Praxis 5018

Literary Text

passage based on imagination or reality that tells a story

2nd Person

protagonist or another main character is referred to by second-person personal pronouns and other kinds of addressing forms, for example the English second-person pronoun "you."

Define Prosody

speakers use to help convey aspects of meaning and to make their speech lively

Explanatory Writing

type of writing found in functional documents that presents organized, detailed, and clearly stated information. explains authors thoughts or feelings

Delineates common phonics and word recognition approaches for ELLS (pedagogy).

use pictures, understand letters.

Recognizes various stages of language acquisition

*Stage I: Pre-production* This is the silent period. English language learners may have up to 500 words in their receptive vocabulary but they are not yet speaking. Some students will, however, repeat every thing you say. They are not really producing language but are parroting. These new learners of English will listen attentively and they may even be able to copy words from the board. ----- They will be able to respond to pictures and other visuals. They can understand and duplicate gestures and movements to show comprehension. Total Physical -----Response methods will work well with them. Teachers should focus attention on listening comprehension activities and on building a receptive vocabulary. English language learners at this stage will need much repetition of English. They will benefit from a "buddy" who speaks their language. Remember that the school day is exhausting for these newcomers as they are overwhelmed with listening to English language all day long. *Stage II: Early production* This stage may last up to six months and students will develop a receptive and active vocabulary of about 1000 words. During this stage, students can usually speak in one- or two-word phrases. They can use short language chunks that have been memorized although these chunks may not always be used correctly. Here are some suggestions for working with students in this stage of English language learning: -Ask yes/no and either/or questions. -Accept one or two word responses. -Give students the opportunity to participate in some of t-the whole class activities. -Use pictures and realia to support questions. -Modify content information to the language level of ELLs. -Build vocabulary using pictures. -Provide listening activities. -Simplify the content materials to be used. Focus on key vocabulary and concepts. -When teaching elementary age ELLs, use simple books with predictable text. -Support learning with graphic organizers, charts and graphs. Begin to foster writing in English through labeling and short sentences. Use a frame to scaffold writing. *Stage III: Speech emergence* Students have developed a vocabulary of about 3,000 words and can communicate with simple phrases and sentences. They will ask simple questions, that may or may not be grammatically correct, such as " May I go to bathroom? " ELLs will also initiate short conversations with classmates. They will understand easy stories read in class with the support of pictures. They will also be able to do some content work with teacher support. Here are some simple tasks they can complete: -Sound out stories phonetically. -Read short, modified texts in content area subjects. -Complete graphic organizers with word banks. -Understand and answer questions about charts and graphs. -Match vocabulary words to definitions. -Study flashcards with content area vocabulary. -Participate in duet, pair and choral reading activities. -Write and illustrate riddles. -Understand teacher explanations and two-step directions. -Compose brief stories based on personal experience. -Write in dialogue journals. Dialogue journals are a conversation between the teacher and the student. They are especially helpful with English language learners. Students can write about topics that interest them and proceed at their own level and pace. --They have a place to express their thoughts and ideas. *Stage IV: Intermediate fluency* English language learners at the intermediate fluency stage have a vocabulary of 6000 active words. They are beginning to use more complex sentences when speaking and writing and are willing to express opinions and share their thoughts. They will ask questions to clarify what they are learning in class. These English language learners will be able to work in grade level math and science classes with some teacher support. Comprehension of English literature and social studies content is increasing. At this stage, students will use strategies from their native language to learn content in English. Student writing at this stage will have many errors as ELLs try to master the complexity of English grammar and sentence structure. Many students may be translating written assignments from native language. They should be expected to synthesize what they have learned and to make inferences from that learning. This is the time for teachers to focus on learning strategies. Students in this stage will also be able to understand more complex concepts. *Stage V: Advanced Fluency* It takes students from 4-10 years to achieve cognitive academic language proficiency in a second language. Student at this stage will be near-native in their ability to perform in content area learning. Most ELLs at this stage have been exited from ESL and other support programs. At the beginning of this stage, however, they will need continued support from classroom teachers especially in content areas such as history/social studies and in writing.

Concepts

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Silent/Magic-E (VCe)

A word or syllable that ends in "e" containing one consonant before the final "e" and one vowel before that consonant Examples: make, Steve, cube

Open Syllable (CV)

A word or syllable that ends with one vowel and that vowel is long Examples: me, hi, I, sky, flu

WIDA level = Bridging

Advanced if all the following criteria are met: -understands and speaks conversational and academic English well -pupil is near proficient in reading, writing and content area skills to meet grade level expectations -requires occasional support

Theme

Central idea

advertisements

During the Industrial Age, what was the main method that businesses used to inform consumers about new inventions they could purchase?

resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

Focus

Focus is the topic/subject established by the writer in response to the writing task. The writer must clearly establish a focus as he/she fulfills the assignment of the prompt.

Distinguishes high frequency sight words from decodable words appropriate for particular grades.

High-frequency words: you, the, of , said Decodeable words: can be sounded out and spelled. hat, mop,

hyperlinks

Highlighted words and images within a webpage that allow the user to move from one site to another by simply pointing and clicking a mouse button, are called ___.

Author's Point of View

How the author feels about the subject he or she is writing about

Opinion Writing

Identify type of writing: "Conveys personal thoughts or feelings on a topic," and "includes the phrases 'I feel...' or 'In my opinion'." (type in _____ writing)

informative writing

Informs the reader. EXAMPLE: news articles, research papers, etc. writing that informs the reader in an attempt to create new found knowledge

WIDA level= developing

Intermediate if all of the following criteria are met: -decreased hesitancy than level 2 with understand and speaking conversational and academic English -Post-emergent, and developing reading comprehension and writing skills -can demonstrate academic knowledge with assistance

informational text

Nonfiction written primarily to convey factual information. Informational texts comprise the majority of printed material adults read (e.g., textbooks, newspapers, reports, directions, brochures, technical manuals).

Organization

Organization is the progression, relatedness, and completeness of ideas. The writer establishes for the reader a well-organized composition, which exhibits a constancy of purpose through the development of elements forming an effective beginning, middle, and end. The response demonstrates a clear progression of related ideas and/or events and is unified and complete.

Characters

Persons — or animals or natural forces represented as persons — in a work of literature.

Explain the importance of phonological awareness as a foundational skill for literacy development.

Phonological awareness is critical for learning to read any alphabetic writing system. And research shows that difficulty with phoneme awareness and other phonological skills is a predictor of poor reading and spelling development.

Explain the importance of phonics and word analysis in literacy development.

Reading fluency—the ability to decode a printed text easily, accurately, expressively, and at an appropriate rate—is essential to reading comprehension. Reading fluency and comprehension depend not only on readers' oral vocabulary and background knowledge, but also on their ability to recognize words in print—on their knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and common spelling patterns, their mastery of phonics and word analysis skills, and their development of automatic recognition of many words. Phonics instruction helps beginning readers learn common letter-sound correspondences and strategies for sounding out letters and blending sounds into words.

Scribbling-1

Scribbling looks like random assortment of marks on a child's paper. Sometimes the marks are large, circular, and random, and resemble drawing. Although the marks do not resemble print, they are significant because the young writer uses them to show ideas

Plot

Sequence of events in a story

Style

Style is the control of language that is appropriate to the purpose, audience, and context of the writing task. The writer's style is evident through word choice and sentence fluency. Skillful use of precise, purposeful vocabulary enhances the effectiveness of the composition through the use of appropriate words, phrases and descriptions that engage the audience. Sentence fluency involves using a variety of sentence styles to establish effective relationships between and among ideas, causes, and/or statements appropriate to the task.

support and Elaboration

Support and Elaboration is the extension and development of the topic/subject. The writer provides sufficient elaboration to present the ideas and/or events clearly. Two important concepts in determining whether details are supportive are the concepts of relatedness and sufficiency. To be supportive of the subject matter, details must be related to the focus of the response. Relatedness has to do with the directness of the relationship that the writer establishes between the information and the subject matter. Supporting details should be relevant and clear

changing point

Switches between narrators to provide the reader with different points of view

Narrative Writing

Tells the story of real-life experiences.

climax

That point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest; usually the point at which the conflict is resolved

Identify and provide examples of onsets.

The "onset" is the initial phonological unit of any word (e.g. c in cat)

Encoding

The process of converting oral language into written language.

Decoding

The process of converting written language into spoken sounds.

Cause and effect of Informational Text

The reason something happens and the result of it happening.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in speech. m m m mommy /m/ is the phoneme. f ff, ph,

writing process

There are 5 steps to the writing process: 1) prewriting 2) drafting 3) editing 4) revision 5) publishing PDERP pre-writing stage - The step where you plan your writing publishing stage - the step where you share your writing. drafting stage - the step where you write your first draft. revising stage - the step where you change your writing to make it better. editing stage - the step where you check your writing.

Text Features

Things such as heading, bulleted lists, and graphics that help a reader find important information

C + le

This pattern ends with "le" preceded by a consonant, and occurs in two-syllable words Examples: ap-ple ea-gle pur-ple ca-ble ti-le

Sidebars

added information in the margins that helps the reader understand additional information related to the reading

Identify and provide examples of rimes.

are "chunks" of words, a part of the word you can say. A chunk always looks the same and sounds the same. Make and Brake. or the term "rime" refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat).

Compares the written version of a literary text with an oral, staged, or filmed version.

by building connections to the text.

Define Rate

how fast they read

Identify and provide examples of segmenting.

is the process of hearing a spoken word and being able to identify its phonemes. Table /t/ /a/ /bl/

identify how point of views impact the overall structure of a literary or informational text

bias- Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue., how they experience it. details they share

How does the human digestive system work?

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; removes wastes.

Authoritarian (structure of gov)

central power is in a single or collective executive--legislative and judicial bodies have little input (Nazi germany, former soviet union, China)

Unitary (structure of gov)

centralized gov holds most/all of power and authority (France, Japan)--separate states do not exist--local and national gov exists but nothing in between---gov can abolish all other forms of gov within the country

causes of the american revolution (1775-1783)

colonists did not like that they war ebbing taxed on goods without representation when the goods were never taxed. parliament took off tax except for tea (Tea act of 1773) -Boston Tea Party- boston colonists got disguised as native americans and and boarded a ship that was in their port full of taxed british tea, and overthrew all the tea

Distinguishes among common letter-sound correspondences and spelling conventions.

common letter-sound: the sounds represent by letters, sounds represent letters in the alphabet. Spelling conventions: rules like: spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar, - makes writing more readable

How do mathematics and technology assist in different kinds of scientific inquiry?

conducting investigations and looking for explanations to questions about the physical world

14th amendment

declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans.

What kinds of physical systems led to the creation of the grand canyon?

erosion by the colorado river

Presidential (structure of gov)

executive branch clearly sep from legislative and judicial branches. all 3 must cooperate for policy to be consistent (especially exec/legislative) (US)

Compare the basic components of teaching phonological awareness, such as blending, segmenting, substitution, and deletion

Blending: when they blend letters to make a word segmenting: take a word and stretch it out to make letters substitution: deletion:

Ways infection can spread

By contact, airborne-route, fecal-oral route, sexual contact, direct inoculation, and vehicle or vector.

Examples of measuring instruments?

Caliper; Accelerometer; Microscope; Telescope; Hydrometer; etc.

what are the causes and effects of the Cold War

Causes and Effects of WWII 1- Treaty of Versailles in signed and enforced Germany is completely ruined militarily, economically, and a strong sense of Nationalism begins. 2- Germany prints off massive amounts of money to pay off World War I reparations Germany experiences Hyperinflation 3- Hyperinflation hits Germany Germans can't afford everyday goods to support their family. 4- Hitler goes to the Rhineland, Italy invades Ethiopia, Japan takes over Manchuria The League of Nations does nothing. 5- Non-aggression pact is signed between two major world powers. Germany and the Soviet Union agree to split Poland and not attack each other 6- Germany uses Blitzkrieg in Poland Germany overwhelms Poland with a "lightning war" and easily defeat them which makes Great Britain and France declare war on Germany 7- Germany invades Poland World War II begins 8- Americans do not want to join the war in Europe. United States passes the Neutrality Acts 9- Great Britain goes bankrupt which makes Cash and Carry impossible, so US thinks of new way to help them win war. United States passes Lend Lease Act 10- Japanese attack American base at Pearl Harbor. United States declares war on Japan 11- American factories need more workers to increase production during war. Millions of women and minorities work in factories for the war effort. 12- Americans are suspicious of Japanese after Pearl Harbor attacks. Japanese Americans are placed in internment camps 13- American and British forces lead invasion into France and march towards Germany D-Day is a success and France is freed. 14- Allied forces are about to capture Berlin. Hitler commits suicide and German surrenders to Allied Forces Cold War Begins when WWII ends, the US and USSR are the two superpowers in the world Causes of Cold War - The Soviet Union wanted to spread its ideology of communism worldwide, which alarmed the Americans who followed democracy. - The acquisition of atomic weapons by America caused fear in the Soviets. - Both countries feared an attack from each other adhering to mutual mass destruction. - The Soviet Union's action of taking control over Eastern Europe was a major factor for US suspicions. - The US President had a personal dislike of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. - America was annoyed by the Soviet Union's actions in the part of Germany it had occupied. - The Soviets feared that America would use Western Europe as a base to attack it. Effects of Cold War - Both the USA and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles. - The military blocs, NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed. - Led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War. - The Berlin Wall was demolished and the two German nations were unified. - The Warsaw Pact disintegrated. - The Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics achieved independence. - America became the sole superpower of the world. - Communism collapsed worldwide.

Independent

Developed focus, sufficiently adequate craft

What causes earthquakes?

The quake, or shaking, is caused bybthe vibrations resulting from the break and sudden discoloration in the earth's crust. It can also be caused by a volcanic eruption, or even bynsome man-made explosions.

How do food chains become food webs?

The simple food chain from grass seed to cat joins with other food chains to form a network, or food web.

High Tides

Water level is higher than average sea level

Low Tides

Water level is lower than average sea level

What is weather?

Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time

Recognizes various stages of language acquistion. (e.g. WIDA taxonomy)

flash cards WIDA taxonomy entering, beginning, developing, expanding, bridging, English proficient

how does fluency impact comprehension

fluency is reading how you talk and that helps you comprehend the words/story better

Sometimes when two chemicals are combined, a chemical reaction takes place. What are some of the signs of such a chemical reaction?

formation of a precipitate, change in color, formation of gas, increase or decrease in temperature/heat.

Citing specific textual evidence.

giving credit for quotations or ideas taken from other writers

Silk Road

he name of the trade route between Europe and China?

1 kilometer

= 1000 meters

How does an electrical circuit work?

An unbroken path formed by electrical conductors through which electricity can flow.

Developing

Meaning in text with words, spaces, sentences

Does air take up space?

Yes

Geography

is the spatial study of the earth's surface

Rising action

the series of conflicts or struggles that build a story toward a climax.

who is McCarthy and what is mccarthyism

he was a republican senator who stated he had a list of known communists who were working in the state Department. he later expanded his attacks against the army. he was then discredited in 1954 by the U.S. Senate.

civil rights act of 1964

outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions.

affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

nouns

person, place, thing, or idea

Federalism (structure of gov)

powerful state governments that give up some of their power to a single central gov -(US, Brazil, India) -a c-depedency develops between states and central gov--gov cannot abolish gov of a specific state

WIDA level = expanding

Advanced Intermediate if all of these following criteria are met -understand and speaks conversational English without difficulty but understands and speaks academic English with some hesitancy -continues to acquire reading and writing skills in content areas needed to achieve grade level expectations with assistance

cold war

America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1980. Neither side ever fought the other but they did 'fight' for their beliefs using client states who fought for their beliefs on their behalf e.g. korean war

Tier Two words

(academic vocabulary) are far more likely to appear in written texts than in speech, and they appear in all kinds of texts: informational texts (words such as relative, vary, formulate, specificity, and accumulate), technical texts (calibrate, itemize, periphery), and literary texts (misfortune, dignified, faltered, unabashedly).

Tier Three words

(domain-specific words) are specific to a domain or field of study (lava, carburetor, legislature, circumference, aorta) and key to understanding a new concept within a text.

Roots of Manifest Destiny

*Economic- new land for farmers; new trade routes and markets *Political- expansion of the nation's territory; expansion of slavery *Social- remove Native Americans

unreliable sources

- Wikipedia 1) website is poorly made - has grammar or spelling errors 2) if they are selling things - adds/popups 3) About Us is Vague - who is paying for it 3) If it is Wikipedia or if it is made public so anyone can edit/add 4) Has no author/no dice with the exception of editorials 5) if it has personal opinions

what was the Marbury v Madison decision in the supreme court and what did it establish

- at the end of his term, john adams made many federal appointments, including marbury, but did not finish papers within his term time. Marbury assumed his role but was denied by the new president, Thomas Jefferson and his Secretary of State, James Madison. marbury sued madison. Marshall said the Judiciary Act of 1789 was illegal and not to be followed. this was the first time - Supreme Court struck down a law because it was unconstitutional. It was the beginning of the practice of "judicial review." (1803)

Identify and provide examples of syllables.

The number of times that you hear the sound of a vowel is the number of syllables in a word. When two (or more) vowels are next to each other, the number of syllables depends on the number of vowel sounds. examples: free (1 syllable), eat (1 syllable), & bio (2 syllables) cart-1 syllable into-2 syllables afternoon-3 syllables altogether- 4 syllables

what were the weaknesses in the articles of confederation that led to its replacement by the constitution and why were they written in such a way

-Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size. -Congress had not have the power to tax. -Congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. -There was no executive branch to enforce any acts passed by Congress. -There was no national court system. -Amendments to the Articles of Confederation required a unanimous vote. -Laws required a 9/13 majority to pass in Congress. -----b/c no state wanted to give up any rights or sovereignty to a strong centralized government.

plessy v ferguson

-Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car and was arrested -a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Setting

The place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.

Why do planets circle the sun?

The planets all formed from this spinning disk-shaped cloud, and continued this rotating course around the Sun after they were formed. The gravity of the Sun keeps the planets in their orbits. They stay in their orbits because there is no other force in the Solar System which can stop them.

What causes seasons?

-The tilt of the earth's axis -we receive the Sun's rays most directly in the summer. In the winter, when we are tilted away from the Sun.

brown v board of ed

-eight-year-old Linda Brown, who had to travel a great distance to attend grade school while white children went to a school a few blocks away. -On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Supreme court ruled that education must be available to all children on equal terms. Separate is not Equal.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

-ended the Mexican-American war -Mexico ceded parts of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Kansas, and Wyoming -U.S. takes 1/3 of Mexican territory -Texas is made a state

major ideas in the declaration of independnce and their impact

-political ideas in america -why former colonists felt justified in separating from great britain

Oregon Trail

-route taken to reach Oregon Territory -Oregon needed to be settled in order to remove threat of British invasion/intrusion. -many farmers wanted to go to Oregon Territory to start up a farm or store

causes of great depression

-stock prices increased -many workers lost their jobs before crash of 1929 -new construction and auto sales sagged -banks did not have enough money

Manifest Destiny

-the idea that it was the United States' God-given right to expand from sea to shining sea -Westward expansion, growth, acquisition of new territories, removal of Native Americans, allowed religious groups some religious freedom

Mexican- American War

-war between Mexico and the United States in order to settle the border of between the United States and Mexico, and to decide Texas' fate -considered to be a "war of aggression" because it was purposely started by the United States as a means of fulfilling its Manifest Destiny and expansion -Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

when water freezes the thermometer shows:

0 degrees Celsius on the left side, but on the right side it shows 32 degrees Fahrenheit

Identifies roots and affixes to decode unfamiliar words 1) Roots 2) Affixes

1) A basic word to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added is called a root word because it forms the basis of a new word. The root word is also a word in its own right. For example, the word lovely consists of the word love and the suffix -ly. In contrast, a root is the basis of a new word, but it does not typically form a stand-alone word on its own. For example, the word reject is made up of the prefix re- and the Latin root -ject, which is not a stand-alone word. EXAMPLES: http://www.readingrockets.org/article/root-words-roots-and-affixes -the latin root "ambi"→means both→ambiguous, ambidextrous -the latin root "aqua"→means water→aquarium, aquamarine 2) An affix is added to the root of a word to change its meaning. An affix added to the front of a word is known as a prefix. One added to the back is known as a suffix. Sometimes, prefixes are hyphenated. **EXAMPLES: -incapable (The affix is the prefix in.) -ex-President (The affix is the prefix ex-.) -laughing (The affix is the suffix ing.) -Most Common Prefixes. The four most common prefixes aredis-, in-, re-, and un-. These account for over 95% of prefixed words. -Most Common Suffixes. The four most common suffixes are-ed, -ing, -ly, and -es. These account for over 95% of suffixed words.

How does the Electoral College work?

1) Each state is awarded a certain number of Electoral College votes (ECVs). 2) This number is equal to that state's representation in Congress - the number of Senators (2) plus the number of Representatives. Thus, in 2008, California had 55 ECVs while Wyoming had only 3. 3) There are a total of 538 ECVs. 4) To win the presidency, a candidate must win an absolute majority of ECVs - that is, 270. 5) Whichever candidate wins the most popular votes in a state receives all the ECVs of that state. This is not in the Constitution, but 48 of the 50 states have a state law requiring it. 6) The other two states - Maine and Nebraska - award ECVs on a different basis, depending on who wins the presidential vote in each congressional district. 7) The Electoral College never meets together. The Electors meet in their respective state capitals on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December and send their results to the vice-president in Washington DC. 8) If no candidate wins 270 ECVs, the president would be elected by the House of Representatives, each state having 1 vote - that is, a total of 50 votes. 9) The vice-president would be elected by the Senate, each Senator having 1 vote - that is, a total of 100 votes. 10) The winners would need to receive an absolute majority of the votes in the respective chambers. 11) Only twice has the Electoral College failed to come up with a winner and the election been thrown to Congress - 1800 and 1824

Distinguishes among common letter-sound correspondences and spelling conventions Letter-Sound Correspondences: 1) What are letter-sound correspondences? 2) Why is knowledge of letter-sound correspondences important? 3) What sequence should be used to teach letter-sound correspondence? Spelling Conventions (or conventional spelling?) 1A) What is it?

1) Letter-sound correspondences involve knowledge of the sounds represented by the letters of the alphabet the letters used to represent the sounds 2) Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences is essential in reading and writing -In order to read a word: the learner must recognize the letters in the word and associate each letter with its sound -In order to write or type a word: the learner must break the word into its component sounds and know the letters that represent these sounds. Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and phonological awareness skills are the basic building blocks of literacy learning. These skills are strong predictors of how well students learn to read. 3) -Letter-sound correspondences should be taught one at a time. As soon as the learner acquires one letter sound correspondence, introduce a new one. -We suggest teaching the letters and sounds in this sequence: a, m, t, p, o, n, c, d, u, s, g, h, i, f, b, l, e, r, w, k, x, v, y, z, j, q -This sequence was designed to help learners start reading as soon as possible: *Letters that occur frequently in simple words (e.g., a, m, t) are taught first. *Letters that look similar and have similar sounds (b and d) are separated in the instructional sequence to avoid confusion. *Short vowels are taught before long vowels. *Lower case letters are taught first since these occur more frequently than upper case letters. -The sequence is intended as a guideline. Modify the sequence as required to accommodate the learner's *prior knowledge *interests *hearing INFO: Start by teaching the sounds of the letters, not their names. Knowing the names of letters is not necessary to read or write. Knowledge of letter names can interfere with successful decoding. -For example, the learner looks at a word and thinks of the names of the letters instead of the sounds. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1A) When children use phonetic spelling, they are applying their growing knowledge of phonemes, the letters of the alphabet, and their confidence in the alphabetic principle.

Distinguishes high frequency sight words from decodable words appropriate for particular grade 1)high frequency sight words 2) decodable words

1) Sight words, often also called high frequency sight words, are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode. Advocates of whole-word instruction believe that being able to recognize a large number of sight words gives students a better start to learning to read. Recognizing sight words automatically is said to be advantageous for beginning readers because many of these words have unusual spelling patterns, cannot be sounded out using basic phonics knowledge and cannot be represented using pictures.[citation needed] For example, the word "was" does not follow a usual spelling pattern, as the middle letter "a" makes an /ɒ~ʌ/ sound and the final letter "s" makes a /z/ sound, nor can the word be associated with a picture clue since it denotes an abstract state (existence). The term sight words is often confused with the recognition of words by sight, or otherwise called sight vocabulary, which is defined as each person's own bank of vocabulary that the person recognizes instantly without having to decode Examples: http://readingkingdom.com/blog/2011/04/20/how-to-teach-kids-sight-words/ 2) Decodable text is a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction. With this type of text, new readers can decipher words using the phonics skills they have been taught. To become a proficient reader, the child MUST develop and practice correct phonologic processing. Decodable text provides the child material he has the skills to decode correctly. Decodable text allows the child to use and develop correct print to sound phonologic processing pathways and avoid the potential of developing incorrect reading strategies. Decodable text helps children build necessary skills! Decodable text is a type of text often used in beginning reading instruction. With this type of text, new readers can decipher words using the phonics skills they have been taught. EXAMPLES: For instance, children could decode a phrase such as "Pat the fat rat" if they had been taught the letter-sound associations for each letter—that 'p' stands for the sound /p/, 'a' for the sound /a/, etc. mat, pan, tap, can, cap, pan, man, tan, ran, cup, wet, wag, yet, web, wig, hop, nap, fun, rob, mop OVERALL: Some sight words cannot be sounded out, like was. Whereas, decodable words can be sounded out, such as mop, like /m/,/o/,/p/. Sight words are essential words used a lot and it's critical that children are able to identify them by sight. Decodable words, is learning what they are by sounding them out.

are 1 and 2 prime numbers?

1--no 2--yes

Research process

1. Define the research problem 2. Review the evidence 3. Make the problem precise 4. Work out a design 5. Carry out the research 6. Interpret the results 7. Report the findings

characteristic of active listening

1. Smile-Combined with nods of the head, smiles can be powerful in affirming that messages are being listened to and understood. 2.. Eye Contact-Combine eye contact with smiles and other non-verbal messages to encourage the speaker. 3. Posture-The attentive listener tends to lean slightly forward or sideways whilst sitting. Other signs of active listening may include a slight slant of the head or resting the head on one hand 4. Mirroring- Automatic reflection/mirroring of any facial expressions used by the speaker can be a sign of attentive listening. These reflective expressions can help to show sympathy and empathy in more emotional situations. 5. Distraction-Automatic reflection/mirroring of any facial expressions used by the speaker can be a sign of attentive listening. These reflective expressions can help to show sympathy and empathy in more emotional situations.

identify elements of engaging oral presentation

1. What is your story? State Main Idea Provide adequate support for ideas 2. Who is your audience? 3. Pacing Clarity-Express ideas clearly 4. Dress appropriately Make eye contact Transitions 5. Making effective Slides 6. Charts and Data 7. Talk-Do not read. Allow time for quesiton and answers. Introduction, Body, Conclusion, Delivery Methods, Preparation, Delivery, Language, Visual Aids

Water boils at

100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit.

Immigration patterns in the United States in the 19th and 20th Century

1870 steam powered larger and faster ships with lower fares allowing for europeans to come to the United States. This particular time was referred to as the flood of immigrants.

works progress administration board (WPA)

1935-Harry Hopkins generated public jobs for the unemployed. employed ppl from the relief rolls for 30 hours of work a week at pay double that of the relief payment but less than a private employment.

fair labor standard act

1938, Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum wage and maximum hour standards. Child labor under the age of 16 was forbidden. passed by fdr

woman's suffrage and the 19th amendment

19th AMENDMENT-prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex in 1920. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the amendment and first introduced it

if a movie ticket was $5 last week and this feel is $6 what was the percent increase

6-5=1/5x100=.20 ..... 20% increase

1 Liter Milk, soda and other drinks are often sold in liters.

= 1,000 Milliliters

1 kilogram A dictionary has a mass of about one kilogram.

= 1,000 grams

1 tonne hings like cars, trucks and large cargo boxes are weighed using the tonne.

= 1,000 kilograms

1 centimeter A fingernail is about one centimeter wide.

= 10 millimeters

1 meter The length of this guitar is about 1 meter

= 100 centimeters

1 milliliter

= 20 drops of water.

Gram A paperclip weighs about 1 gram.

=paper clip

compound complex sentence

A combination of a compound and a complex sentence. Because the swamp is near you back door, you might expect the Creature from the Black Lagoon to put in an appearance and tear apart Uncle Al's fishin' shack if it is in his way. Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

How are prescription medicines and over-the-counter medicines different?

A drug is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. Prescripton: Prescribed by a doctor,Bought at a pharmacy, & Prescribed for and intended to be used by one person. Over-the-Counter: Drugs that do NOT require a doctor's prescription & Bought off-the-shelf in stores.

figurative language

A form of language use in which writers and speakers convey something other than the literal meaning of their words.

Why does the sound that accompanies a lightning strike come after the flash of light?

The speed of light is faster than the speed of sound

What is a map projection and what kinds of decisions does it force mapmakers to make?

A map projection is any method of representing the surface of a sphere or other 3 dimensional body on a plane. Map projections force mapmakers to deligate an accurate as possible map of the earth on a plane. Some things will be distorted, while other things will not be. It is up to the mapmaker to choose and decide what to portray on a map so that it meets the needs of the purpose intended.

Why does a mirror reflect light while a lens lets it pass through?

A mirror is a reflective surface. Light passes through the glass and hits the silver backing, reflecting off of it. (The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.) A lens, on the other hand, does not reflect light; it refracts it. After entering the glass, light refracts differently depending on the shape of the lens and also creates a focal point where the refracting light comes to a point. This differs for different lenses -- convex or concave -- which is why there are different lenses for different types of eyeglasses.

Consonant Digraph

A pair of consonants that makes a single sound that is different from each individual letter sound.

Explain how visual and oral elements enhance the meaning and effect of literary text. Picture Book, graphic Novel, Multimedia presentation of a folktale)

A picture creates a thousand words. By creating feelings and connections with characters in a text, readers become more involved in story events

narrative poems

A poem that tells a story

Define and Identify the Moral to Comprehend Literature and Informational Text

A practical lesson about right and wrong conduct often stated at the conclusion of an instructive story such as a fable.

Echo

A reflected sound wave

Meter

A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

Summary

A retelling of the most important parts of what was read. a brief statement or account of the main points of something.

simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause. An independent clause. It has a subject and a verb, and that's pretty much it. The giant chopped down the bean tree.

compound sentence

A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions. A sentence structure made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Don't open the door or a deadly smell will kill you.

crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. -2st race success, others failure

suffix

A word or letter placed after the root. an affix that is added at the end of the word

Vowel Team (Talkers) (VVC) (Digraphs)

A word or syllable contains two adjacent vowels, in which the fist vowel is long Examples: rain, day, see, meat, toe, suit

R-Controlled (Bossy r)

A word or syllable containt a vowel followed by "r" in which the vowel sound is altered by the /r/ Examples: car, her, horn, sharp, clerk, storm, churn

Vowel Team (Whiners) (VVC) (Diphthongs)

A word or syllable lthat contains two adjacent vowels, in which the vowels say neither their long nor their short sounds, but "whines" a very different sound Examples: fault, joy, foil, loud, cool, look

Closed Syllable (CVC, VC, VCC)

A word or syllable that contains only one vowel and is followed by one or more vowel Examples: sat, bed, fin, sand, bunch, up, on

pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun a word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g., I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g., she, it, this ).

verbs

Action Words tell of something being done Mrs. Ramey HAS SEEN the Colleseum. A word that expresses mental or physical action.

Idiom:

An idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only known through common use. One example of an idiom would be to say, "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket." Many idioms that are frequently used are also considered clichés.

reliable sources

Any source that has competence in the field of interest, without any biases or conflicts of interest related to the topic.

Beginning Sounds Emerge -4

At this stage, children begin to see the differences between a letter and a word, but they may not use spacing between words. Their message makes sense and matches the picture, especially when they choose the topic

Why do monuments in Egypt last for thousands of years, while the same monuments transported to northern climates deteriorate very quickly?

Because in the Egyptian desert, there is very little rain so monuments do not erode away as quickly. Rain causes erosion, a powerful force that degrades stone and rock relatively quickly.

What causes a volcano to erupt?

Because of the intense build-up of pressure deep within the Earth which forces holt melted rock (magma), ash and gases up to the surface, under tremendous pressure, through the vent. Magma, ash, hot gases and fragments of roc erupt into the atmosphere and pour out over the surrounding land. After magma erupts from within a volcano, it is called lava; lava flows down the sides of the volcano, adding rock as it cool. Volcanoes are very destructive natural processes. The ancient Romans city of Pompeii was buried under waves of lava and ash from the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD. A volcanic eruption may also trigger a tsunami, a giant tidal wave which causes even more destruction.

The greatest difference in water level between a low tide and a high tide occurs because of what alignment of the Moon, Sun, and Earth?

Because the sun and moon are lined up and "pull" on the earth in opposite directions. Spring Tide has the maximum range between high and low tides. This occurs during the full moon, when the earth is between the sun and moon.(Sun-Earth-Moon).

WIDA level=Entering

Beginning/Preproduction if the pupil does not understand or speak English with the exception of a few isolated words or expressions

WIDA level = Beginning

Beginning/Production if all of the following criteria are met: -understand and speaks conversational and academic English with hesitancy -the pupil is at a pre-emergent or emergent level of reading and writing below grade level

What is the "inside" of Earth like?

Beneath the relatively thin crust of the earth lies the mantle, below the mantle, the core. The center of the earth is about 4,000 miles from the surface.

punctuation

The use of certain marks to clarify meaning of written material by grouping words grammatically into sentences and clauses and phrases

word choice

The way the writer carefully selects words to give precise descriptions, create a particular mood, and increase the impact of their writing.

Are most cells flat? What do electron-microscope pictures show us about cell shape?

Cells come in a variety of shapes depending on what the function of the cell is; there are an infinite number of cells on the planet so it is nearly impossible to tell; Cells are usually not flat. They are flattened when we prepare them for optical microscope slides. There have been plenty of electron microscope pictures of various cells from the human body -- a good example would be the donut-shaped red blood cell, which is definitely not flat.

Consonants Represent Words-5

Child begins to leave spaces between their words and may often mix upper- and lowercase letters in their writing. Usually they write sentences that tell ideas

Standard Spelling-8

Children in this phase can spell most words correctly and are developing an understanding of root words, compound words, and contractions. This understanding helps students spell similar words

Initial, Middle, and Final Sounds-6

Children in this phase may spell correctly some sight words, siblings' names, and environmental print, but other words are spelled the way they sound. Their writing is readable.

What is climate?

Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere of a specific place over a long period of time

Interprets visual and multimedia elements in literary and informational texts.

Concepts of print need to be expanded to include graphics, with instruction in how to read and analyze graphical devices such as diagrams, timelines, and tables

Conventions

Conventions involve correctness in sentence formation, usage, and mechanics. The writer has control of grammatical conventions that are appropriate to the writing task. Errors, if present, do not impede the reader's understanding of the ideas conveyed.

How do lenses help nearsighted and farsighted people?

Convex are thicker in the middle and thin out at the edges. These lenses magnify and are used for reading glasses and to correct long-sightedness (hyperopia). Concave lenses are thin in the middle and thick towards the edges. These lenses shrink things and are used to correct short-sightedness (myopia). A good example of this is to take a spoon and look at your reflection in it. Looking at the concave side of the spoon (the front) will make you look smaller, looking at the convex side of the spoon (the back) will make you look bigger.

Which types of lenses magnify and which types produce an image reduced in size?

Convex lenses form real images and concave lenses form virtual images. But there is one case in which convex lens also forms virtual images. This is when object is placed between Principal Focus "F" and Optical Centre "O"

adverbs

Describe actions (verbs); often end in -ly describe the verb (quickly, slowly) A word in a sentence that answers the questions how? when? where? how often? to what extent? and tells more about another verb or adjective. And most words ending in -ly

Bridging

Develops several ideas on surface of specific topic, some coherence and organization,

longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

Identify how structural elements contribute to the development of literary text as a whole.

background, changing point, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

Pre-conventional

Drawing with Letters.

Early Preconventional

Drawing with details.

Dred scott case

Dred Scott was a man born into slavery 1846 -He traveled to many places with his owners, including free states -Due to traveling to free states, he went to court debating his freedom and rights -The court denied all of his pleas, and awarded him no freedom -Judge Taney ruled that all slaves were property not citizens, so Congress had no right to grant them freedom -This pleased the South, but outraged the North, leading eventually to a Civil War

How do drugs, alcohol, tobacco affect the body?

Drugs are chemicals that change the way your brain and body work. Drugs can be swallowed, inhaled, smoked, or injected. Whichever way you take drugs, they end up in your blood and go to all parts of your body. Alcohol can cause short-term and long-term damage to your body (brain, heart, stomach, liver, & reproductive system. Tobacco affect the body by the brain, mouth, heart, lungs, skin, & muscle.

When does a solar eclipse happen?

During the day, when the moon passes directly between the Earth and the sun

falling action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

Hyperbole:

Exaggerating, often in a humorous way, to make a particular point is known as hyperbole. One of example of hyperbole would be to say, "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we were having for dessert. PURPOSEFUL EXAGGERATION FOR EFFECT

Fluent

Expanded focus, purposeful crafting, moving toward complexity

Developing Discovery

Expanded statements, moving toward more development

Expanding

Explores topic with focus, beyond surface, control of some aspects of writer's craft

New Deal

FDR put this program into place during his presidency. it was a way to help stop the depression. the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt's New Deal permanently changed the federal government's relationship to the U.S. populace.

How do earthquakes create mountain ranges?

First, both volcanoes and earthquakes form where one plate sinks under the other. This process, called subduction, takes place because one plate is denser than the other. The denser plate, which invariably has oceanic crust on its top, does the sinking. Second, only earthquakes occur when two plates collide (obduct), building a mountain range.

WIDA Level = English proficient/Now Fully English proficient

Formerly limited if all the following criteria are met: -pupil was formerly limited English proficient and is now fully English proficient -pupil reads, writes, speaks and comprehends English within academic classroom settings

vietnam war-major causes and outcomes

France owned the whole area for a long time. they had problems during WWII which brings many people back home and control loosens. Japan comes in and does their thing for some time. then Japan loses WWII France tries to regain control. Ho Chi Minh asks US to tell France to leave them alone US (Pres Eisenhower) says that France is our friend, and has a historical right to the place. Ho Chi Minh goes to communist China, and asks for their help, they agree Vietnamese kick out French. Vietnam is divided - US and S. korea (non communists) fought against China and N. Korea (communists)--USSR armed china with materials to fight. -US suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw. North Vietnam united the entire country, and the North and South became one Communist country, which is one of the few communist nations still in existance.

WIDA level = English Proficient/Never limited-English proficient

Fully-English proficient: -student was never classified as limited English proficient

characteristics and purposes of digital tools for interacting with others.

Games, apps, google docs,

Beginning

General topic developed with expanded list, simple sentences, some conventions

What kind of physical systems led to the creation of Yosemite Valley?

Glacial erosion

Greeks 500 BC

Greeks set up a very different form of government that became known as a democracy. In a democracy the people rule themselves. (Even so, not everyone in Greece was equal since only free men were allowed to vote.) Each Greek city-state was like an independent country because each one had its own government and its own laws. The Greeks made many major contributions to the development of Western civilization. For example, Greek architecture is still copied today. Modern theater is based on the principles established by the Greeks. They also made key discoveries in mathematics, science, and medicine. Euclid discovered the basic rules of geometry. Archimedes found out how to measure the circumference of a circle as well as the law governing floating objects in water. Hippocrates attacked the use of magic in medicine and wrote a code of ethics for doctors. But the greatest contribution of all was in the field of philosophy. The word philosophy means "love of wisdom." The ideas of Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who lived in the city-state of Athens, have shaped and guided the way Westerners have thought through the ages. They asked hard questions about the meaning of life, the true nature of the world, and the proper role of citizens.

Ways that electric energy can be converted to heat, light, and motion?

Heat: by using steam turbines. Water is boiled and turns to steam, the expanding steam turns a turbine, which drives a generator. ; Light: Light energy is converted into heat energy when plants take in sunlight (light energy) and convert it into heat energy when they respire and produce energy; Motion: Rub a ballon.

timing the tides

High and low tides happen around 50 minutes later each day at a given place. This happens because earth rotates faster than the moon orbits earth. If earth rotated at the same speed as the moon, tides would not alternate between high and low.

15th amendment

prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. (banning race-based voting qualifications).

How do different questions require different approaches and tools in the investigation stage?

If the focus is volume, you need a beaker; if the focus is egg drop, you need eggs; etc.; different variables and factors

Identify Key Details to Comprehend Literature and Informational Text

Important details in a story that support the main idea. go through the book and look for main key details and ask/make a list of what they learned about that subject to help them remember- like bears their fur, what they eat, where they live.

Rome

In 509 BCE the Romans drove the Etruscans and their king out of the city. The Romans did not like a monarchy so they established a new type of government called a republic. In the Roman republic, the voters elected representatives to run the government. These elected officials served in the Roman Senate. But Rome was not a true democracy. Only the most wealthy and powerful citizens were allowed to serve in the Senate.Map of Roman Empire Soon Rome grew more powerful and began conquering its neighbors. The Greeks in southern Italy fell first, and then the Romans defeated Hannibal and the Carthaginians from northern Africa. The Romans added additional provinces in France (called Gaul), Britain, and the Middle East. The genius of the Romans was their ability to govern their far-flung republic well. They did this through a unified set of laws, a skilled civil service, and a well-disciplined army. The Romans also built roads that connected Rome to every other part of the republic. The peace they established throughout their vast territory lasted many years and was called the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. All was not so peaceful back in Rome, however. Powerful army generals could control elections. One such leader was Julius Caesar, who defeated his rivals and made himself the sole ruler of Rome. On March 15 (the Ides of March) in 44 BCE, a group of rivals assassinated Caesar. This led to a long line of emperors. The old republic was dead.

origins of slavery in the US

In the early 17th century, European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper, more plentiful labor source than indentured servants (who were mostly poorer Europeans). After 1619, when a Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.

String of Letters -3

In the strings-of-letters phase, children write some legible letters that tell us they know more about writing. Children are developing awareness of the sound-to symbol relationship, although they are not matching most sounds. Children usually write in capital letters and have not yet begun spacing

Sophisticated

Insightful, expanded development with perspective, complexity, and significance, well-crafted

What is air pressure and how is it measured?

Is the force of the atmosphere pushing from every angle (the weight of the air above you). It is measured with a barometer in millibars.

When you are driving side by side with another car, why does the other car appear to be not moving, even though it is moving with the same speed as your car?

It appears to be standing still because with respect to your frame of reference (your car) it is not moving. This assumes that your car and the other one are not moving at, or near, the speed of light. (Relative speed/motion)

Letter-like Symbols-2

Letter-like forms emerge, sometimes randomly placed, and are interspersed with numbers. The children can tell about their own drawings or writings. In this stage, spacing is rarely present.

How can both of my parents have brown eyes and I have blue eyes?

Look at the genes.

melting pot v pluralism (multiculturalism)

MELTING POT-represents the dominant culture; everyone goes in, and whatever the majority is will surface. it encourages giving up the language and culture of their backgrounds in favor of the "American way." PLURALISM- replaced melting pot. understanding and appreciation of the cultural differences that people have. It focuses on society as a whole, and the uniqueness of each part that makes up the diverse population.

root words

Main part of the word that provides the word's basic meaning also known as 'base words'.

Identifies roots words and affixes to decode unfamiliar words.

Many English words are formed by taking basic words and adding combinations of prefixes and suffixes to them. A basic word to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added is called a root word because it forms the basis of a new word. The root word is also a word in its own right. For example, the word lovely consists of the word love and the suffix -ly. In contrast, a root is the basis of a new word, but it does not typically form a stand-alone word on its own. For example, the word reject is made up of the prefix re- and the Latin root ject, which is not a stand-alone word.

What is the difference betwen weight and mass?

Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in an object; weight is a measurement of how hard gravity is pulling on that object. Your mass is the same wherever you are--on Earth, on the moon, floating in space--because the amount of stuff you're made of doesn't change. But your weight depends on how much gravity is acting on you at the moment; you'd weigh less on the moon than on Earth, and in interstellar space you'd weigh almost nothing at all.

Prescription Medicines

Medicines that cannot be used safely without the written approval of a licensed physician

OTC

Medicines you can buy without a doctor's prescription

In which layer of the atmosphere is the aurora borealis displayed? What is the cause of the natural light show?

Mesosphere; photons from the Sun.

Why do stars twinkle and planets do not?

because stars are so far away that the light path of the star has to go through the atmosphere longer where there is more room for object to refract the light. planets are closer to the earth and seen as a disk. when something interrupts the light, it it only blocks a fraction of the planet. (also, planets are not a light source, they reflect the light off of the sun)

Main Cause of WW1

Militarism:; countries had built strong armies and navies to defend their own countries and colonies. Alliances:; European countries had joined alliances to better protect themselves. If one member of an alliance was attacked, the other members "got their back." Imperialism:; Rivalries developed as countries tried to grab colonies.; There was a lot of distrust during this time period. Nationalism:Citizens felt pride in their countries.Many countries wanted to be free from the control of stronger nations.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional (used by many southern states to prevent blacks from voting)

when and why did world war 2 occur

On December 7, 1941, the U.S. was thrust into World War II when Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor. The following day, America and Great Britain declared war on Japan. On December 10, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

What is meant by "survival of the fittest"?

Only those individuals best adapted to current conditions survive and reproduce.

The importance of phonics and word analysis in literacy development

PHONICS: -Phonics is an essential part of a comprehensive approach to the teaching of reading. -Phonics instruction needs to be explicit and direct; incidental and opportunistic approaches to developing phonics are less effective. -Phonics instruction can and must be meaningful, lively, and engaging; phonics should not be equated with repetitious drill or the mindless completion of worksheets. -In order for children to gain full use of phonics skills they need guidance in integrating them with other word identification skills and in strategically and fluently applying those skills. -In order for children to gain full use of phonics skills they need many opportunities to apply them to functional and interesting reading and writing activities. -While the development of phonics and other word identification skills is essential and necessary for skillful, mature reading, it is not sufficient; skillful mature reading must also build upon language, vocabulary, and concept development as well as a variety of thinking skills. WORD ANALYSIS: -When students engage in "word analysis" or "word study," they break words down into their smallest units of meaning — morphemes. Each morpheme has a meaning that contributes to our understanding of the whole word. As such, students' knowledge of morphemes helps them to identify the meaning of words and build their vocabulary. -If you provide students with opportunities to repeatedly practice analyzing unfamiliar vocabulary, their word analysis skills will continue to develop. Engage students individually, in pairs, or in small groups in a variety of games and activities, based on their individual abilities and needs. Consider ways in which you could modify the following games and activities to benefit struggling students: The mix-and-match game using roots, prefixes, and suffixes, A word search in social studies, science, and mathematics texts to find words with prefixes and suffixes

Delineates (fancy word for describe) common phonics and word recognition approaches for ELLs (pedagogy)

Phonics instruction aims to help new readers understand that there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken sounds. Students will benefit from learning and practicing sounds and symbols, including blended combinations. This is fairly common in the primary grades and ELLs may pick up the code very quickly and appear to be fairly proficient readers. However, it's important to remember that knowledge of phonics and decoding does not ensure good comprehension. Strategies for ELLs - Teach phonics in context Using literature and content material, you can introduce and reinforce: letter recognition beginning and ending sounds blends rhyming words silent letters homonyms - Use hands-on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships This can include using manipulatives such as counters, sound boxes, and magnetic letters. - Have students write for sound Say a short sentence that includes one or more words that include the target phonics feature(s). Ask students to listen carefully and then write what they heard. This activity trains students to listen for the individual sounds in words and represent them phonetically in their writing. - Help students make a connection between their first language and English For students with strong native language literacy skills, help them understand that the process of sounding out words is the same across languages. Explain some letters may make the same or similar sounds in both languages. Knowing this can help Spanish-dominant students, for example, as they learn to decode words in English.

Emergent

Pictures, letter/sound connection, attempts words, directionality

What happens if certain kinds of organisms, such as edible plants, are introduced or removed from a food chain?

Plant eaters run out of food. They must move on or strave. When too many plant-eating animals (herbivores - primary consumers) are in an ecosystem, they eat plants more quickly than new plants can grow. Carnivores (meat-eating animals) are attracted by herivores. The meat eaters prey on the number plant eaters. When the number of herivores declines, so does the number of carivores. Omnivores eat both meat and plants.

Renaissance

Rebirth of Learning

Why do different stars appear during different seasons?

Revolution (orbit) of the Earth around the sun

What is difference between a rock and a mineral?

Rocks are made up of minerals and minerals are formed naturally (elements/compounds).

What substances are found in concrete?

Sand and gravel bonded together by cement and water. Cement is a mixture of lime stone and clay.

Why is it claimed that scarcity is the basis for the discipline of economics

Scarcity is simply the concept that human wants (not human needs) exceed the resources available that are necessary to produce the goods used to satisfy those wants. Thus, scarcity is fundamentally the most important concept in economics, upon which all of the rest of the discipline rests.

How do ethics relate to scientific inquiry?

Science is a discipline of knowledge which involves many aspects of human thought and endeavor; ethics is concerned with human character and conduct

Exploration of Writing

Scribbles and marks on paper.

syntax

Sentence structure The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.

concepts of print

Should understand print conveys meaning, directionality, concept of word (word boundaries), one-to-one corresponding letter knowledge, phonemic awareness, and literacy language (author, illustrations, title...).

How does "skepticism" relate to scientific inquiry?

Skepticism is an honest search for knowledge. It is an approach to claims akin to the scientific method. Skepticism is based on a simple method: doubt and inquiry. The idea is to neither initially accept claims nor dismiss them

In what three ways do the inner planets differ from the outer planets

Smaller, denser, Rockier

What is the line of authority if the President and VP are incapacitated? Who are the new few in line?

Speaker of House President Pro Tempore Cabinet Officials in Order of Creation Secretary of State

Novice

Specific topic with supporting details and expansions, simple organization

Why roots, stems, and leaves important to plants?

Stems are the plant support system...they hold leaves up to mthe light and keepmfruits and flowers attached also a food & water highway; roots are the plants anchors...hold the plant firmly in the ground, absorbers...tiny hair take in water & minerals from the soil, and roots supply storage; leaves are the plants food factory.

How to Work Backwards:

Step 1: start with answer B or answer D. You'll do less work. Plug the answer into the problem

Name some appliances that can convert electrical energy, light energy, and energy in motion.

Stove/Oven, Light Bulb, Blenders/Electric Beaters.

paraphrasing

Taking someone else's thoughts and putting them into your own words as a way of summarizing them. Restating in your own words

Causes of the Cold War

The Cold War, a hostile rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, lasted from the late 1940s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The war was "cold" only in that the United States and USSR never fought each other in a direct military confrontation, but both superpowers threatened each other with nuclear annihilation and participated frequently in "proxy wars" by supporting allied nations in numerous "hot" wars in places like Korean, Vietnam), and Angola. The Cold War defined both countries' foreign policies through the second half of the twentieth century, as Americans and Soviets competed for allies to maintain and widen their respective spheres of influence around the world. Each side viewed the Cold War as a battle between civilizations; in the worldwide clash between American capitalism and Soviet Communism, only one could prevail. For more than forty years, the Soviet-American conflict hung heavy over global affairs, shaping the world with massive military buildups, a never-ending nuclear arms race, intensive espionage, and fierce technological competition as each side tried to gain the upper hand in preparation for the thermonuclear "hot war" all humans feared would someday come.

mayflower compact

The Mayflower Compact is a written agreement of the new Settlers arriving at New Plymouth in November of 1620. the Mayflower Compact was drawn up with fair and equal laws, for the general good of the settlement and with the will of the majority. The Mayflower's passengers knew that the New World's earlier settlers failed due to a lack of government. - first written laws for the new land. (foundation of the U.S. Constitution) -the 41 signers believed that covenants were not only to be honored between God and man, but also between each other

why were there waves of immigration after civil war

The US economy was booming with opportunities for lots of people with relatively few skills

why do we put an arrow at the end of a number line

The arrows on each end of the number line show us that the line stretches to infinity in both the negative and positive direction.

what are the elements of reading fluency

The components of fluency are automatically, prosody, accuracy and speed, expression, intonation and phrasing.

Why do stars appear to move across the sky each night while the pattern of stars stays the same?

The first is because the Earth is spinning and second because the Earth itself is moving around the Sun.

Evaluates the piece of writing for a specific task, purpose, and audience.

The five Features of Effective Writing are focus, organization, support and elaboration, style, and conventions.

How does the human circulatory system work?

The human body system that contians the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells.

Grammar

The linguistic description of how a language functions, especially the rules and patterns used for generating appropriate and comprehensible sentences.

What causes tides? What do "low tide" and high tide" mean?

The moon's gravitational force causes ocean water to bulge toward it, and when the gravity of both sun and earth act together, they make a high tide (Moon-Earth-Sun). The gravity of the moon and sun working against each other make a low tide (Earth-Moon-Sun). Low tides also occur during a new moon and a solar eclipse.

why tides happen

The moon's gravity pulls on the Earth. This causes the water that faces the moon to bulge. Water on the opposite side of the moon bulges, as well. Water bulges toward the moon on the side of the earth facing the moon. Water bulges away from the moon on earth's far side. As a result, these two sides of the earth experience high tide. The size of the earth, oceans, and moon are not drawn to scale.

How does a compass work?

The needle of a compass is a freely-rotating magnet, which aligns itself with the earth's natural magnetic field, and pointing in the same direction as the field.

Causes of WW II

There can be little doubt that one of the long term causes of the war was the anger felt in Weimar Germany that was caused by the Treaty of Versailles. Another long term cause was the obvious inability of the League of Nations to deal with major international issues. In the 1930's these would have been inManchuria and Abyssinia. In both conflicts the League showed that it was unable to control those powers that worked outside of accepted international law. In the case of Manchuria it was Japan and in Abyssinia it was Mussolini's Italy.

How is the energy of a rock sitting on top of a hill different fro the energy of a rock sitting at the bottom of the same hill?

There is no difference in the energy of the rock at the top of the hill and the energy of the rock at the bottom of the hill. There is a difference in the energy stored in the gravitational field, but not the rock.

Why does the position of a planet as seen from Earth change in relation to background of stars?

They change position against the background of the distant stars because they are much closer to us, and they are orbiting around the sun, as are we.

magna carta

This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.

Transitional Phases-7

This writing is readable and approaches conventional spelling. The writing is interspersed with words that are in standard form and have standard letter patterns.

american involvement in 1st world war

Though World War I started in August 1914, the United States—pursuing a policy of isolationism and diplomacy—did not officially enter the war until nearly three years later. When a German submarine sank the Lusitania in 1915, killing over 100 Americans, President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied until Jan. 31, 1917, when its resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare marked a turning point for U.S. involvement in the war. After seven U.S. vessels were sunk, President Wilson on April 2, 1917, asked Congress to declare war—which it did four days later thanks to wilsons 14 points.

Consonant Blend

Two or three consonants blended together. The sound that this blend makes is the sound of the consonants blended together.

The Native Americans

Uneducated Pagans. The Spanish, English, Dutch, and French all professed their desire to teach Native Americans the gospel of Jesus Christ. Indeed, spreading Christianity to the benighted peoples of the New World was a prime rationale for European colonization. However, propagating the faith always took place within a broader cultural context peculiar to the nationality of the colonists involved. Both the Spanish and the English thought in terms of transforming the Indians' way of life, but only the Spanish pursued that goal rigorously and made it the foundation upon which much of Spanish American culture was based. Of course it was arguably much more the result of European and Indian sexual intermingling than the monumental educational efforts jointly undertaken by the Catholic Church and the Spanish Crown. Moreover, in the borderlands of Florida, Texas, and New Mexico, Spanish success at acculturating the Indians was limited at best. The British too aimed at civilizing as well as Christianizing the Indians, but compared to the Spanish, whose mighty missionary efforts were driven by the powerful Catholic Church, the British commitment to propagating their faith and culture among Native Americans was desultory. Also bringing together the resources of their Catholic Church and Crown, the French missionary adventure in North America was extensively pursued through the Saint Lawrence River valley, the Illinois country, and down the Mississippi River valley to Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. Less intrusive and generally more accommodating than Spanish clerics, French priests nevertheless garnered thousands of converts and played a crucial role in forging a Franco-Indian alliance that dominated much of North America. The European missions to the Indians aside, the most fascinating educational story regarding the Indians concerned their adjustments to the European invasion of America that began with Columbus's arrival in 1492.

plagiarizing

Using someone else's ideas, words, or creative work without giving credit to that person.

Control Variable

Variables that could change, but are not allowed to; also called constants. Factor that stays the same through all phases of an experiment.

What is WIDA taxonomy?

WIDA is the acronym for "World-class Instructional Design and Assessment." What IS WIDA? WIDA is a consortium of states dedicated to the design and implementation of high standards and equitable educational opportunities for English language learners. More info: https://quizlet.com/56411681/praxis-ii-5001-wida-flash-cards/

How do ocean currents affect climate?

Warm and cool currents change temperatures where they meet land. Warm currents flow towards the poles, cool, and flow back to the Equator to be warmed again.

What ways other than the inquiry process have led to important new scientific ideas or discoveries?

engagement in scientifically oriented questions; priority given to evidence in responding to questions; explanations formed from evidence; connects explanations to scientific knowledge; communicates and justifies explanations

is zero and even or odd number

even bc it is in between odd numbers

What causes an object in motion to accelerate or slow down?

When a force acts on an object that is stationary or not moving, the force will cause the object to move, provided there are no other forces preventing that movement. If you throw a ball, you are pushing on it to start its movement. If you drop an object, the force of gravity causes it to move. If an object is initially stationary, it accelerates when it starts to move. Acceleration is the change in velocity over a period of time. The object is going from v = 0 to some other speed or velocity. Likewise, if an object is already moving and a force is applied in the same direction, the object will speed up or accelerate. For example, a gust of wind can speed up a saliboat.

Why does rubbing your hands together make them warmer?

When objects like your hands come in contact and move against each other, they produce friction. Friction happens when you overcome the resistance of one object rubbing against the other.

Personification:

When something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as personification. An example of personification would be to say, "The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon." A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

How do earthquakes create mountain ranges?

When the earth's tectonic plates push against one another, the buildiing pressure causes the edges of the plates to rise, forming mountain ranges.

Why is it that 3 is greater than 2, but 1/3 is less than 1/2?

When there is a denominator you are divide the numerator by the denominator. 1/3 means you are making 3 parts of 1. 1/2 means you are making 2 parts of 1. The more you make, the smaller each part is.

Onomatopoeia:

When you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it, this is known as onomatopoeia. One example of onomatopoeia would be to say, "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed." A word that imitates the sound it represents.

Assonance:

When you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase is it assonance. For example, "True, I do like Sue." Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity

context

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

Describe various ways in which an object can have several forces acting on it and still be at rest.

Yes, there are always forces acting upon things, even when at rest (although all motion is relative so nothing is really "at rest"). There are some that are visible to the naked eye. For example, wind and corrosion. There are also forces that are not visible to the naked eye. Like the forces that make the electrons spin around the nucleus, the forces that hold the object together, etc....

Inferences

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. logical deductions are made based on premises assumed to be true.

1st Person

a point of view (who is telling a story) where the story is narrated by one character at a time. This character may be speaking about him or herself or sharing events that he or she is experiencing. when the narrator is telling the story from his/her point of view, the word "I" is present outside of quotes

Prefix

a syllable or word that comes before a root word to change its meaning

Headings

a title or caption or a page, chapter section, etc. of a book; they appear in large, bold, or colored type at the begining of units, chapters, lessons, etc

Experimental variables

a variable, factor, trait or condition that is changed by the scientist within the experiment; also known as independent

intejections

a word (s) that shows strong feelings; usally exclamtion points or commas set these off

prepositions

a word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence Introduce prepositional phrase and always used with a noun or pronoun (about, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, beside, between, beyond, during, except, for, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, over, past, through, to, toward, under, until, up, with)

What is the "Ring of Fire"?

a zone located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, along the west coasts of South, Central and North America, and the east coasts of Asia, Japan, the Philippines, Australia and New Zealand, which is dotted by many volcanoes. This is also the site of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Name four reasons how the Spanish were able to defeat the Aztecs easily.

a. Cortes was thought to be an Aztec god b. Cortes allied with the Aztec's enemies c. The Spanish had better technology: horse, armor, weapons d. The Spanish brought disease with them (smallpox) which killed almost everyone

What were the reasons for the fall of the Incan empire?

a. The Inca were in a civil war when the Spanish arrived b. The Spanish took the Incan leader Atahualpa hostage and killed him a year later c. The Inca thought the Spanish were related to Inti the sun god

parts of speech

adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, verbs

articles of confederation (1781-1789)

adopted in 1777 after quarrel with great britain. it was an agreement among the 13 founding states and served as its first constitution. this gave states more power (they were scared of having a national gov that would become another monarchy)

Independent variables

are values that can be changed in a given equation or experiment. Think of it as your input. It represents information that you put in to the equation. is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher during an experiment. A variable that a scientist changes to find out how this change affects other variables in the experiment.

Dependent variables

are values that result directly from the independent variable. Ultimately, they depend on the independent variable. You do not put this information into the equation or experiment but instead observe or discover it. The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Syntactic Cues

how are the words put together. the rules and principles speakers of a language use to produce and understand language; determine whether the spoken or written communication sounds correct

what is the difference between the three tiers of vocabulary?

how detailed they are

Graphophonic Cues

how is meaning put together through sounds

Adaptation

inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Metaphor:

is a comparison made between things which are essentially not alike. , "Nobody invites Edward to parties because he is a wet blanket." A comparison without using like or as

Synecdoche:

is a figure of speech using a word or words that are a part to represent a whole. For example, referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche. A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole.

Metonymy:

is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced with a word that is closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States government. A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it

Cliché:

is a phrase that is often repeated and has become kind of meaningless. An example of a cliché is the expression "walk a mile in my shoes." An overused expression

understand the concept of point of view using evidence from the text

is the angle of considering things, which shows us the opinion, or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers "hear" and "see" what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc.

Tone

is the authors attitude toward his subject. 1. Identify words that carry strong emotions. 2 What do these words imply about the authors feelings? 3. Explain how the authors words show feeling.

Identify and provide examples of blending.

is the process of hearing the phonemes and being able to put them together (blend) to tell what the word is. The student must pull individual sounds together to make a word.

decision to drop atomic bombs inn Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

japanese rejected the unconditional surrender to the US. Truman decided to drop the bombs. - August 6, 1945, a plane called the ENOLA GAY dropped an atomic bomb on the city of HIROSHIMA. -On August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on NAGASAKI -Aug 14 Jap surrendered (formal surrender spet. 2)

parliamentary (structure of gov)

legislative/ executive branches are combined with a prime minister and cabinet selected from within the legislative body (Great Britain)

3 documents promoted the concept of limited gov and shaped the principles in the constitution.

magna carta petition of rights (1828) bill of rights

Define Accuracy

make no mistakes in pronunciation- add or omit things.

word order

n. A grammatical convention that orders the words in a sentence or paragraph on a page.

3rd Person

narration in stories where a detached person (someone who isn't directly involved in the action) tells you everything that goes down

is the square of a number always greater than the number?

no. (i.e.... 0[squared]= 0........... 1/4 [squared]= 1/8)

Symbolism:

occurs when a noun which has meaning in itself is used to represent something entirely different. One example of symbolism would be to use an image of the American flag to represent patriotism and a love for one's country.

13th amendement

officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. (1865) (banned slavery)

Simile:

often uses the words like or as. One example of a simile would be to say, "Jamie runs as fast as the wind." A comparison using "like" or "as"

what is the difference between prosody and automaticty

prosody: the patterns of stress and intonation in a language automaticty: is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with the low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice.

what is the difference between quantitative and qualitative measures when evaluating text complexity

quantitative: number rating qualitative: comments analyse

What are dominant and recessive traits?

raits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for the trait; traits that typically do not show in a person unless both genes for the trait are inherited.

Explain the impact of fluency on commprehension

reader reads a text it is important that he is able to efficiently decode and comprehend the individual words and complete phrases and sentences that he encounters. When he must stop at each word and spend time trying to pronounce it or determine its meaning he is unable to develop an overall understanding of the text. This aspect of fluency makes perfect sense to us.

Identify and provide examples of substituting.

requires the student to subtract, add , or substitute sounds in presented words. For example, "What word do you get when you take the /r/ off of rat?

How do storms form?

rising moist air- (warm air rises). storms involve high wind speeds. rotating air tends to spin counterclockwise and inward toward the middle.

The prime meridian

sits at 0 degrees longitude and divides the earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

The story of North American exploration

spans an entire millennium andinvolves a wide array of European powers and uniquely American characters. It began with the Vikings' brief stint in Newfoundland circa 1000 A.D. and continued through England's colonization of the Atlantic coast in the 17th century, which laid the foundation for the United States of America. The centuries following the European arrivals would see the culmination of this effort, as Americans pushed westward across the continent, enticed by the lure of riches, open land and a desire to fufill the nation's manifest destiny.

speeches

speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone who has accomplished something significant, lives in away that deserves praise, or is about to embark on an adventure

Work backwards means:

start with the answers and do the math in the reverse order described in the problem. You plug the answers in to see what works.

is the sum of two even numbers always even? what about the sum of two odd numbers?

sum of two even-YES sum of two odd-NO (1+1=2)

what are the differences between the syntactic, semantic, and graphophonic cueing systems?

syntactic: Syntax also refers to the rules and principles that govern sentence structure in a language, i.e., how words and phrases may be joined semantic: deals with interpretation and meaning of the words, sentence structure and symbols, while determining the reading comprehension of the readers how they understand others and their interpretations. graphonic cueing: to help readers determine if a word is logical or makes sense.

Identify and provide examples of deleting phonemes.

taking away a sound from a word. Such as Rat, if left out the R what sound is it? at.

Problem and solution of Informational Text

text organized by presenting an issue and working through to solve the issue

Egypt

the Nile River made it possible for Egyptian to live well, it also made it possible for the rulers of Egypt to live really well. These rulers built large palaces to show off their wealth. In time the rulers became known as pharaohs. The word pharaoh means "big house." It wasn't enough for a pharaoh to live in a great house; he also had to be buried in one. The pharaohs used slaves to build massive tombs called pyramids. Each new pharaoh wanted a grander tomb than the last pharaoh's. The pyramids kept getting bigger and bigger. The largest tomb, called the Great Pyramid, was built in 2530 BCE. Its base covered 13 acres. The Egyptians developed their own system of writing called hieroglyphics. This system was based on a series of pictures showing common objects such as a human eye. Later, a group of people known as the Phoenicians used pictures or symbols to represent sounds. This was the first alphabet.

origins of political parties in the US

the US no real political parties until after wahsington was president.. hamilton and jefferson had opposing views HAMILITON: wanted US to be deeply involved in other countries. wanted to side with britain. federalist. JEFFERSON: agraianist (wanted mostly farming). No international trade. no manufactures.no strong central gov. democrat. sided with france.

Define Fluency

the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. When reading aloud, fluent readers read in phrases and add intonation appropriately.

What are fossils and how are they formed?

the evidence found in rock, most often sedimentary rock, of presence of a plant or an animal from an earlier geological period. Fossils are formed when minerals in ground water replace materials in the organism's bone &tissue, creating a replica in stone of the organism, or of its tracks.

Phonological awareness

the knowledge that words have separate parts (syllables, onsets and rimes, phonemes). It also includes the ability to separate sentences into individual words.

Phonology

the study of speech sounds.

Place Value

the value of a digit that depends on the digit's position in a number; ones, tens, hundreds, tenths, hundredths, and so on.

confederation (structure of gov)

weak central government has limited authority, and the states have ultimate power. (US had this before constit.)

Semantic Cues

what does language mean. Knowledge about the meaning of words means more than just learning the meaning of individual words. Meaning includes understanding categories of words. Some of the categories that add depth of meaning are parts of speech (i.e., nouns, verbs, and adjectives), compound words, synonyms and antonyms, homonyms, idioms, and words with multiple-meanings

Argument writing

when someone finds a topic and evidence for the topic and creates a concise opinion on it Writing for the purpose of convincing the reader

fourteen points

wilsons peace plan presented in 14 points. first five points called for open rather then secret peace traits, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, and fair adjustment. the next 8 points addressed national aspirations of europeans and boundary adjustments. the 14t point-a general associations of nations to preserve peace.

adjectives

word used to modify or describe a noun or pronoun, such as "happy," "sad," or "pretty."

Tier One words

words are the words of everyday speech usually learned in the early grades.

conjunctions

words used to join words, phrases, or clauses for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Differentiates syllabication patterns

written with a single vowel standing by itself or with a single vowel at the end of a syllable. I, a, he, my, the, acorn, even, and final. The vowel sounds is usually long. The syllable is spelled with a single vowel at its end. aeiou. c=consonant, v=vowel, VCCV, VCV,

Benefits of Physical Fitness

•Control your weight •Reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease •Reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome •Reduce your risk of some cancers •Strengthen your bones and muscles •Improve your mental health and mood •Improve your ability to do daily activities and prevent falls, if you're an older adult •Increase your chances of living longer