Praxis 5623 Questions

Which of the following is most likely to be a component of an enrichment activity rather than part of an accelerate program? A. Participating in academic competitions B. Receiving credit by exam C. Taking college-level courses in high school D. Skipping subjects

A. Participating in academic competitions

On a snowy day the heat is not functioning properly in a portable classroom. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following types of needs is causing students to have difficulty focusing in class? A. Physiological B. Social C. Esteem D. Self-actualization

A. Physiological

In Ms. Prestage's ninth-grade English class is the second language for 11 of the 25 students. They represent four different language groups and have a wide range of English proficiency. One of Ms. Prestage's goals for this class is that "Students will develop speaking speaking and listening skills, both in formal presentations and informal discussions." To address this goal, she plans to have pairs of students interview and then introduce each other to the rest of the class. Which of the following has the potential for helping the students for whom English is a second language perform well in this activity? A. Presenting a model of an interview and an introduction in which a student from a previous year interviews Ms. Prestage and then introduces her B. Providing a set of written guidelines on conducting an interview and introducing another person C. Having students discuss among themselves what completing the activity successfully will require D. Providing a rubric by which both the interviews and the introductions will be evaluated

A. Presenting a model of an interview and an introduction in which a student from a previous year interviews Ms. Prestage and then introduces her

Which of the following is best for a teacher to do when establishing classroom rules? A. mention the rules once at the beginning of the school year B. State the rules in a forceful way to establish authority C. Explain why the established rules are necessary for enhancing student cooperation D. Create as many rules as possible to guarantee order and control in the classroom

C. Explain why the established rules are necessary for enhancing student cooperation

At the middle-school level, students develop the capacity to assume responsibility for reflecting on and documenting their academic progress. One effective way to encourage this development is to provide vital communication between the teacher and student concerning affective and academic matters. This type of assessment is known as A. a conference. B. an interview. C. a debriefing. D. a diary.

Correct Answer: A

Which type of test is used by classroom teachers to monitor their students' performance on a day-to-day basis? The tests are based on the curriculum. Results from these tests help teachers determine how much the students have learned. A. criterion-referenced tests B. norm-referenced tests C. achievement tests D. aptitude tests

Correct Answer: A

A teacher wants to learn how to implement an instructional strategy for the upcoming school year. Which of the following professional development practices will best help the teacher? A. Taking a graduate course B. Joining a learning community C. Obtaining an internship D. Attending a workshop

D. Attending a workshop

According to Bloom's Taxonomy, which of the following levels of understanding is best described as the ability to break information into parts to see how the parts relate to the whole? A. Comprehension B. Application C. Analysis D. Knowledge

C. Analysis

To determine how well the students in an eighth-grade class are reading as compared to other students in the nation, a teacher should examine the results of which of the following kinds of tests? A. A criterion-referenced reading test B. A norm-referenced reading test C. An aptitude test D. An informal reading inventory

B. A norm-referenced reading test

The administrators of a school are in the process of finalizing a decision to suspend a teacher for disciplinary reasons. They have provided the teacher with written notice of their intention to carry out the suspension and the dates the suspension will be effective. They have also provided the teacher with an explanation of why the administration is taking action of suspension. In addition, they have scheduled a meeting so that the teacher will have the opportunity to explain why the suspension should not be carried out. The scenario addresses issues most directly related to which of the following professional concerns? A. Liability B. Due process C. Equal access D. Confidentiality

B. Due process

Which of the following professional strategies is most likely to result in improved student motivation and academic performance? A. Each teacher employs the classroom management techniques with which he or she feels most comfortable B. Teachers collaborate to formulate, select, and monitor classroom management techniques and other classroom procedures based on successful experiences. C. A subset of teachers determines the rules to be given to the other teachers who then impose the rules in their classes. D. Teachers elect a colleague to represent them in working with the administration to determine a set of 5 best practices to be used at each teacher's discretion

B. Teachers collaborate to formulate, select, and monitor classroom management techniques and other classroom procedures based on successful experiences.

Students in a sixth-grade class are trying to find a way to deal with the problem of wasted food in the school lunchroom. They have invited the district director of food services to speak with the class. The students are at which of the following steps in the problem solving process? A. Develop criteria to evaluate possible solutions to the problem B. Brainstorm possible solutions to the problem C. Gather facts and information about the problem D. Develop a plan to implement the best solution to the problem

C. Gather facts and information about the problem

Michael, a middle school student diagnosed with an emotional disturbance, has difficulty controlling behaviors that interfere with his academic growth and development. Which of the following is the most effective teacher strategy for helping Michael focus on academics? A. Offering the student a wide variety of alternate assignments and projects B. Limiting rules to a few general guidelines to assist the student with developing positive social relationships C. Minimizing visual and auditory stimuli for the student and clearly outlining areas where specific behaviors are expected D. Accepting the student's behaviors with minimal acknowledgement unless the student poses a safety threat

C. Minimizing visual and auditory stimuli for the student and clearly outlining areas where specific behaviors are expected

Dan is one of the two students in Ms. Kane's fifth-grade class under the "least restrictive environment" provision. Dan has a very limited attention span and says he usually cannot follow what is going on in class. One of the IEP objectives for Dan is "Given a 10-12 minute lecture/oral lesson, Dan will take appropriate notes as judged by the teacher." Which of the following strategies has the best potential to help Dan meet this goal by the end of the year? A. Ms. Kane grades Dan's notes on lecture/oral lesson material and incorporates the grade into Dan's overall class grade B. Ms. Kane allows Dan to tape-record the lecture/oral lesson, rather than taking notes, and then listen to the tape at home to learn the material C. Ms. Kane provides Dan with a graphic organizer, or a skeleton outline, of the lecture so Dan can fill in the missing information as it is provided D. Ms. Kane seats Dan with a student he says he likes and allows Dan to ask that student questions as the lecture/oral lesson proceeds

C. Ms. Kane provides Dan with a graphic organizer, or a skeleton outline, of the lecture so Dan can fill in the missing information as it is provided

Which of the following instructional strategies is most commonly observed in middle-grade classes in which core subjects are integrated into the curriculum? A. The teacher focuses on individualized instruction, although small groups are used more for reading than for mathematics B. The teachers is careful to prepare students for seatwork so they have opportunities to complete tasks successfully C. The teacher focuses on whole-group discussions and uses various questioning, explaining, and probing techniques D. The teacher stops and reteaches material whenever necessary for students who do not understand the material

C. The teacher focuses on whole-group discussions and uses various questioning, explaining, and probing techniques

For the following learning goal, indicate the domain(s) with which it is associated. Students will label the States and their capitals on a map of the United States. A. Cognitive Domain B. Affective Domain C. Psychomotor Domain

Correct Answer: A Learning goal is associated with the cognitive domain because it includes recalling and matching data through cognitive skills.

A sixth-grade social studies teacher is collaborating with a special education teacher to develop a geography lesson that differentiates instruction for individual students based on their ability levels. Which of the following assessment strategies is best for the teachers to use to determine the students' skill levels to differentiate instruction for each learner? A.Administering a diagnostic benchmark test B.Examining the previous unit evaluation C.Generating individual rubrics D.Implementing student journals

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A benchmark test is a diagnostic assessment, which would gauge the students' knowledge on the topic, and the results could be used to guide the teachers on differentiating the lesson for both general and special education students.

Which of the following most accurately describes a criterion-referenced score? A. A score that indicates how well a student understands the specific content on the test B. A ranking that indicates how well a student understands the content relative to all of his or her peers C. A number that indicates a student's percentile rank relative to all other students in the district D. A value that compensates for the difference in difficulty between the test a student took this year and the test used last year

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A criterion-referenced score indicates how well a student understands the specific learning outcomes that are being measured.

Which of the following is most appropriate for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a student who is new to the school district? A. Diagnostic test B. Aptitude test C. Self-evaluation D. Interest survey

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A diagnostic test is used by a teacher to assess a student's skills and knowledge levels to determine areas of strength and weakness. A diagnostic assessment is the most appropriate way for a teacher to determine the instructional needs of a new student.

A teacher wants to use an informal assessment to monitor students' progress in writing. Which of the following assessments will best accomplish the teacher's goal? A.A journal entry from a portfolio B.A standardized state assessment C.A quiz requiring short answers D.An end-of-unit test with fill-in-the-blanks

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A journal entry is an informal assessment that can be used to monitor students' writing ability.

Which of the following is the primary difference between the role of a physical therapist and that of an occupational therapist? A.A physical therapist works directly to treat a person's injuries, while an occupational therapist helps to improve life skills through training with adaptive tools. B.A physical therapist is trained to treat teenagers with injuries, while an occupational therapist is trained to work with persons of all ages. C.A physical therapist is trained to modify the physical environment for the injured person, while an occupational therapist is not. D.A physical therapist is trained extensively in anatomy and the musculoskeletal system, while an occupational therapist is not.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A physical therapist is able to work more directly with a person to treat injuries. Occupational therapists focus more on evaluating and improving a person's functional abilities.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between scope and sequence and standards of learning? A.Scope and sequence provide the breadth, depth, and arrangement of instruction based on standards of learning. B.Scope and sequence provide instructional strategies for teaching concepts established in standards of learning. C.Scope and sequence provide a plan for diagramming current curriculum that specifically guides lessons for teaching standards of learning. D.Scope and sequence provide resources, lesson plans, and activities for teaching skills and concepts addressed in standards of learning.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A scope and sequence document for a district indicates what is taught and the order and time frame in which it will be taught. The intent is to provide a well-defined direction for what will be taught in a district. This document should support state and national standards. However, it gives specificity to those standards based on the needs of the district.

Which of the following types of standardized assessment best indicates a student's intelligence quotient? A.Aptitude B.Achievement C.Adaptive D.Awareness

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A student's IQ can be indicated by an aptitude test, as it measures a student's ability to be successful intellectually.

Which of the following types of assessments is primarily used to measure a student's strengths and weaknesses to predict future performance? A.Aptitude B.Achievement C.Ability D.Diagnostic

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A student's strengths and weaknesses are assessed with an aptitude test. It tells a general overview of a student's ability in different areas of learning.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a teachable moment in a social studies class? A.A student notices that an event discussed in a history textbook closely parallels a current news event. B.A student brings homemade food for classmates to try as part of a research project on an assigned country. C.The teacher invites the students to look at vacation photos of a location they are currently studying in class. D.The teacher asks students to find articles online that relate to a historical figure in whom they are interested.

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. A teachable moment creates an unscheduled learning opportunity for students to learn about a specific topic or concept. By noticing that an event in the history textbook closely parallels a current event, the student is opening the door to a discussion and more inquiry on the current event and how it connects to something that happened in the past that is part of the established curriculum. If the student had not brought it up, the class may have never made the connection.

A school district has instituted a new mentoring program for first-year teachers in which they spend time during the school day observing and talking with a more experienced colleague who offers guidance and assistance. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the program? A. Increasing new teachers' job satisfaction and commitment B. Helping new teachers learn about classroom procedures C. Encouraging new teachers to work collaboratively D. Training new teachers to try innovative teaching techniques

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. According to research, mentoring programs have a positive effect on teacher job satisfaction and commitment and, thus, increase retention of new teachers.

Which of the following is a curriculum accommodation appropriate for a student with an Individualized Education Program (IEP)? A. A set of supplementary materials B. An adjusted class schedule C. A daily homework checklist D. A behavior contract

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. An Individualized Education Program (IEP) defines individualized objectives for a student who has been found with a disability, as defined by federal regulations. The IEP is intended to help children reach educational goals more easily than they otherwise would. Supplying additional materials would not modify the curriculum, but would help to accommodate a student's curricular needs to make the student more successful in the classroom.

By asking questions and providing supportive feedback to students, a teacher is primarily modeling A.active listening B.self-efficacy C.metacognition D.intrinsic motivation

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Asking questions and providing supportive feedback are two active listening strategies. They let the speaker know that you are involved in what is being conveyed and keep you focused on what is being relayed.

Throughout the year, a teacher assists students with developing and achieving specific, challenging, short-term goals. Which of the following is the teacher helping to foster in the students? A. Self-efficacy B. Attribution C. Extrinsic motivation D. Cognitive dissonance

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By helping students to form and achieve attainable goals, the teacher is fostering the belief individuals need to have in themselves to be intrinsically motivated in future tasks.

An eighth-grade science teacher plans a chemistry lesson on how dissolving chemicals in water lowers the freezing point of the resulting solution. Students will work in groups to make homemade ice cream by using a bag of ice and salt to freeze a mixture of cream and sugar. The lesson is most closely aligned with which of the following educational philosophies? A.John Dewey's experiential education B.Albert Bandura's social-learning theory C.Jerome Bruner's discovery learning D.Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By making ice cream, the students directly experience that the salt-and-ice combination lowers the freezing point of the cream and sugar mixture. The lesson best aligns with John Dewey's philosophy of experiential education.

Which of the following activities best reflects a family-centered program and the promotion of parent partnerships with the school? A. Relating classroom activities to the various needs and interests of children and families B. Creating programs that offer community resources after school C. Implementing before- and after-school programs for students in the community D. Providing opportunities for families to use the school's computer lab

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By relating classroom activities to the needs and interests of students and families, the school promotes parent partnerships and a family-centered program.

A fifth-grade math teacher realizes that some students may not be recognizing the different characteristics of multiple quadrilateral shapes. The teacher decides to observe student understanding more closely by distributing individual whiteboards and having the students draw the quadrilateral figures. Which of the following strategies is the most appropriate way for the teacher to promptly adapt the instruction for students who are not grasping the material? A.Using manipulatives to help students visualize instruction B.Allowing extra time to process the material C.Taking detailed notes for reference in future lesson planning D.Providing a remedial assignment to support learning

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. By using manipulatives to adjust the lesson the teacher is providing an instantaneous visual aid to assist the learner in understanding the concept. Additionally, this strategy adapts the method of instruction for students that have a different learning style.

A teacher will get better information from a criterion-referenced test than from a norm-referenced test about which of the following? A. How much each student has learned about a particular aspect of the curriculum B. How each student's knowledge of a particular aspect of the curriculum compares to that of students across the school district and state C. How each student's knowledge of a particular aspect of the curriculum compares to that of a national sample of students at the same age level D. How much of what each student knows about a particular aspect of the curriculum is based on prior knowledge

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Criterion-referenced tests are developed to assess knowledge and understanding of specified standards for learning particular content.

Ms. Petra is presenting a lesson about the water cycle and has given each student a diagram to label. As she teaches, she moves toward a student named Tyler, who she notices is being inattentive. Without interrupting instruction, she points to the place on Tyler's diagram where he should be writing a label. Ms. Petra's actions can best be classified as an example of A. nonverbal communication B. differentiation of instruction C. checking for understanding D. closure

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Cues, such as the teacher pointing to the place on the student's diagram, are types of receptive nonverbal communication in which some type of interaction is used to communicate a desired reaction.

A seventh-grade language arts teacher plans an instructional unit based on a novel that students will read in class. Which of the following activities is most appropriate to include in the unit if the students are in the formal operational stage of cognitive development? A.Writing an explanation about the symbolism found in the novel B.Sketching drawings of the sequence of the major events in the novel C.Working with other students to role-play scenes from the novel D.Matching main ideas with the details that support them in the novel

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Identifying and explaining symbolism in a novel is appropriate for most seventh-grade students. Children at this age are typically in the formal operational stage of cognitive development, in which students are able to understand abstract concepts.

Which of the following approaches is the best way to establish and foster positive relationships between the school and families? A.Meeting and greeting families as they arrive to school events B.Communicating important school information to families electronically C.Asking families to volunteer at school events several times during the year D.Holding parent-teacher conferences during the school day

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Meeting and greeting families as they arrive to school events helps create a welcoming atmosphere where parents and guardians feel appreciated. This sense of appreciation helps to build trust and fosters a positive relationship between the school and families.

A school establishes a mentoring program for incoming teachers. Which of the following is the primary goal of this program? A. Providing one-to-one assistance for new teachers B. Ensuring group staff-development for new teachers C. Creating a thorough growth plan for struggling new teachers D. Developing a community-relations plan for new teachers

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Mentorship has one-to-one support as its goal.

The primary advantage of a student portfolio as an alternative to traditional tests and measures is that a portfolio A. measures student achievement over a long span of time B. does not require a grade to be assigned to a student C. contains only standardized test results D. contains only authentic assessments

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Portfolios are comprised of multiple samples of a student's work — both traditional and nontraditional — that are collected over time, offering a very reliable composite of the student's progress and successes.

Teachers form groups from different grade levels and subject areas to analyze student scores from different assessments. The teachers are primarily participating in the professional development practice of A.learning communities B.workshops C.conferences D.professional associations

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Professional learning communities involve a group of educators working together before or after school to discuss topics related to their student population.

Which of the following methods best helps middle school students monitor their own progress in class? A.Using graphic charts to track their grades over a period of time B.Bringing their graded assignments home for guardians to sign C.Reflecting on information they have gathered during a class discussion D.Completing exit tickets about content they have learned each week

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Research demonstrates that students make greater gains when they graph their grades visually because they can see their results and aspire to do better each time.

Explaining to students what they are going to learn and why that learning will be important to them is one of the elements of A. scaffolding B. modeling C. guided thinking D. differentiating instruction

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Scaffolding involves the use of specialized teaching strategies geared to support learning when students are first introduced to a new subject. Scaffolding gives students a context, motivation, and foundation from which to understand the new information.

According to social learning theory, which of the following introductions to a spelling lesson is most likely to result in students' successful learning? A. "If you learn some basic spelling rules, you will become a better speller." B. "Let's see how many spelling rules you can write down in one minute." C. "Let's use your last composition to identify some words you don't know how to spell." D. "How would you rate yourself as a speller?"

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Social learning theorists suggest that the effect of a behavior has an impact on people's motivation to engage in that specific behavior. If a student expects a positive outcome from a behavior or thinks a positive outcome is highly probable, then the student is more likely to engage in that behavior.

Which of the following is an appropriate task to assign to a paraeducator in a classroom? A. Providing student support during independent practice B. Designing and implementing lesson plans C. Conducting evaluations to measure student progress D. Developing behavioral intervention plans

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Supporting students during independent practice is a task that paraeducators may perform in the classroom.

Which of the following best summarizes the intended benefit of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act for children with disabilities? A. Removing barriers to education by ensuring a free appropriate public education (FAPE) B. Providing remediation in the educational process C. Increasing access to educational assistive technology services D. Guaranteeing health, housing, educational, and employment services

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The Section 504 regulation requires a school district to provide a free appropriate public education (FAPE) to each qualified person with a disability who is in the school district's jurisdiction, regardless of the nature or severity of the person's disability.

Which of the following expresses the primary purpose of thematic instruction? A. To help students build the mental connections necessary for recalling and integrating information B. To address students' different modes of learning and different learning styles C. To motivate students by engaging them in activities they naturally find interesting D. To encourage students to take responsibility for their learning processes

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Themes offer students a way to understand new concepts by providing them with a mental organizing scheme with which to approach new ideas. The clearer and more easily understood a connecting pattern is, the easier it will be for the brain to integrate the new information.

Which of the following assessments evaluates a student's performance as it compares to a larger sample of students? A. Norm-referenced B. Summative C. Aptitude D. Diagnostic

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question asks you to demonstrate your understanding of the uses and characteristics of different types of assessments. A norm-referenced assessment is used to compare a student's performance to a predefined population, such as peers who have taken the same test.

Mr. Bing's classroom is set up in problem-solving stations. Students move through the stations and use their prior knowledge to interact with the environment. They experiment, explore, and manipulate as they work their way through the stations with their classmates. This environment may best be described as A. discovery learning. B. skill and drill. C. service learning. D. antibias curriculum.

Correct Answer: A Because: Discovery learning, a constructivist approach to learning, is based on inquiry. Jerome Bruner and John Dewey's philosophies of learning support discovery learning.

Students read an article discussing common causes of the endangerment of species in this decade. The teacher then asks students to answer the following question. "What are some factors that contribute to the endangerment of a species?" The question serves primarily to A. check for understanding B. request clarification C. encourage divergent thinking D. assess evaluative skills

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question is designed to assess a teacher's knowledge of questioning. When checking for understanding during a lesson, questions are generally at the lower levels, requiring students to recall facts and other information that was covered. The teacher's question requires students to recall factors that contribute to the endangerment of species.

One of the strategies teachers can use to best help students develop self-motivation is A. guiding students to see personal meaning in what they are learning B. providing opportunities for students to compete with one another C. emphasizing the importance of earning top grades D. encouraging students to set goals that exceed their potential

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question is designed to assess knowledge of the implications of foundational motivation theories for instruction, learning, and classroom management. Self-motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual, rather than relying on any external pressure. Such motivation can be gained by seeing personal meaning in what is being learned.

Ms. Moran has concerns that one of her students is performing below grade level. Which of the following will provide the most accurate and meaningful information on the student's level of performance relative to others of the same age or grade level? A. Standardized test B. Relative grading standard C. Performance assessment D. Formative evaluation

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. This question is designed to assess your understanding of the distinctions among different types of assessments. The student's standardized test scores would give the teacher information about the student's performance in comparison to others in his or her grade.

Students can be taught to throw and catch any ball without being taught how to throw and catch every type of ball used in sports. This cognitive ability is best known as A. transfer B. cause and effect C. patterning D. accommodation

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Transfer is the ability to apply learning from one context to another context that shares similar skills or characteristics.

Choose the behavioral theorist's name that the following classroom practice that best implements his theory. Students are given a reward for positive behavior and academic success and a consequence for negative behavior and lack of academic progress. A. Watson B. Maslow C. Thorndike D. Erikson

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. Watson's theories center around reward and punishment (positive and negative reinforcement).

Which of the following teacher strategies will best help Marcus, a fifth-grade student diagnosed with the speech disorder of stuttering, better articulate in the classroom? A.Allowing Marcus to respond without interrupting him or finishing his words B.Calling upon Marcus only when he raises his hand and feels comfortable C.Providing general suggestions such as "slow down" so that Marcus can restate his comments D.Assigning a student partner to assist Marcus when he is presenting information orally

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. While in the classroom it is important for the teacher to speak with the student often and give him time to complete his thoughts and express himself. Allowing Marcus to pause for a brief moment before speaking will support the notion that speech does not need to be hurried.

At the end of a two-week unit on change, Mr. Watson will administer which type of assessment to evaluate students' overall learning and modify and validate his instruction? A. formative assessment B. summative assessment C. diagnostic assessment D. standardized assessment

Correct Answer: A Because: A formative assessment is used to evaluate progress and inform teaching. The other choices do not match this description.

Which of the following tests is a standardized test used to measure what a student has learned in a specific content area, such as mathematics or reading? A. an achievement test B. an intelligence test C. a proficiency test D. an aptitude test

Correct Answer: A Because: An achievement test assesses the skill or knowledge a learner has achieved. NOT B: An intelligence test measures potential. NOT C: Proficiency is measured by an achievement test, not a proficiency test. NOT D: An aptitude test measures a general cognitive trait.

Which of the following would most likely be the best way to motivate students to learn about history? A. Let them use an inquiry approach to determine what they want to learn, how they want to learn it, and how they want to report what they've learned. B. Have them write a report about American history using Microsoft Word. C. Let them read books of their choice about the founders of America. D. Let them research topics of their choice using Internet search engines.

Correct Answer: A Because: Children are motivated by choice; therefore, this provides the most options for student selection. It allows students to take ownership and engage themselves in meaningful learning.

Which of the following learning theories views learning as a process whereby learners build new ideas and concepts? A. constructivism B. behaviorism C. cognitivism D. naturalism

Correct Answer: A Because: Constructivism views learning as a process whereby learners actively construct new concepts.

Which method is most likely to be used in a direct instruction approach to teaching? A. coaching a student how to do long division step-by-step in small increments through clear instruction B. setting up learning centers and allowing students to flow from center to center throughout the morning C. teaching one student a skill and directing that student in how to teach the skill to his or her peers D. students determining what they will learn by constructing questions of inquiry

Correct Answer: A Because: Direct instruction emphasizes carefully planned lessons that are designed around very small increments of learning. Often direct instruction involves the use of a script. It is based on the philosophy that when taught properly, all children can learn.

According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. A reward is given; a desirable behavior increases B. A reward is given; an undesirable behavior increases C. A sanction is imposed; an undesirable behavior is eliminated D. A sanction is removed; a desirable behavior increases

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. According to B.F. Skinner, negative reinforcement occurs when a particular behavior is caused by the withdrawal of a stimulus.

To best encourage students' divergent thinking, a teacher could ask A. What might be another solution to this problem? B. How did the author solve the problem? C. What is a fraction? D. When the settlers traveled across the nation, what did they pack in their wagons?

Correct Answer: A Because: Divergent thinking involves the ability to think creatively and brainstorm many answers or solutions. This is the best example because all of the other questions have "right" and "wrong" answers. Not B, C, or D because they have a "right" and "wrong" answer.

Robert Gagne, an experimental psychologist, published The Conditions of Learning, which A. outlined the relation of appropriate instructional designs to learning objectives. B. described the relation of child development to learning styles. C. defined the psychological strategies children must learn to be self-sufficient. D. are used widely by states to assess students' learning.

Correct Answer: A Because: Gagne's The Conditions of Learning outlined the relation of appropriate instructional designs to learning objectives. There is no evidence that any of the other choices are accurate.

Mr. Treesome is finding it difficult to develop a critical perspective when he reflects on his practice. What would be the best method for him to use to add this perspective to his reflection practice? A. Engage a critical friend to collaborate in the process. B. Start a teaching journal. C. Reread his reflections two weeks after writing them. D. Examine the underlying assumptions in the reflection.

Correct Answer: A Because: It can be difficult to look critically at ourselves and at our practices. Inviting a colleague to reflect on both of your practices collaboratively will provide you with the ability to see yourself from someone else's perspective.

Ms. Carrie is designing a social studies unit in which students will help make some of the instructional decisions. Which of the following would not be an appropriate decision to leave up to students to make on their own? A. final grades for themselves and their peers B. what type of outcome products will represent the knowledge they gained during the unit C. which resources may be used to research the topic D. whether they will collaborate on the project or work independently

Correct Answer: A Because: It would not be appropriate or fair to allow students to determine their own grades or those of their peers. Students may choose to work toward a particular grade by fulfilling certain criteria, but the teacher should be the one to determine the final grade.

What might be a disadvantage of having computers in the classroom? A. time lost due to connectivity issues B. use of different kinds of texts, graphics, videos, and pictures C. promotes independent learning D. students learn IT skills along with the content

Correct Answer: A Because: Losing even 10 minutes a day because of connectivity issues can dissuade teachers from using technology in the classroom.

Ms. Carter, a tenured teacher and lifetime member of the community, was recently asked to speak at the Town Board meeting. The Board was interested in hearing about what teaching and learning looked like in the community. Ms. Carter was happy to talk with the Board to tell them about the efforts of her colleagues and to gain the Board's support. Ms. Carter's support for teaching and learning is known as A. teacher advocacy. B. stakeholding. C. teacher perception. D. collaboration.

Correct Answer: A Because: Ms. Carter is a teacher advocate because she is supporting teaching and learning and the policies that improve them. She would be considered a stakeholder and is offering her perception as a teacher. She is also collaborating with the Board, but teacher advocacy is the best choice because she is promoting teaching.

Cici is a Latina young adult who closely identifies herself with her homeland culture. Her native language is important to maintaining her cultural identity. Cici's teachers can best enhance her academic success in an American middle school by A. providing opportunities for Cici to integrate her Latina language and culture into her learning experiences. B. providing opportunities for Cici to learn more about her homeland but to leave her language behind and use only English. C. encouraging Cici to blend in with the other students by changing her cultural identity to reflect the dominant culture. D. treating all the students the same.

Correct Answer: A Because: Teachers must understand that Cici's cultural identity defines who she is.

Jack, an eighth grader, receives a score report from a standardized English language arts test taken recently by all eighth graders in the school district. The results indicate Jack's national percentile rank is 47 and his grade-equivalent score is 6. Jack's grade-equivalent score indicates he A. did as well on this test as an average sixth grader in the fourth month of school would do on the same test. B. will encounter problems in English language arts when he gets into ninth grade. C. did as well on this test as the average sixth-grade student in the fourth month of school would do on an eighth-grade test. D. can do the same math a sixth grader in the fourth month of sixth grade can do.

Correct Answer: A Because: That is how these test scores should be interpreted. Grade level reflects how a student at that grade level would perform on this test, but it doesn't indicate the student could do the work of that grade level.

McCalli is intensely interested in new things but his interest is usually short-lived. He prefers interactions with his peers instead of adults, and he prefers active vs. passive learning. These characteristics reflect that McCalli is an adolescent A. whose brain development reinforces such typical adolescent behaviors. B. who is capable of retaining massive amounts of information at one time. C. who is moving from abstract to concrete thinking. D. who is incapable of thinking critically or controlling impulses.

Correct Answer: A Because: The characteristics described reflect the brain development of typical adolescents. They are capable of retaining only about five to seven bits of information at a time, are moving from concrete to abstract thinking, and are beginning to develop the ability to think critically and control impulses.

One thing that influences how much time a teacher should plan to spend teaching a lesson is A. the complexity of the concept. B. the teacher's personal interest in the topic. C. students' interest in the topic. D. how much time is left in the class period.

Correct Answer: A Because: The complexity of a concept might require more time to ensure all students understand the lesson. NOT B or C because: Unfortunately, teachers are not limited to teaching only those things they hold particular interest in, and students are not limited to learning only those things they hold particular interest in. A Grade 5-9 curriculum can mandate lessons that are required content.

Mrs. Flander's seventh-grade English class students tried to convince her that if she took away the homework that week, they would spend 30 minutes each night reading a good book of their choice. Taking away the homework to increase the desired behavior of reading a good book is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. reward. D. punishment.

Correct Answer: A Because: This exemplifies negative reinforcement, which occurs when a desired behavior (reading a good book) is strengthened by the removal of a contingent stimulus (homework).

Jordan is going through sudden physical changes as an adolescent. As a result he may exhibit all of the following except A. hypersensitivity reaction. B. self-consciousness. C. sensitivity. D. anxiety.

Correct Answer: A Because: While adolescents experience self-consciousness, sensitivity, and anxiety as a result of their rapid physical growth and change, hypersensitivity reaction is not a condition associated with adolescent growth. NOT B, C, or D: Adolescents experience this as a result of their rapid physical growth and change.

Ms. Camille wants her students to form new insights while reading To Kill a Mockingbird. Which of the following questions would lead toward that goal? A. How does Atticus try to instill conscience in Jem and Scout? B. What was Chapter 1 about? C. How did Chapter 1 make you feel? D. What is Atticus's relationship to Jem and Scout?

Correct Answer: A Because: While the other questions are summative, recall, and interpretive, this question would lead students to think about an aspect of the relationships among Atticus, Jem, and Scout that they may not have previously considered. NOT B: This question is summative. NOT C: This question is recall. NOT D: This question is interpretive.

A teacher wants to use copyrighted materials in class. Select whether the following action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher makes 25 copies of a short story from a book to be distributed to each student in the class.

Correct Answer: Allowed The action described in the second statement is allowed because under copyright laws, teachers may make a reasonable amount of copies from a book for the purpose of teaching within the classroom environment only.

A teacher wants to use copyrighted materials in class. Select whether the following action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher copies a poem to be displayed in class. Students discuss the poem in small groups.

Correct Answer: Allowed The action described in the third statement is allowed because under copyright laws, teachers may display copyrighted material in distance learning as long as the material is relevant to the course of study, would typically have been displayed by the teacher, and is used only by those in the classroom.

During the year, a teacher uses holistic and analytical scoring rubrics to evaluate students' writing pieces. Indicate whether the statement is characteristic of a holistic or an analytical scoring rubric: Provides feedback to writers about areas of strengths and weaknesses

Correct Answer: Analytical Analytical grading is based on assigning scores to multiple aspects of a paper in order to provide specific feedback.

During the year, a teacher uses holistic and analytical scoring rubrics to evaluate students' writing pieces. Indicate whether the statement is characteristic of a holistic or an analytical scoring rubric: Scores specific criteria individually in relation to levels of performance

Correct Answer: Analytical Analytical grading is based on assigning scores to multiple aspects of a paper in order to provide specific feedback.

Which of the following is an atypical behavior for 15-year-old adolescents? A.Having difficulty communicating opinions B.Encountering problems with activities requiring the use of fine motor skills C.Struggling to control emotions when interacting with peers D.Displaying disruptive behavior during instruction

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A student's inability to complete age-appropriate activities that require the use of fine motor skills is an atypical behavior for an adolescent in the physical development domain.

Which of the following best characterizes a teachable moment? A. The teacher includes news accounts of contemporary historical events as part of the planned instructional materials. B. The teacher briefly digresses from the planned lesson to explain a concept or event that has captured students' collective interest. C. The teacher discontinues a lesson to address poor behavior or to improve a negative classroom atmosphere. D. The teacher gives students an opportunity to learn a concept implicitly rather than through direct instruction.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. A teachable moment is often spontaneous, such as focusing on a concept that has captured students' collective interest.

When beginning a unit on a historical fiction novel, a teacher is most likely to do which of the following on the first day of the unit? A.Explain the author's personal connection to the events in the book B.Activate students' prior knowledge about the setting of the book C.Analyze results from students' history-related tests D.Survey students' interests in various literature genres

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Activating or building students' prior knowledge is a key instructional practice when beginning a new unit on a novel. Doing so helps students connect to the text, comprehend the historical period of the plot, and develop a frame of reference for new learning.

A teacher wants to develop an assessment based on the work of Benjamin Bloom. To best meet the goal, the assessment should include A. scaffolding tasks for the knowledge and skills that will be assessed B. test questions that assess varying levels of understanding C. items that correspond with students' primary learning styles D. opportunities for students to demonstrate their learning in writing

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Bloom's work involved different levels of complexity of learning objectives that can relate to assessment of those objectives.

Which of the following actions indicates that a teacher is applying cognitive learning theory into classroom practice? A. Asking students questions that require them to draw conclusions B. Using tools that help students see the interrelatedness of information C. Modeling desired behaviors to promote appropriate student behavior D. Having students work in small groups to understand and solve realistic problems

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Cognitive theory focuses on the interrelatedness of information. Using tools such as concept maps reflects cognitive theory and helps students see the relationships between concepts.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between a student's scores on a norm-referenced test and the student's scores on a criterion-referenced test? A.Criterion-referenced scores show the criterion as a level of performance, while norm-referenced scores show mastery of content. B.Criterion-referenced scores show a student's mastery of a defined set of objectives, while norm-referenced scores allow comparisons with other students on the same test. C.Criterion-referenced scores show how well a student has performed when compared with same-age peers, while norm-referenced scores show a student's raw scores. D.Criterion-referenced scores are obtained from a standardized test format, while norm-referenced scores are not obtained from a standardized test format.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Criterion-referenced tests are used to determine a student's mastery of a clearly defined set of skills and knowledge. Norm-referenced tests rank each student with respect to the achievement of others in broad areas of knowledge.

Some gifted students have been integrated into a regular classroom. The teacher can most appropriately meet the needs of the gifted students by doing which of the following? A. Increasing the amount of classwork required of the gifted students B. Creating assignments for gifted students that allow them to explore the content in greater depth C. Having a teacher of gifted students pull the gifted students from the class for separate instruction D. Providing homework for the gifted students that is more difficult than the homework given to the rest of the class

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Differentiating curricula for the gifted implies modifying the curriculum to meet students' differing learning rates, styles, interests, and abilities. One means of modification is creating assignments that allow gifted students to explore content in greater depth.

When active discovery learning consistently occurs in a classroom, it primarily allows for which of the following? A.Less time spent on classroom management B.The development of students' problem-solving skills C.A passive learning environment D.A transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the students

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Discovery learning is an active process based on inquiry-based instruction. Students develop important problem-solving skills while learning through their own experiences.

An English-language learner (ELL) recently dismissed from the English as a Second Language (ESL) program is now having difficulty in science. The student is proficient in everyday spoken English but has difficulty answering questions orally during class and responding in writing to test questions. Which of the following should the teacher do to best support the development of the student's academic language proficiency? A. Readmit the student to the ESL program B. Scaffold instruction to support the student's comprehension C. Talk to the student about the importance of studying D. Lower achievement expectations for the student

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. English-language learners will continue to need scaffolded instruction during their transition out of the ESL program.

Which of the following resources is primarily used as an aid in getting students to understand an abstract concept at a physical or concrete level? A. Computer simulations B. Manipulatives C. Videos or DVDs D. Learning games

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. For a learner to understand and handle a concept at the abstract or symbolic level successfully, he or she must first understand the concept at the other two levels — concrete then pictorial. Using concrete manipulatives is the first step to using mental images and models. When students demonstrate understanding with the concept at this physical, or concrete, level, then they are ready to move to the next level, where they can apply their knowledge using representations of the objects in place of the objects themselves.

Which of the following best explains why grade-equivalent scores are useful? A.They determine whether a student can handle advanced content and should be accelerated to a higher grade. B.They compare a student's performance with the average performance of students at other grade levels. C.They provide a reliable way to interpret a student's growth in skills and concepts over a school year. D.They give parents an accurate picture of a student's class ranking in a content area.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Grade-equivalent scores are subject to misinterpretation, but the scores can help teachers see where a student falls along a continuum of learning across grade levels. For example, a fifth-grade student who earns a score of 7.3 on a normed mathematics test has earned a score similar to the average score of students in the third month of seventh grade.

A seventh-grade teacher prepares the following question for a test. Plant photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. It requires a green substance called chlorophyll to occur. Its chemical equation is 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. In which part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? Based on guidelines for constructing good questions, the teacher should have avoided the use of A.ambiguous statements B.irrelevant information C.challenging vocabulary D.complex grammar and syntax

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. In the statement of the question, the teacher provides too much information. For example, to answer the question the students do not need to have the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

After roll call on the first day of school, MsMiss. Gorbet notices that a student seems upset. After calling on the student later in the day, MsMiss. Gorbet realizes that she is mispronouncing the student's name and has most likely offended the student. MsMiss. Gorbet later reflects on the situation and thinks about her actions, feelings, and consequences of the occurrence. She also considers what she learned from the occurrence and how it will affect future actions. Which of the following reflective practices do MsMiss. Gorbet's actions best demonstrate? A.Utilizing peer and self-assessment B.Implementing critical incident analysis C.Relying on a critical friend D.Compiling a professional portfolio

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Incident analysis takes place when a teacher observes something that happens during teaching or learning, realizes the incident is significant, and reflects on the event to learn from it.

As part of a classroom management plan, a middle school teacher develops a system in which students can earn points for following specific behavior expectations. The students can then exchange the points for a homework pass. To promote a positive learning environment, the teacher is relying primarily on the students' A.intrinsic motivation B.extrinsic motivation C.need for socialization D.focus on academic success

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The students are focused on an external reward (the homework pass). This reward encourages them to follow behavioral expectations.

When observing students during a cooperative learning activity, a middle school teacher notices that some groups are having difficulty completing the task because several members are not participating. Which of the following actions will best help the teacher address this problem? A.Modifying tasks to meet students' abilities B.Reassessing expectations for student accountability C.Allowing students to select their own groups D.Assigning independent work to students who are not participating

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Lack of participation reflects a lack of knowledge and understanding of the teacher's expectations for accountability. By reconsidering how to hold students accountable for their work, the teacher can help prevent the problem in future activities.

Choose the behavioral theorist's name that the following classroom practice that best implements his theory. Students are encouraged to eat if hungry, provided with a safe environment, and made to feel accepted in the classroom. A. Watson B. Maslow C. Thorndike D. Erikson

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Maslow's hierarchy of needs starts with basic physiological needs—food and shelter, then safety, followed by a feeling of belonging.

Mr. Burgess is creating a lesson for his eighth-grade English class to introduce a new novel. The novel has vivid descriptions of a historical event that some students have no prior knowledge of. He needs to establish the historical background to engage students in a preliminary dialogue about the event before they read the novel. Which of the following strategies uses the most appropriate resource for introducing the new content? A.Creating research groups to access information about the event on the Internet B.Showing an educational video on the event to the class C.Providing a textbook in which students can look up content vocabulary D.Reviewing surveys of student content knowledge

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Screening an educational video to introduce the content uses a resource that provides background knowledge and sets up the discussion on the topic.

Which of the following activities is most effective to use with kinesthetic learners? A.Highlighting or color-coding keywords and ideas in texts B.Using role-play or body movements to dramatize concepts C.Making an audio recording while reading a text aloud D.Reading from flash cards to review vocabulary words and definitions

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. Students who are kinesthetic learners have a preference for activities that will help them physically experience learning. Dramatizing a concept requires the learner to move around and carry out physical activities.

Which of the following is the best example of a First Amendment right being exercised in the classroom? A. Mr. Jax allows students to use the restroom during any part of his class. B. Ms. Steel frequently holds debates and allows students to voice their opinions. C. Ms. Swisher allows students to tease one another during lunchtime, if they are not serious. D. Mr. Jones does not allow students to voice poor opinions of elected officials.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The First Amendment offers five freedoms: religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. By allowing students to voice their opinions frequently during class debates, the teacher is supporting freedom of speech.

According to the United States Constitution, a public school student who has committed a serious disciplinary infraction at school is entitled to which of the following prior to suspension or expulsion? A.A psychological evaluation B.A formal due process hearing C.The services of a school district lawyer D.A trial by appointed peer representatives

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution states that no state can "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law." Education is considered a property right. Whenever a student might be deprived of his or her right to education, the student is entitled to a due process hearing.

Some parents complain to the principal about a project assigned to their children by the eighth-grade English teacher. The principal reviews the assignment and determines that it is indeed too advanced for the students' grade level. To best explain to the teacher why the assignment is inappropriate, the principal should refer to which of the following curriculum components? A. Sequence B. Scope C. Behavioral objectives D. Philosophy statement

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The curricular concept of scope deals with the breadth of what will be taught in a subject, while sequence deals with the order in which the constituent materials will be taught. A project that is too advanced for the students lies outside the appropriate scope.

A high school English teacher wants to incorporate interactive message boards and other social media activities into an upcoming unit of study. Which of the following would be the best resource for helping the teacher develop the activities? A. The child study team B. The library media specialist C. The special education teacher D. The gifted and talented teacher

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The library media specialists look at curriculum, assignments, and learning in terms of the information resources, processes, and technologies required for student success. The library media specialist could best assist the teacher in incorporating interactive message boards and other social media activities.

A teacher implements message journals in the classroom. The teacher sends a journal home with each student on Monday, along with a note regarding accomplishments, concerns, needs, and upcoming school events. Parents return the journals on Thursday with any questions or concerns. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the journals? A. Increasing family participation in school events B. Supporting communication between home and school C. Encouraging honest family conversations about school D. Promoting awareness of the complexity of the student's school day

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The message journals support the communication between home and school by providing two-way communication.

A student does extremely well with daily routines and meets daily expectations, but has trouble concentrating when there is a substitute teacher or the routine is altered. According to Maslow, which of the following needs is best exemplified by the student's actions? A.Biological and physiological B.Safety and security C.Esteem and respect D.Love and belongingness

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The needs of safety and security are met by maintaining stability and order, which the student thrives in. Since the student does well with routine, the student has difficulty when the routine is broken.

Over a two-week period, an eighth-grade English teacher prepares students to engage in a collective debate on the positives and negatives of wearing school uniforms. The teacher implements a collaborative learning format, separating students into groups to defend one side of the argument. Which of the following strategies is the teacher primarily using to promote intrinsic motivation? A.Allowing the students' input on pedagogical decisions B.Empowering the students with worthwhile assignments C.Minimizing the importance of the students' grades D.Giving regular constructive criticism to the students

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. The teacher is using the topic of school uniforms, which tends to evoke strong feelings in students, to engage the students in learning how to debate. Additionally, the teacher is using cooperative learning to promote student participation, which is teaching students to work together. Therefore, the teacher has assigned a valuable task that builds social skills while creating self-motivation by using a topic that typically carries strong opinions for students.

Which of the following is a limitation of using a scoring guide for assessing student writing? A. Using a scoring guide increases the likelihood of subjectivity. B. Students may be overwhelmed by the amount of information provided on the scoring guide. C. A scoring guide gives students no information on why they received a particular grade. D. A scoring guide offers students no suggestions for writing improvement and growth.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. There is generally a wealth of information on a scoring guide that can be overwhelming to students, which is a limitation of using this type of assessment.

The primary purpose for which national and state agencies establish learning standards is to A. inform school districts of the skills and content tested on standardized achievement tests B. define the skills and content to be taught and the level of expected performance C. express skills and content covered in a number of different subject areas in an equivalent format D. shift the emphasis of instruction from facts and procedures toward conceptual understanding

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question asks for the purpose for setting learning standards. National and state learning standards set uniform expectations for all students and provide a foundation for defining the knowledge and skills students need in a given subject area.

The concept of a spiraling curriculum, where learners continually build knowledge on what they already know, has its basis in the theories of A. Lev Vygotsky B. Jerome Bruner C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Benjamin Bloom

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question asks you to identify the contributions of various educational theorists. Bruner contended that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current and past knowledge.

Mr. O'Conner is a first-year middle school mathematics teacher. Over the course of the year, he has struggled with classroom management. Which of the following opportunities would be the most beneficial for Mr. O'Conner right now? A. The school district is offering a workshop focused on various ways to communicate with parents. B. There is a local workshop on promoting emotional intelligence in the classroom. C. There are research articles that focus on new strategies in mathematics instruction. D. A community agency is offering teachers the opportunity to apply for grant funds.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question is designed to assess your understanding of a variety of professional development practices and resources. A workshop that promotes emotional intelligence would give the teacher strategies that he could use in his classroom to address his management problems.

A teacher-centered, skill-building instructional model in which the teacher provides the majority of the information is best known as which of the following? A. Socratic B. Direct C. Indirect D. Integrated

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. This question tests knowledge of a variety of instructional models. Direct instruction is teacher-centered and involves the teacher giving instruction with little to no input from the students, as in a lecture. It is most often used when presenting new information.

Which of the following statements best describes a limitation of an online portfolio for a student assessment? A.The results can be skewed by student apathy. B.Content mastery is difficult to determine objectively. C.Grading-system automation is difficult. D.A rubric can provide too much support for the students.

Correct Answer: B Option (B) is correct. While portfolios are useful for formative assessment, to spotlight student work, and as an alternative to traditional tests, the data needed to determine mastery of student expectations are difficult to obtain objectively.

Accommodations A. may lower the level of difficulty of a task so students with special needs may experience success. B. may offer alternative ways for students to share what they are learning with others. C. reduce the standards of achievement for the learner. D. must be made for all children with special needs.

Correct Answer: B Because: Accommodations are adjustments to presentation, responses, setting, timing, and pacing that help children with special needs participate in regular classrooms. They don't lower the level of difficulty of a task, don't reduce the standards of achievement, and not all children with special needs require accommodations.

If the lesson plan objective is that, in small groups, students will research and report a panel presentation to the class on what they learned about electrical currents, the best assessment method to use would be A. a portfolio. B. an analytic rubric. C. a multiple-choice quiz. D. an essay.

Correct Answer: B Because: An analytic rubric would allow the teacher to evaluate separate components of the collaboration, the research, and the panel presentation.

All of the following are key elements of diagnostic assessments except that they should A. be connected to specific predetermined learning objectives. B. identify labels for students. C. be built into the curriculum in a systematic way. D. lead to what the student should learn next.

Correct Answer: B Because: Diagnostic tests do all of the following except label students.

Which of the following is most representative of a portfolio assessment? A. A teacher's anecdotal records about students' reading behaviors B. A student's laboratory report on a science experiment C. A teacher's observations during independent math work D. A student's collection of original poems at the end of a poetry unit

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A typical portfolio assessment consists of a collection of student work accumulated over a period of instruction such as a unit or course.

When using oral questioning techniques, Ms. Camille notes that her shy students are sometimes reluctant to participate. How could Ms. Camille encourage these shy students to be more willing to get involved? A. Call on them even if they do not raise their hands to participate. B. Provide a secure, noncritical classroom environment. C. Eliminate the use of oral questioning in the classroom and have students write responses. D. Have shy students whisper their responses to more outgoing students to share.

Correct Answer: B Because: If the classroom is secure and noncritical, even shy students will be willing to participate. NOT A, C, or D: This will not encourage the shy student to participate and may even make the matter worse.

Through which type of thinking do we begin by detecting patterns in specific observations, then formulate tentative hypotheses and then conclusions? A. deductive B. inductive C. reasoning D. Inclusive

Correct Answer: B Because: Inductive thinking moves from specific observations to broader theories and conclusions.

Standards of conduct must be taught at the beginning of the school year and reinforced throughout the year. These standards may include class rules regarding all of the following except A. how, when, and where to hand in assignments. B. rules for the use of technology outside of school. C. what to bring to class in order to be prepared. D. expectations for students' collaborative work activities.

Correct Answer: B Because: It is not appropriate because it is for outside of school.

Readers who read the title and main headings, glance through the pictures and graphics, and begin to form questions of what the text will be about before reading the text are activating valuable information. They are A. determining where the answers to the questions at the end of the chapter are. B. forming predictions of what the text will be about to increase their alertness to the text. C. deciding what information will be on the next test the teacher gives them. D. gathering information about the text so they can just skim the materials later.

Correct Answer: B Because: Readers gain a great deal of information about a text by previewing it and making predictions about its contents before reading.

Students in Mr. Jay's class are working on writing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-bound (SMART) goals for themselves. They will begin by setting personal learning targets, then work toward achieving those targets. Finally, they will evaluate the progress they've made towards the goal. This process is an example of A. reflective learning. B. student self-assessment. C. metacognition. D. selected response.

Correct Answer: B Because: Setting SMART goals and evaluating their progress is an example of self-assessment.

All of the following are informal assessments except A. surveys and interviews. B. Standardized tests. C. portfolios. D. observations.

Correct Answer: B Because: Standardized tests are formal assessments.

Tammel's math teacher has observed that Tammel has difficulty using a separate answer sheet to respond to multiple-choice questions on a test. When reading aloud, Tammel keeps skipping lines of text or repeats the same line again and again. Tammel also has trouble understanding math equations. Which type of visual processing disorder does Tammel most likely have? A. visual memory B. visual sequencing C. visual discrimination D. visual figure-ground discrimination

Correct Answer: B Because: The examples given are symptoms of a visual sequencing disorder. NOT A: Visual memory reflects retention. NOT C: Visual discrimination refers to being able to distinguish items. NOT D: Visual figure-ground discrimination means the ability to distinguish something from its background.

When teaching students about active listening techniques, educators should model how to interpret information. An example of this is: Every ten minutes a man gets mugged in Los Angeles. A speaker may mean that every ten minutes someone gets mugged or that every ten minutes this one certain man gets mugged over and over again. The purpose of teaching this interpretation skill would be to teach students that sometimes the speaker's meaning and the sentence's meaning can confuse the listener. When this occurs, teach the students that they should A. attend to the speaker. B. ask a clarifying question. C. be respectful of the speaker. D. provide supportive feedback.

Correct Answer: B Because: When the listener does not understand what the speaker or the sentence means, he can ask a clarifying question. NOT A, B, or D: While it is an effective strategy for active listening, it does not fit this situation.

When teachers conduct research in their classrooms to determine the effectiveness of methods they are using, they collect data to analyze. All of the following are examples of types of data they might collect except A. student work samples. B. Wikipedia resources. C. interviews with the children and parents. D. audiotapes of students' small-group, collaborative conversations.

Correct Answer: B Because: Wikipedia should not be used as a resource.

A student who is being bullied by her classmates decides there isn't anything that she can do to stop the situation. If she tells adults, the bullies will only be crueler to her. She feels powerless to change the situation. As a result of the student's resistance, the bullying gets even worse. The student begins to recede into clinical depression. This is an example of A. learning as experience. B. learned helplessness. C. reciprocal determinism. D. intrinsic punishment.

Correct Answer: B Because: With learned helplessness, people feel helpless when they feel powerless to change a situation. NOT A: Learning as experience is a basic concept of constructivism. NOT C: Reciprocal determinism is a concept of social learning theory. NOT D: It is made up.

For the following learning goal, indicate the domain(s) with which it is associated. Students will create an original piece of art using their favorite colors and share it with the class. A. Cognitive Domain B. Affective Domain C. Psychomotor Domain

Correct Answer: B, C Learning goal is associated with the affective and psychomotor domains because it describes creating something, which is in the psychomotor domain, and using favorite colors is in the affective domain.

For the following learning goal, indicate the domain(s) with which it is associated. Students will be able to solve classroom conflicts through discussions and role play. A. Cognitive Domain B. Affective Domain C. Psychomotor Domain

Correct Answer: B, C Learning goal is associated with the affective and psychomotor domains because solving conflict through active discussion is an affective domain activity, and acting out solutions in role-play situations is a psychomotor activity.

In 2014 the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), a subagency of the United States Department of Education (ED), issued a set of guidelines that provide information to educators regarding students' civil rights and equal access to educational resources. Which THREE of the following statements best describe the foundational principles contained in the OCR's guidelines? A.Students have the right to free speech provided their speech does not interfere with a school's educational mission. B.A high-quality education for all students includes resources such as academic and extracurricular programs, strong teaching, and instructional materials. C.All students—regardless of race, color, national origin, or zip code—deserve a high-quality education. D.High-quality resources provided to all students include state-of-the-art technology and strong community support. E.All students need to have equal access to comparable resources in light of their educational needs.

Correct Answer: B, C, E Options (B), (C), and (E) are correct. The equal access guidelines state that 1. a high-quality education for all students includes resources such as academic and extracurricular programs, strong teaching, and instructional materials; 2. all students—regardless of race, color, national origin or zip code—deserve a high-quality education; and 3. all students need to have equal access to comparable resources in light of their educational needs.

A ninth-grade English class is studying the differences between the filmed and original versions of a story. They use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast the different versions of the story before writing an essay on the topic. Which of the following best describes the teacher's instructional technique? A.An inquiry-based approach B.A cloze-passage procedure C.A concept-mapping model D.A problem-solving method

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A Venn diagram is a form of concept map that is used to organize material. The concept map helps students analyze content and break it down into specifics that help to explain the connections in the material they are studying.

Antonio, an intermediate-level English-language learner (ELL) in the ninth grade, is having difficulty following a class lecture on frogs. He especially has trouble keeping track of all of the characteristics of the animal when trying to take notes. Which of the following actions would be best for the teacher to take to assist Antonio during future lectures on frogs? A. Providing Antonio with a seventh-grade level textbook that features several passages on frogs B. Assigning Antonio a language buddy who can clarify misunderstandings in their shared first language C. Providing Antonio with a word-web graphic organizer that includes a word bank of key vocabulary being used during the lecture D. Assigning Antonio preferential seating at the front of the classroom during lectures

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A graphic organizer, such as a word web that features key vocabulary, will help Antonio follow the lecture and organize his notes. This is an appropriate accommodation given Antonio's proficiency level.

A raw score on a standardized test is best defined as which of the following? A.The average of grades achieved by students in a particular group B.The percent of students earning a certain score relative to other students' scores C.The number of questions a student answers correctly D.The estimate of student age based on the level of questions

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. A raw score in terms of standardized testing is the number of questions a student answers correctly relative to the total number of questions on the test. The raw score is then used to calculate more complicated percentile and grade equivalent scores.

Which of the following is the best example of a classroom presentation accommodation that a student with a visual disability might receive as part of a Section 504 plan? A.Responding to fewer questions on homework assignments B.Reading a content area text that is at an easier level but similar in content to the grade-level text C.Listening to an audio version of a book that is being read in class instead of reading a print version D.Completing multiple-choice questions as a replacement for writing an essay on a final examination

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Accommodations refer to the actual teaching supports and services that students may require to access the curriculum and successfully demonstrate learning. Accommodations enable students to complete the same assignments and assessments as their peers, but with adjustment to the format or setting. Listening to the audio version of a book enables a student with a visual impairment to access the same reading material as that in the text that the rest of the class is reading.

A physical education teacher decides to teach students how to execute the jump shot by showing them videos of great basketball players performing the action. Students then practice the shot based on the video. Which of the following educational theories is the teacher's technique most based on? A. Connectivism B. Behaviorism C. Social learning D. Cognitivism

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. According to social learning theory, learning occurs when people imitate or model the behaviors of others. The students are modeling the performance of skilled basketball players when learning the jump shot in their physical education class.

Which of the following is most likely the primary role of a school administrator when serving on an IEP team? A.Providing classroom accommodations and ensuring progress in meeting goals B.Interpreting evaluation results and reporting them to the IEP team C.Supervising the implementation of the IEP and obtaining resources to support it D.Determining the least restrictive environment for the student to receive services

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. An administrator serving on an IEP committee is often responsible for supervising the plan to ensure that the needs of the student are being met. The administrator should be knowledgeable about general education curriculum and about the availability of the resources needed to support the plan.

Which of the following instructional activities best requires students to engage in the complex cognitive process of detecting bias? A.Accumulating information about a topic to decide on a personal course of action B.Studying various novels by the same author to find common themes C.Analyzing keywords used in a news article to determine the point of view of the author D.Examining a narrative of events to draw conclusions about the correct order of occurrence

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Analyzing keywords used in a news article to determine the point of view of the author allows students to detect bias in writing.

Which of the following describes an informal assessment that a teacher might use to best check individual students' understanding of a lesson or unit in progress? A. The teacher has students work in groups of three to solve a problem they have not seen before and asks them to keep careful record of their reasoning. B. The teacher has students work in groups of four to solve a problem and has one representative of each group come to the board to write out the group's solution. C. The teacher asks each student to write two sentences that answer a question on a topic the teacher puts on the board midway through the class. D. The teacher facilitates a brief whole-class discussion, eliciting questions from students about a topic.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Asking each student to write briefly during class serves as an informal assessment, which allows the teacher to check individual understanding.

Billy is a seventh-grade student in Mr. Harwell's civics class. Billy is always the first student finished with assignments and then tends to be disruptive. During presentations and discussions he constantly interrupts to ask questions that interest him and go beyond the lesson. Which of the following actions is best for Mr. Harwell to take in response to the situation described? A.Discussing the student's behaviors with the school psychologist B.Having the student work as a peer tutor for struggling classmates C.Gathering the student's performance data so that he can be evaluated for a gifted program D.Challenging the student to work independently without guidance, oversight, or feedback

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Based on the scenario, it appears that Billy is not challenged by the curriculum and acts out when he is bored. Since Billy is demonstrating traits and behaviors that can be typical of a gifted learner, Mr. Harwell should request that Billy be screened for giftedness according to the district's protocol for identifying gifted students.

Which of the following methods best utilizes a classroom paraeducator as an instructional partner? A.Asking the paraeducator to assemble class materials for a lesson B.Relying on the paraeducator to read tests aloud to students as needed C.Setting aside time each week to include the paraeducator in lesson planning D.Outlining the tasks that the paraeducator will need to modify for some students

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Being included in lesson planning lets the paraeducator become an instructional partner. The paraeducator may have suggestions on addressing the needs of different students in the class. Collaborating is productive and helps ease daily activities and scheduling.

A teacher uses exit tickets during the last five minutes of math to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and plan for future instruction. Which of the following types of assessment does this best represent? A. Summative B. Diagnostic C. Formative D. Interim

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Formative assessment provides the teacher with feedback and information during the course of the instructional process that are not necessarily graded. Exit tickets are effective when used as a formative assessment to help the teacher plan instruction for future lessons.

According to the cognitive theory of learning, the most valid evidence that students have learned a body of information is that they can A. repeat or retell the information on demand B. read the information at their appropriate grade level C. apply what they have learned in a new setting D. function at higher levels of Bloom's taxonomy

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. From a cognitive learning perspective, learning involves the transformation of information in the environment into knowledge that is stored in the mind. Learning occurs when new knowledge is acquired or existing knowledge is modified by experience.

In which of the following situations might a student's culture or family structure affect his or her ability to learn? A. A student living with an extended family is asked to interview family members to construct a family tree. B. A student whose family observes an ethnic holiday is asked to share information about the celebrations with the class. C. A student from a large family whose members own and work in a family business is asked to work quietly and independently. D. A student from a family where English is not spoken at home is assigned to work in a cooperative group.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. It describes a scenario markedly different from the student's accustomed environment. A student who is comfortable working with others may have difficulty working quietly and independently.

Student: I can't find any information on my topic. Teacher: Are you having trouble finding good resources for information? Student: Yes, and I'm never going to. I want to change my topic. Teacher: You sound frustrated. Where have you looked so far? Which of the following best describes the teacher's strategy in the dialogue above? A. Reciprocal teaching B. Coaching C. Active listening D. Debriefing

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. One primary component of active listening is to restate what the other person has said.

Which of the following best identifies the process in which two equally experienced teachers provide each other with feedback, support, and assistance to improve teaching performance? A. Evaluating B. Observing C. Peer coaching D. Mentoring

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Peer coaching is a confidential process through which two or more professional colleagues work together to reflect on current practices; expand, refine, and build new skills; share ideas; teach each other; conduct classroom research; and/or solve problems in the workplace.

Mr.Young's middle school students are having difficulty with a project that requires them to keep a notebook in which they record careful, systematic scientific observations and then write two possible hypotheses that could be tested on the basis of the observations. Which of the following theories will best help Mr. Young understand why so many of his students are having difficulty with the project? A. Erik Erikson's theory on the stages of psychological development B. Jerome Bruner's theory on how information is processed C. Jean Piaget's theory on the stages of cognitive development D. Lev Vygotsky's theory on social learning

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Piaget's classification of the stages of developmental readiness suggests that the students may not yet be ready to move from concrete observations (the concrete operational stage) to abstract hypotheses (the formal operational stage).

Which of the following best describes Piaget's cognitive stage in which children are able to debate social matters and other abstract ideas? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. According to Piaget, while children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages, the ability to think about abstract concepts and debate social matters emerges during the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

Mr. Rose wants to improve the quality of responses and the level of participation by students during class discussions. Which of the following techniques has the greatest potential for improving the thoughtfulness of students' responses and stimulating wider participation? A. Making a seating chart on which he keeps a record of each student's participation B. Using peer tutoring in which more-able students work with less-able students C. Waiting longer between posing a question and calling on students to respond D. Giving verbal and visual clues to the kind of response he is seeking

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Providing more time for reflection and using higher-level questioning stimulates students to think at a more complex cognitive level and to provide longer, often unsolicited, more speculative responses. To encourage such responses, teachers must pose questions and then wait for students to think before they respond.

Which of the following generalizations is most consistent with the research on the zone of proximal development? A.Reciprocal teaching should be used only after direct instruction of a concept because reciprocal teaching has proven to be less effective for mastering difficult tasks. B.Students with learning disabilities must be provided with constant support to achieve tasks that would otherwise be too difficult for them. C.Provided with appropriate support at the right moments, students will be able to achieve tasks that would otherwise be too difficult for them. D.Depending on the skill being practiced, students with advanced academic proficiencies do not need any support to master difficult tasks.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Providing students with the right amount of support for the task that they are attempting will enable those students to master tasks which they could not do without the support. This is the definition of the zone of proximal development.

A middle school wishes to develop partnerships with local businesses and organizations to improve student access to extended learning opportunities. Which of the following considerations is most important when initiating community partnerships? A.Providing teachers with curricular staff development while students work with community partners B.Encouraging parents to seek partnerships with community entities that they know from the area C.Identifying and soliciting specific partners who are able to respond to the needs of local students D.Estimating the required costs and fund raising to meet financial needs that will be encountered in partnerships

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Researching which local businesses and organizations can best provide students with learning opportunities and in turn be served by students is the most important consideration when developing community partnerships.

During a unit on the Civil War, a fifth-grade teacher wants to evaluate the metacognitive knowledge of students on a higher level of Bloom's taxonomy. Which of the following is the best example of an objective written at the highest level? A.Having students interpret the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation by rewriting the document in their own words B.Having students create an original map that shows three major battles of the Civil War with distance and landscape accuracy C.Having students describe their strategies for evaluating why Kansas remained a free state during the Civil War D.Having students summarize a passage from Uncle Tom's Cabin and relating it to their research just completed in class

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Students are using their knowledge and analytical skills to decide why Kansas remained a free state. They must describe how they arrived at their conclusions, thus communicating their findings and thought processes. Students are utilizing higher-level skills of analyzing and evaluating to perform the task.

An eighth-grade class is using a computer software program to learn French. The students enjoy using the program, but they become frustrated when it frequently loops back to vocabulary they were shown earlier. The students most likely do not understand that A. the computer is limited in the number of vocabulary words it can teach B. the computer cannot pace learning the way a human teacher can C. repeated exposure will help them place the vocabulary words in a schema D. their frustration is keeping them engaged in the lessons

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Students learning a new language are like a small child acquiring language. It takes many repetitions of a word before it finds a place in a schema and is usable.

A science teacher wants to build a garden on school property for students to grow plants and study life cycles. The teacher creates an action plan that includes goals for involving the community. Which of the following describes the best first step for the teacher's action plan? A. Assigning tasks to all stakeholders for the project B. Getting students to ask local businesses for donations C. Meeting with administrators to talk about the purpose and scope of the project D. Asking parents to send in monetary donations to support the garden

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The administration should be informed before a teacher implements an action plan that includes community involvement.

A teacher wants students to effectively use peer assessment to improve their writing. Which of the following is the best first step when guiding students in how to do so? A. Introducing a checklist for evaluating a peer's writing B. Evaluating sample writing pieces as a class C. Establishing criteria for good writing D. Following the procedures for effective writing

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The best first step when using peer assessment in the classroom is to establish criteria. As a group, students determine what should be assessed and how criteria for successful completion of the communication task should be defined to provide the most helpful feedback to their peers.

Which of the following best identifies an observable and measurable instructional objective for a unit of study on Hispanic cultures? A. Students will recognize the influence of Hispanic cultures on American society. B. Students will learn the significance of a mother's surname to an individual's full name in Hispanic cultures. C. Students will compare and contrast holidays celebrated in Hispanic cultures with holidays celebrated in other cultures. D. Students will understand the influence of Hispanic cuisine on American foods.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The learning objective is observable and measurable as it focuses directly on what the student should know and be able to do by the time the lesson is completed.

Which of the following statements best describes the distinguishing features of interactive instruction? A.Students learn through inquiry and case studies. B.Students learn through distance education courses. C.Students learn through personal reflections and experiences. D.Students learn through the sharing of information with others.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Interactive instruction is characterized by discussions and learning groups, where students learn from others.

A student's benchmark test results show unsatisfactory mastery of concepts that are foundational for future academic success. Which of the following steps is most appropriate for the teacher to take next? A.Assigning the student additional homework covering concepts that are important for the next grade level B.Sending a list of students who did not pass the test to a coteacher and asking for suggestions C.Discussing the meaning of the results with the student's parent and planning for intervention D.Encouraging the student to come to tutorials with questions about incorrect answers

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The parents should be involved and informed with regard to the student's progress on grade-level content mastery. Many subjects build on knowledge that should be mastered. A student who has not acquired the prerequisite knowledge is at risk for not understanding the next level of instruction.

Which of the following is the most important reason why a teacher has students learn to use self- and peer-assessments? A.Creating an evenly distributed workload during collaborative learning B.Instituting thorough monitoring techniques for long-term projects C.Encouraging accountability for active engagement in the learning process D.Alleviating a stressful learning atmosphere in a competitive environment

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The primary advantage of having students use self- and peer-assessments is that students are empowered to take on responsibility for their learning. When students feel in control of their learning, they are likely to be motivated to take risks, participate effectively, and develop the habit of self-reflection.

Which of the following teacher statements is an example of appropriate and effective positive feedback? A. "It's clear that you worked harder on this project than anyone else in the class." B. "This photograph is exactly what the contest judges are looking for." C. "This was a tough problem, but you worked hard until you solved it." D. "Nice job on this essay. Why can't you write like this every time?"

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The question is designed to assess knowledge of a variety of strategies for helping to motivate students using appropriate feedback. The statement in option (C) provides feedback that gives the student an internal locus of control.

Emily is an eighth-grade student in a physical science class. Her class is currently learning about the various scientific instruments used to measure the different states of matter. During a class discussion, the teacher asks how to correctly measure volume. Emily volunteers to answer and states that a graduated cylinder is used to measure volume. Emily's response did not completely answer the teacher's question. Which of the following strategies should the teacher apply to best support student feedback? A.Redirecting the question to a different student B.Finishing the whole response for the student C.Offering additional response time for the student D.Encouraging the class to assist the student

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. The teacher must give the student a proper amount of time to fully formulate his or her responses to questions. By not immediately responding to the student's answer the teacher is cueing to the student that he or she did not fully answer the question. Therefore, by offering additional response time the teacher is signaling to the student to reexamine the answer and try to respond with more information or detail.

When planning his lessons, Mr. Ruiz decides to base much of his instructional approach on Lev Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development. According to the theory, which of the following strategies will best support learning for a 13-year-old student? A. Having the student work alone in a quiet atmosphere where appropriate grade-level reference materials are readily available B. Giving the student many opportunities for practice so that mastered skills and concepts are reinforced C. Pairing the student with a peer whose level of skill and concept mastery is slightly more advanced D. Providing the student with manipulatives and access to technology

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question asks you to apply your knowledge of Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development, which states that instruction is most effective when the level of expectation is slightly ahead of the student's current level of understanding. Vygotsky believed that the zone of proximal development is most effectively used to advance student learning when mentorship from a knowledgeable adult or more advanced peer accompanies the instruction.

Which of the following is the best example of the diagnostic component of formative assessment? A. Students write a brief response to summarize the main points of a lecture. B. Students create a Venn diagram to organize ideas for an essay. C. Students complete the K and W parts of a KWL chart about the Great Depression. D. Students create a multimedia presentation about a novel they have just completed reading.

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question is designed to assess your understanding of the distinctions among different types of classroom assessment practices. Formative assessments are designed to provide feedback during the instructional process to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address students' needs.

Ms. Rivers is developing a lesson for her seventh-grade history class. A colleague has suggested that she use scaffolding to help her students effectively access the information. Which of the following strategies has the best potential to help her use this approach? A. Having the students role-play important events from the historical period being studied B. Asking students to use reproductions of actual historical documents and artifacts to draw conclusions about causes and effects of certain actions C. Having students use study guides as they read material and listen to class lectures D. Taking students on a field trip to a relevant historical site or museum and then having them write a first-person account of what they experienced

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. This question tests the ability to apply knowledge of the instructional strategy of scaffolding. Scaffolding instruction is the strategy a teacher uses to help students understand how new information is organized and how different parts of it are related to one another. Typically, scaffolding involves some tangible aids for connecting and organizing information, such as visual organizers, outlines, and/or content guides that clearly and systematically represent the order of new material.

An English teacher develops a learning objective in which students use analytical skills with a short story that they just read. Which of the following student activities is the most appropriate for achieving the instructional objective? A.Monitoring their comprehension by annotating the text B.Preparing a slide show of important events in the story C.Identifying examples of characterization on a graphic organizer D.Writing a critique of the author's use of figurative language

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A written critique requires students to critically assess or analyze a particular element of the story such as the author's use of figurative language.

Choose the behavioral theorist's name that the following classroom practice that best implements his theory. Students are assessed and encouraged to work at their own pace as they are introduced to new information one step at a time. A. Watson B. Maslow C. Thorndike D. Erikson

Correct Answer: C Option (C) is correct. Thorndike's theories center on the law of effect, which says that "when a connection between a stimulus and a response is positively rewarded it will be strengthened, and that the more the stimulus-response bond is practiced, the stronger it becomes. By teaching new information in small steps and providing quick and timely assessments for students, the teacher is using the "Law of Effect" to increase student success and understanding.

Mr. Fortuin is explaining an individual child's performance on a school-administered test to the child's parents. He explains that this particular test compares the child's performance to that of her classmates and other larger groups. It tells how well she did compared to her classmates on a given set of knowledge, but it does not indicate what information she does and does not know. The score will be given in a percentile, which was derived from raw scores obtained from testing a large population. The test Mr. Fortuin is describing is most likely A. an aptitude test. B. a criterion-referenced test. C. a norm-referenced test. D. a standard-score test.

Correct Answer: C Because: A norm-referenced test does all of the things listed in the description of what Mr. Fortuin is describing to the parent.

Adelphia is a seventh-grade student who is capable of high levels of abstract thinking, can retrieve information quickly, and shows originality of thought. She is likely a candidate for which school program? A. future teachers program B. school counseling program C. the gifted-and-talented program D. library media specialty program

Correct Answer: C Because: Adelphia demonstrates creativity and abilities characteristic of students who are gifted and talented. She should be referred to the gifted-and-talented teacher.

Culturally responsive educators A. encourage children to set aside their own nationalities and take on those of the majority race. B. teach multiculturalism during a two-week themed unit of the school year. C. incorporate a variety of instructional approaches and strategies that recognize all learning styles. D. call on students of color to represent the feelings and experiences of the people of their heritage.

Correct Answer: C Because: Culturally responsive teaching is characterized by instruction that encourages children to understand and welcome their own and others' cultures. Not B: Multiculturalism should be integrated into all subjects and skills rather than focused on during a special themed unit. Not D:Children should be viewed as individuals, not representatives of their race expected to respond to questions about the race in general.

If a teacher suspects a child has been abused, she A. should ask the parents if they are the abusers. B. can decide to report the incident to the authorities or not. C. is legally obligated to report it to the authorities. D. ask the student who abused him or her.

Correct Answer: C Because: If child abuse is suspected, the teacher is mandated to report it to the authorities.

A writing approach designed for use at all grade levels, in which students have opportunities to choose writing topics and styles, and teachers and peers act as mentor authors and confer with students as they advance their ways through the writing process, is known as A. writing with technology. B. guided writing. C. a writing workshop. D. individualized writing.

Correct Answer: C Because: In writing workshop approaches, students select topics and participate in the writing process by reading their drafts to peers, conferring with others, and learning what it is like to be a writer and author.

When speaking about culture and communication, educators know that context is key. What does this mean? A. You should not speak with someone from a culture different than your own until you have learned about the context of that person's familial culture. B. People have their own communication style preferences. C. How you communicate with one person, in one situation, or in one place, might be very different than how you communicate with another person, in another situation, or another place. D. How someone interprets what you are saying to them may be different from what you meant them to understand from your message.

Correct Answer: C Because: It's saying that in two different contexts, you would use two different forms of communication.

Stacey plans how to approach a task, monitors her comprehension as she proceeds through the activity, and evaluates her progress as she completes the task. These are all examples of how Stacey is using her A. memory skills. B. regulatory processing skills. C. metacognitive skills. D. overview cognitive skills.

Correct Answer: C Because: Metacognition involves thinking about the processes one is engaged in. In other words, Stacey is thinking about what she is thinking about.

The student will use verb tense to convey various times. Which learning domain does this objective address? A. cognitive domain B. affective domain C. psychomotor domain D. physical domain

Correct Answer: C Because: Psychomotor domain relates to skills. This objective reflects a skill. NOT A: Cognitive domain refers to knowledge. NOT B: Affective domain relates to attitudes. NOT D: It is not a domain of learning.

A school is seeking to use Title I funds to support a new literacy program at the grade five through grade nine levels. The school must investigate upon what research the new program is based. This is an example of A. due process. B. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Services Act. C. using scientifically based research to make critical decisions about programming. D. legislation related to the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Correct Answer: C Because: Scientifically based research is required by schools seeking to use federal funds to support educational programs according to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs portrays self-actualization as A. the realization that we need water, food, air, and sleep to survive. B. the need for love and affection through friendships, romance, and family companionship. C. a person's desire for self-fulfillment, reflected through spontaneity, autonomy, and realism. D. knowing who we are and being satisfied with our self-worth.

Correct Answer: C Because: Self-actualization refers to one's desire to be self-fulfilled.

Gwen graduated from a teachers' college in Alabama. Her husband just got a job opportunity in New York State. How can Gwen find out if she will be certified to teach in New York? A. Gwen should call schools in New York to ask about teacher licensing. B. Gwen doesn't have to worry because once you graduate from a teachers' college, you can get a teaching job in any state. C. Gwen will have to check on New York licensing regulations through the State Education Department. D. Gwen will have to check Alabama's licensing regulations through Alabama's State Education Department.

Correct Answer: C Because: Teacher licensing is governed by each state. Gwen would have to check the licensing regulations and reciprocity conditions that exist between Alabama and New York.

To best communicate objectives and procedures to his adolescent students, Mr. Griffin should do all of the following except A. distribute assignment worksheets that clearly identify the objectives and timelines. B. establish, teach, and practice consistent routines. C. expect students to be told expectations once and then remember and follow the rules. D. provide graphic organizers and process charts to help students visualize and proceed toward objectives.

Correct Answer: C Because: Teachers should not expect adolescents to consistently follow the rules without being reminded of them consistently.

A student came to Mr. Livingston and told him that a group of boys had been bullying him and threatened him. Mr. Livingston told him to ignore the boys and they would stop. But they didn't. The boy was assaulted by the bullies, and he is in the hospital now. Legally, because Mr. Livingston knew about the threat and did not report it to his supervisor, he may be A. slanderous. B. malicious. C. liable. D. defamatory.

Correct Answer: C Because: The assault should have been foreseeable by Mr. Livingston; therefore, he may face a liability suit. Liability involves being responsible.

Most likely, all of the following people might be members of a child's individualized educational plan (IEP) except A. the child. B. the parents. C. the para educator. D. the classroom teacher.

Correct Answer: C Because: The para educator is the choice least likely to be a member of the IEP team.

Colinda intently watches the teacher demonstrate a science experiment. She knows that if she forgets the procedure, she can refer to the handout the teacher distributed. She practices once, carefully using the handout to ensure she remembers the sequence correctly; however, the experiment fails. What went wrong? She doesn't intend to give up because she knows she can do this. With which of the following steps in the modeling process is Colinda experiencing difficulty? A. attention B. retention C. reproduction D. motivation

Correct Answer: C Because: The problem lies in reproduction. Additional practice of the learned behavior should lead to success. NOT A: Colinda is "intently" watching the demonstration, so attention doesn't seem to be a factor. NOT B: Colinda refers to the handout, so retention is not a problem. NOT D: Colinda "knows she can do this," so we know she is motivated.

Ms. Martini is a ninth-grade English teacher who is teaching a unit on identity through literary and informational texts. Throughout the unit, students are journaling to prompts such as "Who am I?" and "How do I fit in?" and "Where am I going in life?" She believes by allowing her ninth-graders to explore, they will come to understand their own identities. Ms. Martini's goals closely resemble which of the following theories? A. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development B. Vygotsky's Social Learning Theory C. Erikson's Personality Development Theory D. Bruner's Information Processing Theory

Correct Answer: C Because: These questions and the theme of identity closely align with Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage in which children come to understand their own identities.

According to the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, children's moral reasoning processes mature over time. Place each of the following descriptions of children's moral reasoning at different developmental stages in order from least complex to most complex. A. A child obeys because it is in one's best interest to obey; morality is based on rewards and self-interest. B. A child's actions emphasize healthy interpersonal relationships; morality is based on loyalty to the group. C. A child obeys because an authority figure says to obey; morality is based on little thought and avoiding punishment.

Correct Answer: C, A, B The correct order from least to most complex for the development of students' moral reasoning is (C), (A), (B). Choice (C) is least complex because young children's moral reasoning is based on understanding that they must obey parents, caretakers, and authority figures, or they may be punished. Choice (A) indicates that preteen children understand that by obeying rules and being compliant life is orderly and comfortable. Choice (B) is most complex because it indicates that for teenagers being accepted and belonging to a group is an important aspect of their lives and provides guidelines for how to behave in situations requiring moral judgments.

Place each example of an instructional objective for students with the level of Bloom's taxonomy that it best exemplifies. A. To be able to differentiate between kinetic and potential energy B. To be able to explain Newton's laws of motion in the student's own words C. To be able to recite Newton's three laws of motion D. To be able to calculate the kinetic energy of a projectile ORDER: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis

Correct Answer: C, B, D, A Reciting Newton's laws of motion involves the recall of knowledge. Explaining Newton's laws of motion involves comprehension. Calculating kinetic energy requires the application of knowledge. Differentiating between different types of energy requires analysis.

Mr. Biddle wants to use an assessment that will evaluate students' work as a whole, even while weighing its major elements. He doesn't want to become overly concerned with any one aspect of the project. What type of scoring should he use? A. incidental scoring B. guided scoring C. analytic scoring D. holistic scoring

Correct Answer: D NOT C: It projects on separate criteria.

Which of the following is most likely to be effective as a summative assessment? A. Students write a brief response to summarize the main points of a lecture. B. Students create a Venn diagram to organize ideas for an essay. C. Students discuss with a partner a question posed by the teacher. D. Students create a multimedia presentation about a novel they have just finished reading.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. A multimedia presentation about a novel that the students have just finished reading is a summative assessment; it is designed to evaluate students' understanding at the end of the unit, or in this case, at the completion of a novel.

Which of the following contributes most to the development of an inviting and inclusive environment for middle school students? A. Integrating units of study in core academic areas that connect to adolescent issues B. Promoting parent involvement in school and extracurricular activities C. Varying instructional techniques to promote student engagement in learning D. Assigning an adult advocate to monitor each student's academic and social development

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. An inviting and inclusive school environment for young adolescents promotes in-depth learning and enhances students' physical and emotional well-being. Every student is guided by an adult advocate who monitors and supports the student's academic and personal development.

Which of the following teacher actions is permitted under the fair use guidelines of copyright law? A.Photocopying a book in its entirety B.Showing an animated film as a reward C.Posting a scanned chapter on a teacher Web site D.Reproducing an excerpt from a text to annotate

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Because the teacher is only reproducing a small part of the overall text and because it is likely unreasonable to ask the students to purchase the text themselves for the purpose of writing in it, the situation falls under fair use guidelines.

According to Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs, people cannot achieve self-actualization without first A. accepting that their lower-order needs may never be met B. recognizing that their lower-order needs are unimportant C. satisfying the needs of others D. satisfying their lower-level needs

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Before achieving the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, one must achieve the previous needs--physiological, safety, love, and esteem.

A seventh-grade life science teacher starts a unit on classifying organisms into the six kingdoms by their characteristics. In the first few days of instruction, the teacher notices a few students are struggling to understand the vocabulary that classifies each kingdom and is concerned they will continue to struggle. To best meet the students' needs, the teacher's best next step is to A.administer a diagnostic assessment B.assign a peer tutor for the lessons C.provide a remedial assignment D.reteach using scaffolding

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. By reteaching using scaffolding the teacher is demonstrating knowledge that the students need to be retaught the concepts to help them grasp the vocabulary. Additionally, the scaffolding method of teaching breaks the lesson into smaller chunks to help the students learn the material in smaller pieces so that they are not overwhelmed with the information.

A teacher recognizes a need for a greater school-wide focus on differentiated instruction. Which of the following strategies is best for the teacher to advocate for? A.Assigning students to classes based on their proven ability to master academic expectations B.Determining which educators will be responsible for modifying assignments for students C.Evaluating educators on their implementation of required accommodations for each student D.Ensuring that educators are trained in methods of tailoring lessons for specific groups of students

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Differentiated instruction is multifaceted and requires training to be executed effectively. Providing teachers with training and follow-up support are helpful to ensure successful implementation of the differentiated instruction.

Choose the behavioral theorist's name that the following classroom practice that best implements his theory. Students are given assignments on the basis of their ability levels and provided with frequent opportunities for success. A. Watson B. Maslow C. Thorndike D. Erikson

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Erikson's stages place elementary age students in the industry versus inferiority stage, which says that to encourage industry, students need to feel successful and work at their level.

A fifth-grade teacher, MsMiss. Weng, has been asked to plan a professional-development session for her colleagues. MsMiss. Weng's goal for the session is to encourage greater student involvement in the classroom by inspiring her colleagues to explore ways to experience more successful outcomes. MsMiss. Weng can best inspire her colleagues by providing them with explicit guidance on which of the following topics? A.Joining a professional learning community B.Focusing on classroom management skills C.Comparing multiple instructional strategies D.Evaluating the effectiveness of instructional approaches

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. For teachers to learn new ways to engage learners, they must reflect on and evaluate the effectiveness of the instructional approaches they are currently using. By doing so, they can identify the strategies that are most effective at engaging specific groups of students to participate more in their own learning.

Which of the following best describes a cognitive characteristic of intellectually gifted students? A. They have a heightened sense of self-awareness. B. They are idealistic and have a strong sense of justice. C. They possess high expectations of themselves and others. D. They have the ability to generate original ideas.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Gifted students often possess an intense desire to learn about their own interests. Their cognitive ability to think at abstract levels earlier than same-aged peers and form their own ways of thinking about problems and ideas indicates that intellectually gifted students need advanced content and choice in learning activities.

When asking questions to the class, a teacher wants students to articulate their responses in a well thought-out manner. Which of the following strategies is best for the teacher to implement first? A.Encouraging active listening by students B.Using cold calling to call on students C.Allowing students to turn and talk to each other D.Giving students a wait time before calling on them

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Giving students a few seconds to think allows students to create a thoughtful response. If the wait time fails, the teacher could then allow students to turn to a partner to create a response.

Which of the following best describes the type of scoring that applies many criteria at the same time to evaluate an end-of-course project and results in a single grade? A.Task-specific scoring B.Analytic scoring C.Developmental scoring D.Holistic scoring

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Holistic scoring is used for judging the overall quality of the work on a project without assigning a score for each criterion as in analytic scoring. It is most commonly used for end-of-course assessments for which the student receives a final grade and does not receive detailed feedback.

Which of the following is the most reasonable statement based on the self-determination theory? A.Teachers should enable students to be successful either through extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation, but never both. B.Students who are prodded and able to accept help from others will display the most self-determination in school. C.Self-determination is achieved when students transfer intrinsic motivation to extrinsic motivation regarding academics. D.Students who are academically competent, independent, and able to relate to others will be intrinsically motivated.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Intrinsic motivation comes from a fulfillment of a person's needs to feel competent and able to function in the school environment.

To help students construct knowledge, it is most important for a teacher to first consider the students' A.study habits B.learning styles C.educational goals D.background experiences

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Learning is best constructed by building on background knowledge. By considering what the students already know about a topic, the teacher can link instruction to students' prior experience and help them construct new knowledge on the topic.

A teacher wants to accelerate English-language learners' vocabulary development of tier 1 words, which are common, basic everyday words. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the teacher to achieve the objective? A.Having the students use the words in fill-in-the-blank work sheets B.Drilling the students on giving definitions of words presented on flash cards C.Categorizing words with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes on a word wall D.Providing multiple examples of words that students hear, say, and then match to photographs

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Matching words with photographs is an effective use of a visual tool to enhance vocabulary instruction. By repeating a word after the teacher says it and then matching the word to a picture or photograph, students are using multiple senses to develop their vocabulary knowledge of everyday words.

Which of the following activities is specifically associated with reflection about teaching practices? A. Technology workshop B. Curriculum alignment C. Independent research D. Peer observation

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Peer observation encourages reflection on teaching practices. Peer observation allows teachers to observe and offer feedback to benefit from each other's experience and expertise while promoting teaching excellence.

Which of the following methods best helps establish classroom routines with secondary school students? A.Allowing students in each class to create the routines B.Labeling important class materials and areas for students C.Assigning students in each class to specific tasks D.Practicing classroom expectations until they become routines for students

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Practicing class expectations until they become routines allows the teacher to set up the expectations and then supervise the students while they master the routines. This sets the class up for success because students will know the procedures and specific expectations for the remainder of the school semester or year.

Jeremy is a good math student in a ninth-grade algebra class who is asked to go to the board to find the roots of an equation. Once Jeremy is at the board, he stares at the equation and then turns to the teacher and says, "I do not know how to do it." Which of the following is the most appropriate step for the teacher to take? A.Reading the equation aloud for Jeremy while emphasizing the number of its roots B.Asking for a volunteer to come to the board and solve the problem for Jeremy C.Simplifying the algebraic equation for Jeremy as he watches the technique D.Probing Jeremy to recall his prior knowledge about solving equations

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Prompting for prior knowledge is the appropriate questioning technique when a student says he or she does not know how to do something. Because Jeremy is a good student, he should be able to use what he knows to respond to the teacher's prompts and apply what he knows to finding the roots of the equation.

Which of the following is the most appropriate modification when assessing the vocabulary knowledge of a student struggling to retain information? A.Supplying a customized study guide before the day of the test B.Granting extended time to complete the test C.Reading the test questions aloud in an alternate location D.Providing a word bank of possible answers for test questions

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Providing a word bank to a student struggling to retain information is a suitable modification to help the student succeed on the assessments.

Which of the following is the strategy exemplified by a teacher who provides exemplars, prompts, sentence starters, and graphic organizers at the start of a task to support student learning? A.Differentiated instruction B.Modeling C.Guided practice D.Scaffolding

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Scaffolding is the use of a variety of instructional techniques to help students understand a concept or skill so that they can progressively become more independent in their learning. Scaffolding techniques include conducting demonstrations, tapping prior knowledge, preteaching vocabulary, and reviewing strategies.

Which type of memory stores information for approximately 20 seconds while the mind determines whether the information needs to be retained? A. Procedural B. Long-term C. Implicit D. Short-term

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Short-term memory involves the ability to recall information for a relatively short time.

Which of the following instructional strategies contributes most to positive student perception of teachers? A.Organizing intervention sessions outside of school for struggling students B.Providing opportunities to boost grades through extra-credit assignments C.Using extrinsic incentives with students, such as reward tokens and prizes D.Building relationships with students that demonstrate genuine care and concern

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Teachers who build relationships with students that are built on respect and genuine caring are most positively perceived by students.

Select whether the following assessment described is norm-referenced or criterion-referenced: A multiple-choice test that evaluates basic mathematics skills for the purpose of determining a student's need for academic support

Correct Answer: norm referenced. A prime example of a norm-referenced test is one that is used to determine a need for academic support. A norm-referenced test helps ascertain whether a student has acquired the skills needed to function successfully at his or her grade level.

Charlie's teacher discusses the results of his state English language arts exam with him during a brief conference. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to explain Charlie's score to him to foster his understanding? A."Your score is one standard deviation above the mean for the group of students in class." B."Your scaled score demonstrates growth of 10 percent from last year to this year." C."You performed well on the exam, earning a higher percentage than many students tested." D."You answered 42 out of 50 questions correctly on the selected-response portion of the exam."

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. Telling Charlie he scored 42 out of 50 questions correct is the most direct and clear way to provide feedback that helps his understanding of the score, given the student's knowledge of basic math principles.

Which of the following federal mandates protects the confidentiality of educational records for parents and students? A. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 B. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 C. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 D. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is a federal law that provides protection and rights for the family in regard to educational records.

A student who exhibits a pattern of inappropriate interpersonal relationships frequently enough to interfere with the learning process may be eligible for special education services under which of the following areas of exceptionality? A. Other health impairment B. Developmental delay C. Speech/language impairment D. Emotional/behavioral disability

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The question is designed to assess knowledge of areas of exceptionality. The information provided does not indicate that the student has a developmental delay, a speech/language impairment, or another type of health problem.

Which of the following methods is the best way for a teacher to access state standards? A.Asking for a hard copy from the principal B.E-mailing colleagues who work in the same department for a copy C.Searching the district's archives for a copy D.Downloading a copy from the state's department of education Web site

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The state's department of education sets the standards. This would be the most accurate, reliable, and up-to-date place for the teacher to access the state standards.

Which of the following is the best example of a statement that is negatively intrinsic? A. Teacher: If you complete this assignment, you will get a good grade. B. Student: I really want to complete this assignment. C. Teacher: If you do not complete this assignment, I will give you detention. D. Student: I really do not want to work on this assignment.

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The statement is negative and intrinsic because the student wants to avoid working on the assignment. Intrinsic motivation occurs when someone wants to do something, usually to benefit themselves in some way. Negative motivation is directed away from something that someone wants to avoid.

Mr. Luna is an eighth-grade pre-algebra teacher. During instruction, a few of his students are blurting out answers without permission and refusing to start assignments once given directives. The teacher has thoroughly analyzed his classroom management practices and referenced his annotations on the situation. He has implemented disciplinary measures to deal with the circumstances, but the problem continues to occur. To best address the situation, the teacher's next step is to A.refer the students to an administrator for disciplinary consequences B.change instructional models to promote student involvement C.utilize behavioral supports to address inappropriate conduct D.request a colleague to observe the class and give feedback

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The teacher has already thoroughly analyzed or reflected on the situation and implemented various reflective practices. However, the teacher has not attempted to seek out assistance from a colleague to observe the class and provide feedback or constructive criticism to help with other potential solutions for permanently changing the dynamic of the classroom.

A fifth-grade teacher notices a student, Michael, has stopped participating in lesson activities and started sleeping in class over the past week. These behaviors are uncharacteristic of the teacher's previous interactions and observations of Michael to this point in the school year. To address the student's current circumstances, the next best step for the teacher to take is to A.differentiate the lessons to meet the student's learning style B.coordinate a student observation with a school administrator C.establish visual cues to attend to the student's current behaviors D.evaluate potential external factors affecting the student's actions

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. The teacher's best next step is to evaluate potential external variables affecting the student's current behavior. Teachers need to be aware of the effect of external factors on student learning and performance to better address student needs. Then teachers can identify potential supports to put in place to help the student be successful in overcoming unforeseen challenges.

Which of the following terms best describes a cognitive process that involves combining information to develop new understanding, concepts, or ideas? A. Lateral thinking B. Stream of consciousness C. Conjecture D. Creative thinking

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. This question asks you to demonstrate your knowledge of the cognitive processes associated with learning. Creative thinking involves combining information to develop new understanding, concepts, or ideas.

A fifth-grade teacher notices that Samuel, an ELL, consistently struggles to understand literature in English although he speaks the language fluently. It is most important for the teacher to do which of the following to best help Samuel? A.Provide Samuel with additional opportunities to participate in vocabulary-building activities to improve his knowledge of sight words B.Give Samuel a diagnostic test to identify any specific learning disabilities and provide necessary instructional supports C.Teach Samuel how to effectively use word decoding strategies while reading to improve prosody and automaticity D.Evaluate Samuel using instructional materials in his primary language to determine possible barriers to comprehension

Correct Answer: D Option (D) is correct. To help the student, the teacher needs to recognize that the problem may be caused by barriers other than his ability to read in English. Just because the student can speak English fluently does not mean that the student can proficiently comprehend reading material. Therefore, the teacher needs to provide instructional material in the student's native language to gauge whether the reading comprehension issue is in fact a language barrier.

Based on the cognitive development of adolescents, teachers should plan instruction that does all of the following except A. limit the amount of new information presented at one time to accommodate adolescents' short-term memory capabilities. B. provide problem-solving activities to enhance and strengthen brain growth through practice. C. provide lessons that are varied and include lots of hands-on activities. D. cram in large amounts of information to encourage students' brains to grow and develop.

Correct Answer: D Because: Adolescents' short-term memory can generally only retain a few items at a time. Cramming in large amounts of information won't work because students will forget previous information to deal with the new. A, B, and C are recommended practices to encourage brain development in adolescents.

To foster a home environment that supports children as learners, teachers should stress A. critical concerns the teacher has about students. B. critical concerns the teacher has about the parents' lack of support for the students. C. the importance of high parental aspirations for the children. D. student achievement rather than problems-centered discussions.

Correct Answer: D Because: Focusing on student achievement rather than just discussing problems creates a positive, open dialogue among teachers and parents.

An eighth grade boy refers to a classmate as a "chick." What would be the best way to respond to this student? A. Ignore the comment, as he was just joking. B. Demand he apologize to the classmate. C. Have him write out all of the definitions of "chick" and substantiate his use of the word. D. Ask him why he thinks some females might find the term offensive.

Correct Answer: D Because: It encourages the male to think about the female's reaction to the term rather than demanding he apologize or punishing him with a writing assignment.

To encourage high levels of thinking, a teacher should guide students to do all of the following except A. reflect. B. challenge assumptions. C. find relationships. D. use their body language.

Correct Answer: D Because: It would not encourage high levels of thinking.

Read the following dialogue, then identify what type of strategy Ms. Peek is using to support the student's attempts to articulate her ideas. Amy: I'm so angry! I could burst! Ms. Peek: You sound upset. Amy: Yes, I can't get this math! I just don't understand it at all! Ms. Peek: You're frustrated because you don't understand the math. A.wait-time strategy B. verbal prompting C. nonverbal prompting D. reflective-listening statements

Correct Answer: D Because: Ms. Peek is using reflective-listening statements, which offer the idea back to the speaker to confirm the idea has been understood by the listener.

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, children incorrect option. Answer explanation has been added A. are egocentric thinkers who believe everyone thinks as they do. incorrect option. B. are able to handle abstract reasoning and understand hypothetical concepts. C. are not yet capable of concrete problem solving. D. begin to organize their thoughts and reason logically.

Correct Answer: D Because: Piaget's concrete operational stage is characterized by logical and concrete reasoning, organized thinking, the loss of egocentric thinking, and an inability to handle abstract reasoning.

Most professional educational associations offer all of the following forms of professional development except A. websites with various resources. B. professional journals. C. conferences and conventions. D. accredited master's-level graduate programs.

Correct Answer: D Because: Professional educational associations exist to provide networking and professional development for educators across content areas. This is not a form of professional development offered by most.Cici is a Latina young adult who closely identifies herself with her homeland culture.

In norm-referenced assessments, a scale to determine the differences among scores and whether the scores are below average, average, or above average is known as A. code patterns. B. quantitative data. C. frequency distribution. D. standard deviation.

Correct Answer: D Because: Standard deviation represents the degree of distribution among the responses around the mean. NOT A: Code patterns is a made-up term. NOT B: Quantitative data is numerical data. NOT C: Frequency distribution relates to the frequency of each response.

Mr. Williams is administering the state examinations for the first time as a new teacher. As he starts the test, he says to his students, "Let's see, it says here that you have to listen to me, these directions, and everything. But you've done this stuff before, so just go ahead and start the test. If you need anything, just raise your hand." The special education teacher who is in the room covers for him and quickly steps in with, "Mr. Williams, you are such a kidder. You know we have to read everything they tell us to read. So, what were those directions?" Does Mr. Williams have to read the directions to the students? A. No. The students are supposed to read all parts of the test themselves. B. No. It is up to the discretion of the teacher to determine how to administer the test. C. Yes. He should read them to students if they raise their hand and don't know what to do. D. Yes. Teachers should not deviate from test administration instructions on standardized tests, or the results may be invalid.

Correct Answer: D Because: State tests are standardized, which means all teachers across the state have to provide the same conditions for their students in order for the results to be valid. Skipping over the directions would make the test invalid.

Ms. Realia is beginning a new unit by having her students fill out a KWL chart. What is her strategy for using this KWL? A. This is a writing exercise that will help students practice expressing their ideas about the topic. B. Ms. Realia wants to teach students how to take notes to aid their comprehension of the new topic. C. As students talk in small groups about their charts, they will learn what they wanted to learn about the topic. D. Ms. Realia wants to motivate her students to connect their prior knowledge and interests to new ideas and concepts.

Correct Answer: D Because: The KWL chart will help students activate their prior knowledge about the topic and motivate them to think about what they want to learn about the topic.

No Child Left Behind legislation A.authorized and funded the Goals 2000 program. B. set national educational goals for U.S. students that were to be achieved by the year 2000. C. identified eight national goals, including that all children in the United States would start school ready to learn. D. supports standards-based education reform, which proposes setting high standards and establishing assessable goals will improve students' learning.

Correct Answer: D Because: The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 supports standards-based education reform. Not B or C because Goals 2000, which identified eight national educational goals for U.S. students that were to be achieved by the year 2000, stated all children in the United States would start school ready to learn. Goals 2000 identified eight national educational goals for U.S. students that were to be achieved by the year 2000.

A classroom teacher is concerned about the varying skill levels and learning styles in his ninth-grade classroom. To meet his students' needs, he plans to acquire materials across readability levels, present ideas orally and visually, and set up the classroom in interest centers that allow students to practice inquiry learning. These approaches are examples of A. learning theories. B. discriminatory practices. C. gender inequalities. D. differentiated instruction.

Correct Answer: D Because: The practices described are all excellent examples of differentiated instruction that will help the teacher respond to variances among skill levels in his classroom.

At the end of seventh-grade students in the Altamont school district take a final exam in math. If the scores on this test correlate highly with the statewide math tests, these tests would be said to have high concurrent A. criterion. B. construction. C. reliability. D. validity.

Correct Answer: D Because: The tests are valid because the scores correlated. Validity refers to whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

A child tells the teacher that his mother was upset because he came home with a low grade on a math quiz the night before, and he blames the teacher for his low grade. What is the best way for the teacher to respond? A. "It isn't my fault if you didn't study!" B. "I don't blame your mother for being upset; it was a terrible grade." C. "So, what are you going to do to get a better grade on your next test?" D. "How did you feel when your test grade upset your mother?"

Correct Answer: D Because: This question encourages the student to reflect on how his actions affected his mother. His response to this question will most likely help him understand he is the one in control of his mother's reaction. If he wants to make his mother proud next time, he needs to take different action.

In the teachers' faculty room, Ms. Curtain tells Mr. Bassett that one of her student's parents who happens to live down the street from her was just arrested for assaulting another neighbor. A conversation ensues in which she reveals other family interactions she has observed also. Is Ms. Curtain within her bounds to share this information with her colleagues? What should she do? Select the best choice. A. Ethically, because Ms. Curtain is the child's teacher, she should refrain from "gossiping" about the child's family. Nothing good can come from it. B. The incidents all occurred in public, so Ms. Curtain is not obligated by confidentiality rules in this case. C. Ms. Curtain is obligated to share everything she knows about her students to other teachers who may come in contact with the student. D. If in doubt, Ms. Curtain should talk with the building principal or other administrator to determine what information is confidential and what information may be helpful for school personnel to be aware of.

Correct Answer: D Because: When in doubt, a teacher should always consult the building administrator who may be aware of policies and circumstances in which information should or should not be shared. In general, it is best not to speak of school matters outside of school and to guard the confidentiality of one's students and their families.

Social learning theory consists of three core concepts. Which of the following choices is not one of these concepts? A. People learn by observing others. B. Internal reinforcements are important to learning. C. Learning does not always lead to change in behavior. D. Learning leads to permanent change in behavior.

Correct Answer: D Because: While behaviorists believe learning leads to permanent change in behavior, social learning (i.e., the work of Albert Bandura) proposes people can learn without the new learning changing their behavior permanently.

During the year, a teacher uses holistic and analytical scoring rubrics to evaluate students' writing pieces. Indicate whether the statement is characteristic of a holistic or an analytical scoring rubric: Assigns a score based on an overall impression created by a piece of work

Correct Answer: Holistic Holistic grading is based on the overall quality of a paper by comparison of the paper to a standard set by a benchmark paper.

During the year, a teacher uses holistic and analytical scoring rubrics to evaluate students' writing pieces. Indicate whether the statement is characteristic of a holistic or an analytical scoring rubric: Uses benchmark papers to train scorers to recognize levels of achievement

Correct Answer: Holistic Holistic grading is based on the overall quality of a paper by comparison of the paper to a standard set by a benchmark paper.

A teacher wants to use copyrighted materials in class. Select whether the following action is allowed or prohibited under copyright laws: A teacher makes 25 copies of a compilation of songs. Students practice the songs in class and perform them in the auditorium for parents.

Correct Answer: Prohibited The action described in the first statement is prohibited because under copyright laws, teachers may not make copies of music to be performed outside the classroom by students.

Select whether the following assessment described is norm-referenced or criterion-referenced: A pretest and posttest that evaluate teaching effectiveness and students' learning progress in mathematics

Correct Answer: criterion referenced Criterion-referenced tests are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of a course of study.

Select whether the following assessment described is norm-referenced or criterion-referenced: A mathematics test provided by the district twice each year that determines student mastery of state performance standards

Correct Answer: criterion referenced Criterion-referenced tests are often used to determine whether a student has obtained the expected knowledge and skills in a certain area and whether there are any gaps in learning.

Daryl, a eighth-grader, receives a score report from a standardized mathematics test taken by this entire sixth-grade class that includes both a grade-equivalent score and a national percentile rank. Daryl's grade-equivalent score indicates that which of the following is true? A. Daryl did as well on his test as an average eighth-grade student in the second month of school would do on an eighth-grade test B. Daryl can do the mathematics expected of an average eighth-grader who is in the second month of the school year C. Daryl may well encounter difficulties in the later stages of the eighth-grade mathematics curriculum D. Daryl did as well on this test as an average eighth-grader in the second month of the school would do on the same test

D. Daryl did as well on this test as an average eighth-grader in the second month of the school would do on the same test

A middle-school teacher asks students to make observations and draw conclusions during a science lesson. Which of the following types of reasoning is the teacher asking the students to use? A. Exemplar reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Backwards reasoning D. Inductive reasoning

D. Inductive reasoning

Which of the following educational approaches to learning best relates to the work of John Dewey? A. Learning is essentially passive. B. Learning is precisely measured by tests. C. Learning is sharply defined by specific content D. Learning is directly related to meaningful experiences

D. Learning is directly related to meaningful experiences

Which of the following correctly states an aspect of effective reflective practice? A. Peer coaching should be done sparingly because it can interfere with a coach's own reflective potential B. Reflective practice, to remain truly professional, should exclude student input that challenges teaching practices C. the reflection process should be free of links to conceptual frameworks that limit inquiry and problem solving D. Teacher coaches should create an environment of trust and build a context for reflection that is unique to every learning situation

D. Teacher coaches should create an environment of trust and build a context for reflection that is unique to every learning situation