Praxis II: Fundemental Subjects Content Knowledge (0511)

Indefinite adjective

gives the reader approximate info Ex. Some students do not understand grammar

Complex sentence

has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses Ex. "Since my back aches, I think I should stretch out and do yoga today."

Connector words or signal words

help students understand cause-and-effect relationships and related ideas

Compound noun

made up of two or more words Ex. basketball, middle school, mother-in-law

Collective noun

name a group or collection of people, things, places, concepts, or characteristic Ex. family, flock, team, pod, group, bunch, dozen

Concrete noun

names things that are physical and can be touched Ex. bed, truck, table

Compound- complex sentence

possess two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses Ex. " On Sunday Todd wants to play ping-pong, but I need to do my homework before I can go over to his house."

Predicate adjective

follows a linking verb and describes the subject Ex. Mable was energentic, but she is now tired

Literary Elements

Refers to specific and recognizable characteristcs or text or literary work

Reasons connections help readers

-Readers are able to understand how characters feel -Readers are able to figure out the motivation of the characters actions -Readers become more actively involved and engaged in the materials -Readers can determine the purpose, figure out the theme, and remain focused on the concepts

Irony

A device in which a word or a phrase is used to mean the exact opposite of its normal meaning.

Simile

A figure of speech that is a comparision of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas through the use of words like or as. Ex. Her words are like honey.

Metaphor

A figure of speech used as a comparison of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas without using the words like or as ex. the girl was a hog when it came to ice cream

Idiom

A group of words with a special, more figurative meaning instead of the literal meaning ex. to steal one's thunder

Foreshadow

A hint or clue that the author provides to the reader to suggest what will happen next or at sometime in the future in the story or narrative.

Oxymoron

A pair of words that when combined have the opposite meanings. Ex. found missing, exact estimate, jumbo shrimp

Symbol

A real or concrete object that is used to represent an idea or concept.

Means of Communication Proverbs

A set of values or sayings that impart wisdom within a culture and guide the society in their actions. Ex. A penny saved is a penny earned.

Dramatic monologue

A speech or poem spoken by one character in order to share their innermost thoughts and feelings, which have been hidden throughout the story.

Hyperbole

An exaggeration or use of a statement that enhances the effect of the words, which may or may not be realistic. ex. I told you a million times

Schema

Background knowledge or experiences that students may bring with them into the reading of a text. May include: emotions, opinions, feelings, ideas, and understandings

Word analysis

Breaking down words into roots, prefixes,and suffixes to determine meaning

Character direct presentation

Character is portrayed by the author, the narrator, or other characters

Antagonist

Character of force (nature, society, a person, etc) that may oppose the protagonist in a piece of literature

Character indirect presentation

Character's traits are exposed by actions and speech

8 Elements of Plot Inciting force

Characters or events trigger the central conflict

8 Elements of Plot

Conclusion and completion of action

8 Elements of Plot Crisis

Conflict reaches a turning point (intense) 2 oppossing forces meet

Text-to-world

Connection- able to relate what happens in the world to text

Text-to-self

Connection- when a reader can relate thier own lives to what is being read

Text-to-text

Connection-comparision between what is currently being read to that of other works

Means of Communication Specific vocabulary Jargon Lingo

Cultures and communities develop characterstic vocabulary. Being able to use this specific vocabulary demonstrates membership within the culture and society.

Narrative

May be used in subjects but often for pleasure Ex. Autobiography, Biography, Epic, Fanatasy, Folktales, Historical Fiction, Mystery, Play, Poetry, Relastic fiction, Science fiction...

Major characters

Dominate story- dynamic, round, 3 dimensional

General knowledge

Meaning is aquired from background knowledge or prior experience of the reader

8 Elements of Plot Conflict

Event that comprises plot : man vs. man; man vs. nature; man vs. society; man vs. self; man vs. fate

Means of Communication Stories Myths Histories

Every culture, society, and community has symbolic narratives. Knowing the stories identifies a person as a member of a group. Most tell tales of sucess in crisis or the growth of a hero or the defeat of a villian.

2 Basic Catagories of Literature

Expository and Narrative

Tone

Feeling or attitude that is conveyed by a narrative or selection

Minor characters

Flat, static, 2-dimensional

Personal point of view

Focuses on manner which writer describes, discusses, narrates

Pace

How details of a narrative are placed and how transitions are made

Physical point of view

Refers to position in time and space

8 Elements of Plot Exposition

Intro of story (setting, tone, characters, purpose)

Theme

Main idea or the fundamental meaning of a literary work that can be either plainly stated or implied. Either major or minor. Also, view or belief that is the underlying message of narrative

Means of Communication Symbolic names

Names identify people and places with groups, differentiate communities, and declare known and recognizable groups.

3rd Person

Outside voice -Objective-told through actions and dialogues - Omniscient-narrator knows all -Limited omniscient- knows all of one character

8 Elements of Plot Climax

Peak of story

Means of Communication Heroes and Villains

People in groups tend to single out certain people to talk about. Some are praised, and their actions endorsed (hero). Others are condemned, and thier actions reprimanded. Both reflect societies' values and beliefs.

Point of View

Perspective from which a story is told or a literary piece is written

Setting

Physical location - time, place, physical details and circumstances or events

1st Person

Point of view of character - uses "I"

Protagonist

Primary or main character may or may not be the hero

Reading Literature Developing (extending stage)

Reader delves into the text, using background knowledge to build an understanding of the literary piece with new information being absorbed and used to ask questions

Reading Literature Initial (construction stage)

Reader has contact with content, structure, genre and language of the text, using prior knowledge to build an understanding of the elements

Reading Literature Critical Analysis (examining stage)

Reader reflects and reacts to the literary work by judging, evauluating, and relating to the literature

Reading Literature Reflection /response (extension of reading stage)

Reader uses text knowledge to connect to personal knowledge of the reader's lives of others, and the human condition

Expository

Reference or resource works, and informational materials most often used in subject or content areas and regularly used in schools

Mood

Sense of feeling in literary works

Plot

Sequential order of events within a narrative

8 Elements of Plot Falling Action

Series of events occuring after climax

Imagery

Specific use of language that appeals to the readers' senses

Analogy

The comparision of similar objects, which suggets that since the objects are similar in some ways that they will probably be alike in other ways. Ex. Dogs are like babies. If you give them a lot of care and attention they will grow strong and healthy.

8 Elements of Plot Rising Action

String of events that builds up from the conflict

Flashback

The device in which an author interrupts the story or narrative to go back and explain an earlier memory of a character.

Exaggeration

The overstatement or the stretching of the truth in order to emphasize a point. Ex. the music was so loud it shattered my eardrums.

Decoding skills

The process of understanding that letters in text represent the sounds (phonemes) in speech.

Motif

The use of a recurring object, concept, element, word, phrase, or sructure in order to draw the readers' attention to a specific point the author wishes to make.

Dialogue

The use of conversation between characters in order to provide readers with insight into the chararcter s' behaviors, motivations, and human interactions.

Personification

The use of descriptive words in such a way as to give human characteristics to a nonhuman thing such as an object, idea, or animal. Ex. The dog danced with joy when he was given a bone.

Alliteration

The use of language in which the consonant sounds are repeated, generally at the beginning of a word or within words. ex. the sneaky snake was snoring loudly as she slept soundly

Onomatopoeia

The use of words that are appealing to the sense of hearing and mimic sounds that aid in the description for the reader. ex. boom, hiss, groan

Figurative Language

The use of words, phrases, or other language structures that change the literal meaning of the words used

Definiton clue

Words or phrases that explain or define the unknown word or concept

Synonym clue

Words or phrases that have a similar or the same meaning as the unknown or concept

Antonym clue

Words or phrases that indicate the ooposite of an unknown word or concept

2nd Person

Writer tells the story to another character - uses "you"

Mental point of view

Writer's feelings

Helping verbs

aid in the formation of tense and also voice of the main verb Ex. shall, will, would, could, must, can, have, has, do, did

Poetry- trochaic

an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable

Poetry- dactylic

an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllable

Poetry- iambic

an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable

Difficult, challenging, or multiple meaning words

begin to develop work attack skills and apply previous learning to new words they face

Superlative adjective

compares three or more Ex. ends in -est

Compound sentence

contain 2 or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction and/or punctuation Ex. " I usually workout in the morning, but this morning I had no time"

Linking verbs

do not express action but connect the subject of the verb to additional information Ex. is, are, were, has been, have been

Infrequent or unusual words

encountered only when reading or listening to specific genres

Simple sentence

expresses one complete thought (independent clause) Ex. "My back aches"

Demonstrative adjective

singles out a specific noun: this, that, these, those Ex. This house is old, but that house is new and sturdy.

Abstract noun

something that cannot be seen or touched but can be thought or felt Ex. love, desire, Buddhism, happiness

When students know word meanings ...

their comprehension improves

When students have a proper vocabulary...

their overall communication skills improve (speaking, listening, reading, writing)

Subject or content area words

these words may be used across the disciplines and found in different genres and glossaries

When students can adequately communicate, using appropriate vocabularies, and have sucess in reading...

they improve in all areas of their school, work, and life

When students increase their word skills an communication abilities...

they improve their self-confidence and social abilities

Theme may be used:

to articulate or highlight emotions; to convey ideas, thoughts, and comprise conversations; are intertwined in the characters; may be found in the actions or events of a story

Poetry- spondaic

two accented syllables

Poetry- anapestic

two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable

High-frequency or basic words

used regulary in reading and writing

Interjection

word or phrase used to show strong emotion or surprise Ex. Hey!