer to notions of preexisting ideas present in the mind. However, more correctly innatism refers to the philosophy of Plato and Descartes who assumed that innate ideas and principles are placed in the human mind by a God or a similar being or process. The nativist's (most notably Noam Chomsky and Jerry Fodor) general objection against empiricism is still the same as was raised by the rationalists: the human mind of a newborn child is not a tabula rasa, but equipped with an inborn structure.

Recall Referendum

Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.

Two Treatises of Government

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Trade Balance

Is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.

Pillars of Islam

Is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (ritual prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002

It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased composite-ness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) Promoted Copernicus's theory of heliocentric universe. Condemned by church and forced to recant.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer from Venice; spent many years in China or near it until his return to Europe in 1295 . He was an associate of Kublai Khan who asked Pope Clement IV to send 100 wise men to teach Christianity and Western Science to his people through Marco's father and uncle. At 17 Marco accompanied his father, uncle, and two friars to China with gifts and letters from Pope Tedaldo. The journey took 3 1/2 years to travel 5600 miles while avoiding the route previously taken by his father and uncle. Marco served in several court posts before returning to Venice 17 years later. His travels sparked interest in higher learning resulting in the establishment of universities.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). He made 4 voyages and first landed in the Bahamas on October 12.

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 - 1936) was a famous Russian mathematician who made significant contributions to psychology. The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex," which became a key concept in comparative psychology and behaviorism. Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture. The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking.

1800s American Intellectualism Authors

James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Walt Whitman Mark Twain Emily Dickinson Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau

On Liberty

John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the pratical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.

Who was John B. Watson?

John Watson (1879 - 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson's behaviorism rejected the studying of consciousness. He was convinced that it could not be studied, and that past attempts to do so have only been hindering the advancement of psychological theories. He felt that introspection was faulty at best and awarded researchers nothing but more issues. He pushed for psychology to no longer be considered the science of the "mind". Instead, he stated that psychology should focus on the "behavior" of the individual, not their consciousness.

Explain Marxism.

Karl Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, which he called the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", believing it to be run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, it would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. Under socialism, he argued that society would be governed by the working class in what he called the "dictatorship of the proletariat", the "workers state" or "workers' democracy". He believed that socialism would, in its turn, eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called pure communism. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for the former's implementation, arguing that both social theorists and underprivileged people should carry out organized revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spred Greek culture across three continents

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); Roman emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. Caused mass conversion to Christianity

October War

Known as Yom Kippur War, 6-25 Oct, 1973. Suprise attack instigated by Egypt and Syria to push Israel out of Sinai. (Arab-Israeli conflict).

Manchu Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty began in 1644 which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Lebanese Civil War

Lasted from 1975 to 1990. Was a religious conflict between Christians and the PLO, Sunni Muslims and Shi'a Muslims. After war equal seats were given in Parliament to Christians and Muslims

Mycenaean Age

Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

Francisco de Coronado

Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of 7 mythical cities of gold.

Attila

Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.

Samuel Chaplain

Leading figure of the french in Qubec in 1608 also founded Montreal; an intrepid soldier whose energy and leadership earned him the title "father of new France".

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the first master of romantic music. He was one of the greatest composers in German history. He composed 9 symphonies, 5 piano concerts, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera. Continued composing after becoming deaf. Beethoven never heard much of his later work including the finale to the Ninth Symphony.

Who was Max Weber?

Max Weber (1864 - 1920) was a German sociologist and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology.

Licenses (Trade)

May be required of importers of foreign goods so that imports can be restricted.

Laissez-faire economics

Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."

Major Seas

Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of Mexico, Arabian, Sea of Okhotsk, Andaman and Hudson Bay

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon in early 1800s.

Water and air pollution:

Most water pollution is the result of human activities; wastes produced by households,

Earthquakes create mountain ranges:

Mountain ranges are thought to form from tectonic plates colliding together and pushing the surface of the Earth

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction: double deterance, on the parts of both the Soviets and the US having enough nukes to discourage both countries from attacking, for both nations would perish.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - an international organization, formed in 1949, which includes the

Pre-colonial NW Coast Cultures

Northwest tribes including Chinook, Tinglit, and Haida created the only "highly stratified" hunter gatherer society.

What is the Olduvai Gorge?

Olduvai Gorge, the archaeological site also known as "The Cradle of Mankind", is a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through eastern Africa. Olduvai Gorge is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and has been instrumental in furthering the understanding of early human evolution. Louis and Mary Leakey are the archaeologists responsible for most of the excavations and discoveries of the hominid fossils in Olduvai Gorge.

Anti-federalists

Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states.

Battle of Jutland

Only real naval battle of the WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.

Napolean Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile on the island of St. Helena.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1

14 Points

Peace plan presented by President Woodrow Wilson. Fourteenth points called for the League of Nations. Others were: no secret treaties, seas are free, lower tariffs, lower arms, colonial policies should consider all powers.

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 1775-1783 American Revolution 1820's Revolutions: Greece, Spain, and the Italian and German States of Austrian Empire 1830's Revolutions: France, Italy, Belgium, and Poland 1848 Revolutions: France, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and small Italian and German states 1871 Revolution: France

Progressive Era

Period of reform from 1890s -1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

The Meiji Restoration

Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all controll was given to the government and Japan was modernized

Early Middle Eastern Civilizations

Phoenicians - glass and alphabet Hittites- ironwork Hyksos - first used horse Hebrews- first permanent monotheistic religion of Judaism (10 commandments) Persians- conquered most of the Middle East.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Da Gama took advantage of the prevailing winds when sailing south around Africa by not hugging its coastline. Da Gama had been commissioned and provisioned by the Portuguese government under King Manuel I to find a maritime route to the East. Established trade ports at Mozambique and Calicut.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world showing the oceans were connected. Also, giving valuable information about winds and currents.

What is Positivism?

Positivism is a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information. Introspective and intuitional attempts to gain knowledge are rejected.

Privateering

Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by different governments to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution,

Embargoes

Prohibit trade with other nations. They bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both.

Senator Robert Kennedy

RFK began gaining on Humphrey in the polls. He wanted to negotiate a peaceful end to the war ASAP. He also believed in Civil Rights Reform and assistance to the poor. On June 5, 1968, RFK won the CA primary and then was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

14th Amendment

Rights of all citizens - due process, equal protection

5th Amendment

Rights of the accused

Cyclical Unemployment

Rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of this.

Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor

West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mail, Songhai between 1000 to 1500

Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from northern Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.

Catherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Baroque

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

What is Social Darwinism?

Social Darwinism is a term commonly used for theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s, seeking to apply the principles of Darwinian evolution to sociology and politics. It especially refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which make no distinction between those able to support themselves and those unable to support themselves. The most prominent form of such views stressed competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism but it is also connected to the ideas of eugenics, scientific racism, imperialism, fascism, Nazism and struggle between national or racial groups. Because of the negative connotations of the theory of social Darwinism, especially after the atrocities of the Second World War (including the Holocaust) the term is generally seen as pejorative.

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Third Party Candidate

Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.

Elijah McCoy

Son of runaway slave, invented lubricating cup that oiled running machines

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Francis Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

DeSoto

Southeast US

Coronado

Southwest

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

New Spain

Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s. Capital was Mexico City

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Vasco de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

What is encomienda?

Spanish forced Indians into labor

Latin America

Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S. chili, peru, brazil, mexico, bolivia, argentina, central america, carribean

Sierra Leone

State for freed black slaves established by freed slave Olaudah Equiano British abolitionists 1787.

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, Father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

Define structural unemployment.

Structural unemployment is a form of unemployment resulting from a mismatch between demand in the labour market and the skills and locations of the workers seeking employment. Even though the number of vacancies may be equal to, or greater than, the number of the unemployed, the unemployed workers may lack the skills needed for the jobs; or they may not live in the part of the country or world where the jobs are available.

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia, Middle East, and east Africa, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mao Zedong

Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist who developed the first successful system for classifying living things into similar groups, a system that is still in use today: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Trade Restrictions

Tariffs and quotas restrict the amount of a good imported and supply will decrease

Dark Ages

Term for the roughly 200-year period in history that followed the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC. to about 1400 B.C. Also, saw the decline of Roman Empire. Often included as the early years termed the Middle Ages.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Explain the Sherman Antitrust Act (note year).

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent price discrimination between different purchasers if such a discrimination substantially lessens competition or tends to create a monopoly in any line of commerce.

Commodore Matthew Perry

The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Matthew Perry brought many steam ships with him to show America's strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese.

The Vietnam War

The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.

When was the Creek War and what happened?

The Creek Confederacy united Native Americans and tried to occupy Florida in 1813-1814

T'ang Dynasty

The Dynasty under which Buddhism gained most of its popularity. (7th-10th century CE) distinctly Chinese Buddhist schools arose, often based on a particular text. China took over Korea and had its only female empress Wu Hou in this dynasty. Also known for its great poets.

What is the Mercator projection?

The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. It became the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant course for seafarers. Areas are highly distorted.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland and Switzerland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops (1514-1572)

Explain the Robinson-Patman Act (note year).

The Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 is a United States federal law that prohibits anticompetitive practices by producers, specifically price discrimination. It grew out of practices in which chain stores were allowed to purchase goods at lower prices than other retailers. An amendment to the Clayton Antitrust Act, it prevented unfair price discrimination for the first time, by requiring that the seller offer the same price terms to customers at a given level of trade. The Act provided for criminal penalties, but contained a specific exemption for "cooperative associations".

Explain the Sherman Antitrust Act (note year).

The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) is a landmark federal statute on competition law passed by Congress in 1890. It prohibits certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace, and requires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government.

Absolute Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources.

Money Multiplier

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, the multiple by which deposits can increase for every dollar increase in reserves; equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.

Euro

The basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their currency

Judicial Branch

The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.

Russian Revolution

The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922. Ended czarists rule.

Egyptian Afterlife

The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.

Declaration of Independence

The document written by Thomas Jefferson, recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution came about by a series of compromises between large and small states, free and slave states, and federalists and anti-federalists.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Praetorian Guard

The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor

Fiscal Policy

The federal government efforts to keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing taxes or government spending.

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political advisor Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus. Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented.

Tang Dynasty

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Economies of Scale

The increase in efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases.

Marginal Product

The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input, the additional output that can be produced by adding one more unit of a specific input, ceteris paribus.

Marginal Cost

The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production, the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain British practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Define macroeconomics.

The part of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.

Zhou dynasty

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Progressive Income Tax

The percentage of income paid in taxes will increase as income increases.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Spending Multiplier

The reciprocal of 1 minus the marginal propensity to consume. Or the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save.

Near East

The region between the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Labor Demand

The relationship between the quantity of labor demanded by firms and the wage.

Islam

The religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life; the predominant religion of northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan and Indonesia

Acropolis

The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenona. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

Fall of Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Define reserve ratio:

The reserve requirements (or cash reserve ratio) is a state bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves each bank must hold to customer deposits and notes. It would normally be in the form of fiat currency stored in a bank vault (vault cash), or with a central bank.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Chinese Revolution

The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory

Define economics.

The study of how resources are allocated to individuals and groups within a society.

Define social psychology.

The study of how social interactions affect individuals.

Indentured Servitude

The system of temporary servitude, where a person bound themselves to masters for fixed terms of servitude, in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America.

Buddhism

The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

Robber Barons

The term used to describe the Gilded Age monopolist for their Social Darwinist practices who referred to themselves as "Captains of Industry." Examples: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and William Vanderbilt

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retroession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.

Keynesian Economics

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Average Variable Cost

Total variable costs divided by the number of units of output.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Pre-colonial CA Cultures

Tribes such as Wappo and Pomo were hunter gatherers in the forests, deserts, and grasslands of CA. Acorn bread was a common staple food after the poison was extracted from ground acorn pulp.

U.S.S.R.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922. Included 16 republics of which Russia was the largest.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

15th Amendment

Voting rights for African-Americans

War of 1812

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

Otto von Bismarck

Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.

Kingdom of Maili

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

Jawaharal Nehru

Was a great Indian nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. Supported and associated with Ghandi. He became first prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs.

Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

John Wilkes Booth

Was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.

The Concept of Zero

Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldly numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

The Printing Press

Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas inRenaissance Europe.

Yalta Conference

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

The Neolithic Revolution

Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier

Western Europe

Western European democratic governments: Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, luxembourg, Netherlands and Italy

British Empire

What is now the United Kingdom and all the territories and colonies under its control; this empire consisted of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and vast portions of Africa

Trade Surplus

When a country exports more than it imports

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832 - 1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". His book, Principles of Physiological Psychology, was the first textbook that was written pertaining to the field of psychology. The Principles utilized a system of psychology that sought to investigate the immediate experiences of consciousness, including feelings, emotions, volitions and ideas, mainly explored through Wundt's system of "internal perception", or the self-examination of conscious experience by objective observation of one's consciousness. Wundt proclaimed that humans could only be understood in terms of physically observable phenomena. A search for the spiritual nature of humans, he reasoned, was a waste of time as there was no psyche. Thus psychology became the study of the spirit which denied the spirit. The subject of psychology thereafter became prevalent in universities.

Pre-colonial NE Woodland Cultures

Woodlands covered the now northeast U.S. "Deerskin clothing, birch bark canoes, wigwams, and longhouses are characteristic of this region. The Iroquois, Ojibwe, and Algonquin are all indigenous to the Northeast Woodlands." Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

The Tale of the Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki about year 1000; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

Rousseau

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Densely Populated River Valleys

Yangtze, Indus, Ganges, Nile, Tigris - Euphrates.......

Zheng He

Zheng He was a court ambassador in Ming Dynasty. He made 7 voyages from 1405 - 1433 C.E. to southern Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa to display the wonders and power of China to these lesser powers as China would not remain apart from the world forever. He also collected gifts for China. The routes he traveled were based on the experience of Chinese merchants with the currents and weather of the Indian Ocean.

United States

a Constitution-based Federal Republic with a strong democratic tradition.

A.D,

in the Christian era or "In the year of our Lord" (meaning Christ) many have moved to using C.E. or common era

Apartheid

extreme racial segregation was practiced by the white minority who controlled the government.

Nucleated settlements

generally found located around ports, harbors and roads; they have a center, or "nucleus."

India

has become the world's largest democracy and also a nuclear power.

Snowstorms

have a significant effect on plant, animal and human life. Snow increases the reflection of solar

The Caribbean

he Caribbean Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the West Indies to the north and east, South america to the south, and central america to the west. popular vacation spots

Production Possibilities Curve

A graph that describes the maximum amount of one good that can be produced for every possible level of production of the other good.

Oligopoly

A market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors. A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market.

Perfect Competition

A market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market and no seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

Total Product

All the goods and services produced by a business during a given period of time with a given amount of input

Diseconomies Of Scale

An economic concept referring to a situation in which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased.

Inflation

An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

CPI (Consumer Price Index)

An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer

Price Index

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Price Level

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

27th Amendment

Congressional pay increases

16th Amendment

Income tax

Demand Pull Inflation

Inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand. Increases in the following factors: money supply, government purchases, and price level in the rest of the world can impact this.

Capital Flows

Investment flows per period of time, into and out of a country. EX: Portfolio/FDI

7th Amendment

Jury trial in civil cases

Unemployment Rate

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

3rd Amendment

No lodging of troops in private homes

Structural Unemployment

Occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available. Changes in technology and tastes can have an impact on this.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

12th Amendment

Separate ballots for president and vice-president

Current Account

That part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

Article III

The Judicial Branch

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Foreign Exchange Market

The market in which the currencies of different countries are bought and sold.

Price Elasticity

The measure of how responsive both consumers and producers are to price changes, a measure of consumers price sensitivity e = (percent change in quantity demanded)/(percent change inprice)

Captial Account

The net result of public and private international investments flowing in and out of a country. The net results includes foreign direct investment, plus changes in holdings of stocks, bonds, loans, bank accounts, and currencies.

Recession

The state of the economy declines, A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration.

Aggregate Supply

The total amount of goods and services in the economy available at all possible price levels

Aggregate Demand

The total demand for goods and services over varying prices within the economy, including componenting such as household consumption, business investment, government spending & net exports., the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels.

Average Product

Total output divided by total units of the variable factor of production

Economic Profit

Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Accounting Profit

Total revenue minus total explicit cost.

Article VI

contains supremacy clause; establishes the constitution as "supreme law of the land"

Article VII

requirments to raitfy constitution