Praxis reading/LA

Parallel Clauses

"We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the hills."

Explanation of questions 9-25

#9: The strategy of phoneme blending requires students to combine phonemes to make a word #10: The rime in cake is formed by all of the letters that follow the beginning consonant. #11: An English language learner at the L2 stage is at the very beginning stages of reading and writing and has a very limited vocabulary. #12: The word chick is made up of three phonemes, or units of sound: /ch/, /ĩ/ , and /ck/. #13: Phonemic awareness is an understanding of how phonemes can be orally manipulated to change the meanings of words. #14: The letter m is most likely to be introduced first because it contains its sound in its name and only forms one sound in words. #15: The diphthong ea produces one small unit of sound, /ē/, that cannot be reduced into a smaller unit. #16: The word it's is a contraction meaning it is. The possessive form of its is written without an apostrophe. #17: The word than, which is a conjunction used to make comparisons, should be used instead of then, which is an adverb that means at that time. #18: It is most beneficial for students to use graphic organizers to shape their ideas before writing. #19: The simile is a comparison made using the words like or as. #20: The poet uses an aabb rhyme scheme throughout the poem, which lets the reader know that the quays should be pronounced to rhyme with trees. #21: Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate or resemble sounds. #22: Descriptive writing produces sensory imagery and vivid impressions and is often used in poetry. #23: Expository writing is most appropriate for the formal and objective presentation of information required in a research paper. #24: Finger spelling is a form of sign language that uses the hands to represent letters. #25: Sight word instruction is designed to help students recognize high-frequency words automatically, without decoding, so they can read with fluency.

Fluency

- Ability to read with ease and automaticy

Oral Presentation Skills

- Allows for effective communication. TYPES OF: 1) LOGIC STRUCTURE: Ideas follow a logical line of reasoning. 2) SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: Info. is supported by relevant evidence. 3) WORD CHOICE: Only necessary words & sentences are included. 5) COLLABORATION: Group presentations are creative, cohesive, and logical. 6) EYE CONTACT: Eyes directed at audience 7) ARTICULATION: Clear Enunciation. 8) VOLUME: Natural volume of voice (not too loud/soft). 9) AUDIENCE: Style of presentation=needs of audience. 10) DISPLAYS: Visuals, props, and/or sounds to enhance presentation.

Vygotsky and Socio-Cultural Theory

- Children can learn more and do more collaboratively ● Motivation comes, not only from our own interests, but from the expectations and values of our group as learning becomes part of a larger social process. ● Children work within their ZPD (zone of proximal development: the range of abilities an individual can perform with assistance, but not independently) with the aid of a teacher or peer tutor who uses "scaffolding" to support learning incrementally. ● Instructional scaffolding is a learning process designed to promote a deeper level of learning. Scaffolding is the support given during the learning process, tailored to the needs of the student with the intention of helping the student achieve their learning goals. As the student struggles, the teacher provides hints, suggestions, and clarifying questions. As the student becomes more competent, the teacher helps less and less often (called fading) until the student can perform the task on their own. - VYGOTSKY: ● Teachers should begin instruction at the point where children can work successfully alone ● Teachers should provide instruction incrementally (small steps) and move toward student independence ● Children learn best in the ZPD (zone of proximal development) ● ZPD is the gap between what a child can do alone an

Punctuations

- Mechanical choices. TYPES OF: 1) PERIOD: . Most common terminal punctuation. Ends declarative (statement) & imperative (command) sentences. 2) QUESTION MARK:? Common Terminal punctuation. Ends interrogative sentences (questions). 3) EXCLAMATION POINTS: ! End exclamatory sentences. Conveys intense emotion or energy. 4) COLON: : Shows relationship btwn. 2 clauses and to highlight info in 2nd clause- usually a list, definition, or clarification. EX: The buffet offers three choices: ham, turkey, or roast beef. 5) SEMICOLON: ; Shows general relationship btwn. two independent clauses EX: The disgruntled man tapped angrily on the counter; she had to wait nearly ten minutes to speak with a manager. 6) APOSTROPHES: ' Shows possession EX: BOY'S WATCH, John And Mary's house. Replaces missing letters, numbers, and signs EX: do not=don't; 1989= '89. Form plurals of letters, numbers, and signs EX: A's. 7) EN DASH: - Indicates range of dates of dates. 8) EM DASH: -- (Longer than en dash). Indicates an abrupt break in a sentence. 9) PARENTHESES: () Encloses info. 10) BRACKETS: []. Encloses added words to a quotation and to add info. w/in parentheses. 11) SLASH: /. Separates lines of poetry in text. 12) ELLIPSES: ... Indicates info. removed from a quote, missing line of poetry, or creates reflective pause. 13) QUOTATION MARKS: " " Sets of dialogue, enclose titles of short stories, enclose direct quotations w/in text or document. If a quotation is used w/in a quotation=single quotation (' ') is used.

Reading and Writing develop concurrently

- Reading and writing skills begin before a child enters school. -Reading is NOT dependent upon a full mastery of phonics. -The best way to show young children the relationship between printed letters and meaning is for teachers to model reading--read to their students. -Students learn the processes of reading by imitating their teachers (holding a book, looking at the pictures, pretending to read) -Emergent readers can construct meaning from a narrative book simply by looking at the picture. - Early readers being at the phonetic level - when writing they typically only write with consonants (though they may spell some high-frequency words correctly)

Phonics

- Studies relationship btwn. spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds (letter-sound-correspondence). - First taught in Isolation, then blended into words, and then applied to decodable text.

Domain of Learning

- Teachers should strive to support a child's growth and learning in these five specific areas of human development: ● Cognitive domain: refers primarily to the mental skills (reasoning and thinking). Considered to be the most critical of the five learning domains and is essential for the development of all the others. ● Language or communication domain: refers to the development of all the communication skills essential for human interaction. The teacher needs to expose young students to activities that stimulate oral language and listening skills in order for them to be able to acquire the necessary literacy skills later in their development (reading/writing). ● Physical domain: refers to the importance of providing students with activities that stimulate gross (large muscle) and fine (small muscle) motor skills. Attention should also be given to improving coordination and balance. ● Social and emotional domain: refers to the need for teachers to provide students with a safe and appropriate learning environment that permits social interaction. - Emotions are the visible aspects of feelings, needs, and desires striving to be fulfilled. By providing a safe environment, establishing appropriate relationships, and modeling appropriate behaviors, students are provided the tools they need in order to develop the social interaction skills necessary in human relationships. ● Adaptive behaviors domain: refers to a child's growing ability to self regulate and act independently. The teachers' role is to provide legitimate routines and procedures that nurture the adaptive qualities in their students.

Logical Fallacy

- These errors in reasoning undermine the logic in your argument, often making irrelevant points or lacking evidence ● Argumentum Ad Hominem: Involves attacking the character traits of an opponent as a means to invalidate their argument. ● Argumentum Ad Populum: 1) Snob Appeal: prove conclusion by appealing to what an elite in society believes 2) Bandwagon: prove conclusion on the grounds that all or most people think or believe 3) Appeal to Emotion: prove conclusion using expressive and emotively laden language to arouse support for a conclusion. ● Begging the Question: (circular reasoning) a fallacy in which the argument takes for granted what it is supposed to prove, ex: paranormal activity is real because I have experienced what can only be described as paranormal activity. ● False Analogy: an argument based on the superficial, misleading, or implausible comparisons ● Oversimplification: multiplying or reducing the causes of an event to the point where there is no longer a genuine, casual connection

Graphic Novels

- can support reading comprehension in a number of ways: ● Assist the reader by helping them identify the tone and mood of the story ● Allow them to better visualize the story itself ● Assist them in distinguishing the difference between dialogue and narration.

Constructivism Theory

- children learn best in a community of practice involved in relevant learning activities. ● Learning must be an active process ● Learning is very individualized. Students ay learn different things from the same experience. - PIAGET: ● Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us understand the world, and at any given point in our development we are in cognitive equilibration: we understand the world in terms of the cognitive operations and structures that we have developed. ● We assimilate new information with respect to our existing schemata and our current stage of development. ● When we are confronted with new information or new understanding that doesn't fit our existing understanding, we're thrown into a state of cognitive conflict with disequilibrium resulting. ● States of cognitive conflict and disequilibrium cause discomfort and impel us to make cognitive progress. This motivates reflection that results in the construction of new cognitive structures (or schema) called accommodation.

vocabulary aquisition

- children learn new vocabulary more quickly when the vocab is embedded in meaningful context rather than in an isolated format like a spelling list.

Word Families

- groups of words that have a common base or common features: work, worker, rework ● Commonly part of phonics instruction, showing letter sound relationship ● Teachers teach when showing a group of words that share a common base: may, play, day ● Teachers can also use rhymes to help their students create new words: make, rake, cake, lake.

Using Sources

- students learn to PARAPHRASE (Briefly restate in own words) to avoid PLAGIARISM (intentional copying) and CITATIONS (name an original source). 1) PRIMARY SOURCES : Original materials. Represent events, experience, place, time period. Direct/first -hand accounts in form of text, image, record, sound, or item. 2) SECONDARY SOURCES: Inform about events, experience, etc. but info comes from someone who was not directly involved & who uses primary sources to discuss materials. 3) RELIABLE SOURCES: Trustworthy materials. Come from experts. Have credibility. 4) UNRELIABLE SOURCES: Untrustworthy materials from a person/institution. Does not have educational background, expertise, or evidence. EX: Self-published

Scaffolding

- teacher provides as much support as the student needs to function, but never more than enough ● Teacher's role is to facilitate the student's incremental mastery of a concept ● Teacher may provide the lesson, but then as the student finds difficulty the teacher will provide hints, clarifying questions, and make suggestions ● As student begins to demonstrate understanding, the teacher then steps back (fades) and allows the student to work more independently ● Major purpose is to reduce the negative emotions and self-perceptions students experience when they get frustrated or discouraged when completing a difficult task ● Two similar approaches to scaffolding: 1) Teacher may give student a simplified version of the lesson or skill 2) Or, break the objective into smaller tasks (task decomposition), and then gradually increase the difficulty

Maslow

- wanted to understand what motivates people. - Believed that people possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. -Stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, a person seeks to fulfill the next one, and so on. These needs include the following: A) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion. B) SAFETY: Security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property. C) LOVE/BELONGING: Friends, family, sexual relationship. D) ESTEEM: Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of/by others. E) SELF-ACTUALIZATION: Morality, creativity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

Whole language

-Emphasizes the idea that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning. Young readers are taught to identify whole words or even entire phrases and to use the context of the words to guess the meaning of the new words. -This approach encourages a lot of reading aloud to your child, while encouraging kids to read by sight rather than by sounding out words (decoding/phonics).

Language

-Learn language in both formal and informal contexts through conversational, academic, and content area language. - BUILDS VOCAB by learning how to use context and word structure to determine meaning of unknown words and phrases.

5 stages of language acquisition

1) PREPODUCTION: The silent period. Absorbing new info. 2) EARLY PRODUCTION: Student achieves 1000-word receptive and active vocab. Produce single-word and two-to-three words phrases. Responds to questions and statements. A) L1-ENTERING: Rarely uses English. Constructs meaning from illustrations, graphs, and charts. B) L2-BEGINNING: Communicates basic info in a limited manner. Has predictable errors. 3) SPEECH EMERGENCE: Has vocab of 3000 words. Able to chunk simple words and phrases into sentences (may not be grammatically correct). May enjoy participating in conversation/gain confidence. Begins to speak more clearly and accurately. Increases spoken vocab. Consists of L3 DEVELOPING: Student understands more complex speech. Can communicate spontaneously in simple sentences. Vocab/comprehension is limited. 4) INTERMEDIATE FLUENCY: 6000- word vocab. Speak in more complex sentences. Catch/correct errors. Can think as well speak their second language. L4-EXPANDING: Can read in second language with fluency. May still struggle with comprehension with text having abstract concepts. 5) ADVANCED FLUENCY: Achieve cognitive language proficiency in learned language. Demonstrate near-native ability and use complex sentences. Has become essentially fluent. L5- BRIDGING: Student requires only minimal language support. Can function at same level as peers w/ first language of English.

3 factors of text leveling/complexity

1) QUANTATIVE MEASURES: Scores determined by computer that evaluate text elements (word frequency and sentence length). 2) QUALATATIVE MEASURES: Analysis of text elements such as structure (low or high complexity), language clarity (literal vs. figurative or familiar vs. unfamiliar), knowledge demands (assumptions about what a reader already knows). 3. READER AND TASK CONSIDERATIONS: Teachers match texts to particular students, classes, and/or tasks based on their inherent needs.

Reading fluency is composed of 3 factors:

1) RATE: Speed and fluidity 2) ACCURACY: Ability to recognize and decode words correctly. 3) PROSODY: Range of vocal expressions (vocal cues) a reader uses when reading aloud. - To improve reading fluency ● Use reading material at student's level ● Have student perform repeated readings (increase sight word vocabulary, fluency, and accuracy in oral reading) ● Repeated reading is sometimes used to help students eliminate the habit of reading through punctuation ● Use listening centers so students hear effective models of reading fluency and are then able to mimic what they have heard

Types of writing

1. EXPOSITORY WRITING: Primarily to explain an idea or concept or inform reader about a topic. Most often used in formal essays. 2. NARRATIVE WRITING: Used to tell a personal or fictional story that entertains reader. Includes descriptive details and figurative language. Includes poems that tells stories (narrative poems). 3. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING: Emphasizes imagery to produce vivid pictures in reader's imagination. 4. PERSUASIVE WRITING: Used to convince/persuade a reader towards the author's opinion/point of view. Used in speeches and advertisements.

Stages of spelling development

1. Precommunicative - strings of letters together - ly2ttvn 2. Semi phonetic - begin to understand that letters represent sounds. Use letters to represent sounds, but not all the sounds in words, often vowels are missing. - I ht ctz 3. Phonetic - understand that letters represent sounds in words. The letters they choose are dependent upon the basis of sounds they hear in a word. - I hat catz 4. Transitional - Begin spelling words based on how the words look, not just how they sound. They also begin to use some typical phonic patterns. I heta catz 5. Conventional - Begins demonstrating competence in spelling words. I hate cats

Developmental stages of writing

1. Preconventional (3-5) - Aware of print but need pictures to communicate. Recognizable shapes and letter on drawings. Can describe the significance of objects in drawings 2. Emerging (4-6) - Use pictures when drawing but may also label objects. Can match some letters to sounds. Copy print they see in their environment 3. Developing (5-7) - Writing sentences no longer relying mainly on pictures. Attempts to use punctuation and capitalization. Spell words based on sound. 4. Beginning (6-8) - Write several related sentences on a topic. Use word spacing, punctuation, and capitalization correctly. Create writing that others can read 5. Expanding (7-9) - Organize sentences logically and use more complex sentence structures. Spell high frequency word correctly. Responds to guidance and criticism from others. 6. Bridging (8-10) - Writes about a particular topic with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Begins to use paragraphs and consults outside resources 7. Fluent (9-11) - Write both fiction and nonfiction with guidance. Experiments with sentence length and complexity. Edits for punctuation, spelling, and grammar 8. Proficient (10-13) - Writes well-developed fiction and non-fiction. Uses traditional sentences and descriptive language. Edits for organization and style 9. Connecting (11-14) - Writes in a number of different genres. Develops a personal voice when writing. Uses complex punctuation 10. Independent (13+) - Explores topics in depth in fiction and nonfiction. Incorporates literacy devices in writing. Revises writing through multiple drafts

Stages of writing development

1. Scribbling Stage 2. Picture Writing Stage 3. Prephonetic Stage - letters and sounds don't match 4. Phonetic Stage - some letters and sounds match, vowels typically missing 5. Transitional: Stage - students begin recognizing that words are made of letters in patterns that represent sounds. Rely on the most obvious sounds in words. Writing can be understood

The moon has a face like the clock in the hall; She shines on the thieves on the garden wall; On streets and fields and harbor quays, And birdies asleep in the forks of the trees. The squalling cat and the squeaking mouse, The howling dog by the door of the house, The bat that lies in the bed at noon, All love to be out by the light of the moon. But all of the things that belong to the day Cuddle to sleep to be out of her way; And flowers and children close their eyes Till up in the morning the sun shall rise

19. Which type of figurative language is used to describe the moon? - Simile 20. How does the reader know the words quays is pronounced /e/ as opposed to /a/? - from the poet's use of personification 21. Which of the poet's word choices are examples of onomatopoeia - Squalling, squeaking, howling 22. What type of writing does the poem represent? - Descripitive

Journals

1ST-hand account, reliable source of info

Digraph

2 letters that spell only one sound - sh, ch, th, ck, ai, ay, ea, oa

Homonyms

2 types (homophones and homographs) - words sound the same, but have different meanings

3 Types of Irony

: 1. Situational - a highway patrolman gets a speeding ticket 2. Dramatic - twist of fate - when the tortoise beat the hare 3. Cosmic - the titanic was promoted as being unsinkable and then sank on its maiden voyage

In the sentence, "although" serves as what part of speech? Although she gave hundred of zucchini away, the enormous amount that was left over frightened her.

A conjunction

The author of this passage can be best described as having a point of view similar to ? As artic ice continues to melt, the polar bear's quest for food often leads to swimming long distances, ultimately ending in starvation. Last year, a policy paper outlined a multi-step plan to save the ever declining polar bear population, which included the risky suggestion to feed the bears directly. There are many endangered species on this planet, and it is not the case that one is more important or critical than another. However, when we see candid images of these majestic creatures in their environment, it becomes apparent how desperately they need saving.

A conservationist pleading for a vulnerable species

Which of the following visuals aids with best support the excerpt? Students in a language arts class have completed short informal essays and are now working on turning oral presentation. The following excerpt is from one student's essay. A volcano is a mountain with an opening that leads down below Earth's surface to the molten rock below. The mountain is actually made of layers of ash and cooled lava. When the magma builds up in the chamber at the bottom, the pressure pushes it up the main vent, and then gas, rocks, and lava shoot out through the crater. This is known as an eruption.

A diagram showing the parts of a volcano

Grapheme

A letter or a group of letters representing one sound.

Which of the following is best classified as persuasive writing

A letter to the editor entitled "Our town needs more stop signs"

Which of the following visual aids is most beneficial for understanding California's growth during the years of the gold rush?

A line or bar graph showing the population from 1848 to 1858

Which of the following online sources is the most reliable tool for academic research?

A peer-reviewed journal article containing a complete bibliography

Which of the following is the best example of a primary source?

A researcher's data from surveys, interviews, or observations

An effective introduction to an informational oral presentation will include which of the following?

A succinct discussion of the main ideas of the speech

Bloom's Taxonomy

A system of classifying (defining) the different levels of human cognition (reasoning and understanding). INCLUDES (ORDER FROM FROM BOTTOM TO TOP): 1) REMEBERING: Recalling from long-term memory. 2) UNDERSTANDING: Making sense of what was learned. 3) APPLYING: Use gained knowledge in new ways 4) ANALYZING: Breaking down concepts to understand how they relate to one another. 5) EVALUATING: Judgements based on set guidelines. 6) CREATING: Putting info together in an innovative way. SCHEMA: ● The cognitive framework (categories of knowledge) that help us organize and interpret information ● The way we organize information in the brain and connect new information with old information ● For example, a young child first develops a scheme for "dad." In her young mind, dad is a large male with a low voice. When the young girl encounters another large male with a low voice, she will automatically place it with the schema for dad...and call the stranger "dad." ● With time and experience our schemata structures become more complex, allowing for a greater differentiation of information, i.e., we are able to better distinguish between similar things. ● When a teacher uses schema theory she points out the relationship and similarities between concepts, images, ideas, or words.

Which TWO of the following words contain a closed syllable? A) Bat B) Be C) Go D) She E) Top

A) Bat and E) Top

A teacher asks, "What word am I trying to say, /p/ /i/ /n/?" and instructs students to say the word. Which strategy is the teacher using to build phoneme awareness? A) phoneme building B) phoneme deletion C) phone segmentation D) Phoneme substitution

A) Phoneme Building

Best readers use multiple systems to comprehend texts

A) Phonological System - Correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters. Emphasizes reading instruction, should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. - B) Morphological System - Emphasizes the study of words, how they are formed, and analyzes the structure of words and parts of words: prefixes, suffixes, roots, etc. Morphology is the study of the structure of words. C) Syntactic System - Emphasizes the order and arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence. "The dog is on the pillow" and "The pillow is on the dog" have the same words but the meaning is completely different, dependent upon word order. Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the combination of words to form sentences. D) Orthographic System - Emphasizes and often refers to visual memory, how we visualize and remember the letter pattern in words. Ex. knowing how to read "hide" helps to read a new word like "ride" Orthographic processing is the memory of letters and letter patterns. E) Semantic System - Emphasizes children's working vocabulary and the knowledge they already possess about people, objects, relationships, and their own lives acquired through personal experiences.

Which part of the dream is a phoneme? A) ea B) dr C) eam D) re

A) ea

Which is the best writing style for a research paper? A) expository B) descriptive C) narrative D) persuasive

A) expository

A student is able to orally substitute the initial consonant /g/ for /b/ the word boat to make the word goat. What concept is the student demonstrating? A) phonemic awareness B) letter-sound correspondence C) phonological awareness D) manipulation of onset & rimes

A. phonemic awareness

Which of the following examples best incorporates the source language while avoiding plagiarism? Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behavior. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted toward preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments

According the World Health Organization, "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person."

Malapropism

Act of confusing one word with another accidently. "Dancing flamingo" instead of flamenco

In the sentence below, the word "very" functions as? The clouds rolled in very slowly that afternoon

Adverb

In the word "internet," the segment "inter-" is best defined as which of the following?

Affix - a word part that is placed at the beginning or end of a word to alter its meaning

Which of the following excerpts most strongly supports the claim that Alexander Graham Bell's early diligence resulted in the telephone we know today? Passage 1: While Alexander was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870's, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2: After many failed attempts, Alexander invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone message. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was no the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate.

After many failed attempts, Alexander Graham Bell invented a working telephone

Which of the following details should be inserted between sentences 6 and 7 best facilitate the flow of ideas? (1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over business. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate 2 pounds when it is really reading only 1 pound. (6) If there were o gov oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom.

An example of the type of choices that business owners have in a free-market economy

Reciprocal Teaching

An instructional activity allowing the students to take turns being the teacher. Students are placed in small groups, then asked to read a short passage. One member of each group (the teacher) then asks four questions: a detail question, a clarifying question, a summarizing question, and a prediction question. The students then take turns being the teacher and the process repeats.

Which of the following can best be inferred from the following excerpt? The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society.

Ancient Egyptians imprinted images of iconic creatures on common items

Which of the follow statements best summarizes the central idea of the excerpt? In most cases, different terms are used to identify male and female animals of the same species. In a zoo, male and female animals are grouped together in exhibits. Male elephants are called bulls, while female elephants are cows. Chickens are known as roosters if they are males and hens if they are female. Sheep are either rams or ewes, and pigs are boars or sows. Antelope and deer are bucks or doe's. There are also different names for specific breeds or animals.

Animals of the same species but different sexes are often known by different names

Which of the following questions should writers ask themselves during the revision process to address the coherence of a composition?

Are all my details related to the main idea?

Bathos

Attempts to evoke pity or sorrow in an exaggerated way, appears insincere, sometimes called anticlimax

To increase comprehension, a reading teacher suggests that a student read a selection from a text repeatedly, while focusing on proper intonation. The intervention is appropriate for helping the student to __?

Avoid reading through punctuation

How many phonemes are in the chick?

B) 3

Which of the following groups lists words that are categorized as kindergarten sight words? A) Bite, when, I, car B) Am, to, the, on C) Dog, jump, are, toes D) Jail, tram, see, from

B) Am, to, the, on

Which of the following correctly segments the word "blueberry" by its onset? A) b-lueberry B) bl-ueberry C) blue-berry D) blue-ber-re-y

B) Bl-ueberry

Which of the following strategies is most beneficial for students who are at the beginning stage of writing a story? A) revising the story's first paragraph B) organizing ideas in the story element chart C) drafting the exposition of the story D) sharing the story with a classmate

B) Organizing ideas in the story element chart

What error has been made in the sentence below? Lucy thought the first movie was better then the second one. A) The verbs are past tense B)Then indicates time, not comparison One is a dangling modifier D) The subject is misplaced

B) Then indicates, time not comparison

What is finger spelling A) making crayon rubbings of sandpaper letters B) using the hands to sign letters C) counting letters in words using fingers D) writing letters in trays of colored sand

B) using your hands to sign letters

An English language learner who attempts to write simple sentences but uses a very limited vocabulary is functioning at which of the following language proficiency levels? A) L1 B) L2 C) L3 D) L4

B. L2

Parts of Speech

Building blocks of sentences, paragraphs, and texts. Need understand parts of speech to form an understanding of basic sentence construction. 8 PARTS OF SPEECH: 1) NOUNS: Describe people, places, ideas, and things. Most often they fill the position of subject or object w/in sentence. SUBCATEGORIES OF NOUNS: Common Nouns (chair, car, house), Proper Noun (Julie, David), Abstract Nouns (love, intelligence, sadness), Concrete Nouns ( paper clip, bread, person), Compound Nouns ( brother-in-law, rollercoaster), Non-countable Nouns (money, water), Countable Nouns ( dollars, cubes), Verbal Nouns ( writing, dividing). These nouns can crossover one another (EX: chair= common, concrete, & countable). 2) PRONOUNS: Replace nouns in a sentence or paragraph. Writer achieves flow and avoids repetition. CATEGORIES OF PRONOUNS: A) PERSONAL: Act as subjects or objects in a sentence (She received a letter) B) POSSESSIVE: Indicate possession (My coat is red; Our car is blue). C) REFLEXIVE/INTENSIVE: Intensifies a noun or reflects back upon a noun (I made myself the dessert). D) RELATIVE: Begin dependent clauses. May appear in subject or object case. (EX: Charlie, who made the clocks, works in the basement. Relative pronoun: "who" is substituted for Charlie. When person is object of clause: whom is used. EX: "My father, whom I care for..." When clause is non-human: that or which is used. EX: "I live in Texas, which is a large state. D) DEMONSTRATIVE: Draws attention to someone or something. Can also indicate distance/proximity. E) INTERROGATIVE: The 5 "W's". (Who, what, where, when, why, and how). 3) VERBS: Express action and can convey mood. Can be present or past tense. TYPES OF VERBS: A) INDICATIVE: State facts (My brother plays tennis). B) SUBJUNCTIVE: Makes statement of speculation or wish. Subjunctive mood is formed by using "that" (EX: I wish that I had a dog.) C) IMPERATIVE: State command (EX: Play tennis!). Verbs are conjugated to indicate person (1st, 2nd, & 3rd) and number. EX: 1st person: I give, 2nd: You give, 3rd: He/she/it gives. D) LINKING: Join subject to the subject complement. EX: The dog is cute. E) TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE: Transitive: Takes an object. EX: Lay-to put: lay something, raise- to lift: raise something; set-to put: set something. Intransitive: Have "i" as 2nd letter. Does not take an object. EX: Lie-to recline, rise-to go or get up. Sit- to be seated. 4) ADVERBS: Modify or describe. Describe verb. EX: He quickly ran to the house. Other adverbs: Rather or Instead. 5) ADJECTIVES: Any word that modifies or describes a noun. EX: Five thoughtful students. Instead of pronoun, can be adjective: Her dog barks until midnight. 6) CONJUNCTIONS: Join words to make phrases, clauses, sentences. 3 TYPES: A) COORDINATING: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so. B) COREELATIVE: whether/or, either/or, both/and, not only/but also. C) SUB-ORDINATING: Join dependent clauses to the independent clauses EX: Because we love pizza, we treat ourselves during football season to several orders. 7) PREPOSITIONS: Set up relationships in time. EX: After the party; Under the couch. Acts as an adverb when it provides more info about a verb EX: We took the turkey bones outside b/c of the smelly garbage. 8) INTERJECTIONS: Adds expression of emotion. May be punctuated with exclamation points and fall into any part of a sentence.

It is important to plan for emergencies and slack periods when operating a business. Many small businesses fail because of a lack of capital, or a certain amount of working money, being available. Which of the following explains how the author uses context clues to provide the meaning of the word "capital"?

By providing a definition - the use of the term "that is" indicates the intro of a def and "a certain amount of working money" completes the def

Which of the following pairs of words contain a consonant sound that cannot be represented by a single letter? A) "cradle" and "ceiling" B) "crying" and "kindle" C) "garage" and "vision" D) "thumb" and "chick"

C) Garage and Vision

Star light, star bright, / First star I see tonight, / I wish I may, I wish I might, / Have this wish, I wish tonight. The highlighted words could be best used in a phonics lesson on: A) Open syllables B) r-controlled vowels C) Irregular vowel families D) VCCe words

C) Irregular vowel families

Which of the answer choice statements about the sentence below is true? The trail is for advanced hikers because of it's steep incline. A) The sentence is grammatically correct. B) There should be a comma before because C) The word it's should be possessive D) The verb should be past tense

C) The word it's should be possessive

What is the purpose of sight word instruction? A) to help students learn letter-sound correspondence to improve accuracy B) to help students manipulate sounds in words to improve auditory skills C) to help students recognize words automatically to improve fluency D) to help students use word parts to improve reading comprehension

C) To help students recognize words automatically to improve fluency

Clauses and Sentence Structure

CLAUSES: Both subject and a predicate. Can be either independent or dependent. INDEPENDENT: Main. Can stand alone as its own sentence. EX: The dog ate her homework. DEPENDENT: Subordinate. Cannot stand on its own. Start w/ a subordinating conjunction, relative pronoun, or relative adj. EX: Because the dog at her homework-. - SIMPLE SENTENCE: Has only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. May contain phrases, complements, and modifiers, but also one independent clause, one complete idea. EX: The act ran under the porch. - COMPOUND SENTENCE: 2+ independent clauses and no dependent clause. EX: The cat ran under the porch, and the dog ran after him. - COMPLEX SENTENCE: Only one independent clause & one or more dependent clauses. EX: The cat, who is scared of the dog, ran under the porch. - COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE: 2+ independent clauses and one or more dependent clause. EX: The cat, who is scared of the dog, ran under the porch, and the dog ran after him

A narrative poem must include which literary elements?

Characters and plot

Which of the following is the predominant pattern of organization in the passage below? Alex baits a hook, attaches a heavy sinker, and hangs the fishing line overboard. It drops to the bottom. HE waits and feels with his fingers for a tug on the line. He feels a nibble. HE pulls. Nothing. He feels another nibble and tugs hard. He has it. The hook is set. Alex hods on and starts pulling it in.

Chronological order

Phonemic blending

Combining phonemes to make a word. Ex: /m/ /a/ /t/ = mat

During a presentation, the speaker grimaces apologetically and then pauses to allow the audience to react to the message. In this situation, the speaker best demonstrates which of the following skills?

Communicating by matching nonverbal cues with a message

The main purpose of reading: obtaining info or experience of story. Reader needs to ___

Comprehend what is being read

Which letter or word part forms the rime in the word cake? A) c B) e C) cak D) ake

D) AKE

Which of the multi-syllabic words is correctly segmented into phonemes? A) Dif-fer-ent B) St-op-s-ign C) R-e-s-t-a-u-r-a-n-t D) C-are-f-u-ll-y

D) C-are-f-u-ll-y

From the above passage, which of the following words is a sight word that cannot be decoding using conventional rules? A) Star B) See C) May D) Have

D) Have

Which of the following words contains a silent consonant? A) Under B) Flower C) Switches D) Whistle

D) Whistle

Which of the following letters is most likely to be introduced first in progressive phonics instruction? A) a B) g C) y D) m

D) m

Which of the following revisions corrects the grammatical errors contained in the sentence? Daniel a very talented art student agreed to paint the scenery for the class play and Katherine offers to sew the costumes.

Daniel, a very talented art student, agreed to paint the scenery for the class play, and Katherine offered to sew the costumes.

Phonological awareness primarily affects literacy skills through its impact on students' ability to __?

Decode multi-syllable words in a text

Which of the following best describes the function of the bold word in the sentence? The DILAPIDATED barn served as a reminder of times gone by.

Describes a noun

After conducting research on a website, a writer consults several alternative sources, both print and digital, to verify the information from the site. The writer's actions best demonstrate an understanding of which of the following aspects of evaluating online resources?

Determining the accuracy of information on a Web site

As used in the passage, the description of the setting best assists the reader in ____? If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world

Discerning the possible genre of the work of fiction.

When students engage in conversation about a novel they are reading, their comprehension of the novel improves. Which of the following best explains that increase in reading comprehension?

Discussing the text requires readers to meet the challenges of clearly explaining their thinking to others.

Characteristics of Fiction

Drama: stores composed in verse or prose where conflicts and emotions are expressed through actions and speech Fantasy: fictional stores which suspends reality for effect Poetry: writing in verse using imagery and rhythm to evoke an emotional response Fable: stories about supernatural animals or people that convey universal truths of wisdom Fairy Tales: based in folktales involving magical people or creatures, usually written for children. Folklore: stories, songs, proverbs that have been handed down from one generation to another through speech Legend: stories containing national or folk heroes, usually containing an element of truth Mythology: old and traditional narrative stories containing elements of symbolism often used to convey religious ideas and incorporating the actions of Gods as they interact with human beings. Science Fiction: stories about the potential impact of scientific advancement or technology, usually imagined in the future or distant worlds Historical Fiction: stories based in real historical places or events but involving fictional people Realistic Fiction: Stores that can really happen Tall Tale: humorous story that entails the use of exaggeration, impossible events, and boastful heroes Mystery: stories that involve crimes and solution to crimes

Which of the following text heading would best assist a reader in determining the subject matter of Passage B? The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A: Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaunt has chosen to take. Passage B: Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as a macaroni and cheese or spaghetti.

Eating in Space

While revising the excerpts of the draft, it is most important for the student to apply which TWO of the following revision strategies? In a book, setting is incredibly important. It tells you where the characters are and it's usually an important detail. In my opinion setting is a very important part of the story. Throughout the book Out of My Mind by Sharon Draper, I felt like the setting was a huge part of the book. The main character is Melody, and her moods changed wherever she went. She could go from mad to happy, then happy to sad all in the change of the setting. It's all about the setting that changes the character's mood. In my opinion, when setting change people change too.

Eliminating repetitious language Using textual evidence to support ideas

This text can be used to demonstrate which of the following aspects of narrative writing? A teacher created the following model text for a language arts class. I stepped onto the train and knew my adventure had finally begun. The buildings and bustling streets of the city turned into endless green fields dotted with wildflowers and steep mountains. The further into the country we got, the more I felt like I was entering a new world.

Establishing a setting with descriptive details

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the paragraph below? German shepherds are the most familiar of the dogs employed as guides for the visually impaired, but collies, boxers, Labrador retrievers, and several other dog breeds have also been trained successfully for this job. It is not only the dog that must be trained. The person who is visually impaired and who will become the dog's master must also go to a special school, where the two can develop trust and close understanding.

Explaining that guide dogs and people who are visually impaired receive training to work together

The excerpt is best described as which of the following types of writing? The scarab beetle is an insect of ancient importance. Long ago, in Egyptian culture, the beetle was revered and associated with hope and health. In rich style, the Egyptians embellished many everyday items with the image of this beetle; it could be found on jewelry, notes or documents, and even gifts. There is no debate about the beetle. The scarab played a huge role in ancient Egyptian society.

Expository

Characteristics of Non-Fiction

Expository Writing: writing that is used to explain or give information about a topic Autobiography: a written account of one's own life Biography: a written account of another person's life

Listening and Speaking

First pathways to literacy. ACTIVE LISTENING: Is focused to hear a perspective, feeling, or point of view. TYPES OF: 1) FOCUSING: Keeps attention on who is speaking. 2) USING POSITIVE NONVERBAL CUES: Looking at speaker and uses appropriate facial expressions & body language. 3) ALLOWING SPEAKER TO FINISH INTERRUPTED: Wait for speaker to finish, concentrate on message before responding. 4) NOT JUDGING: Listen & respond w/ respect. Agree or disagree using methods that maintain respect w/in group. 5) PARAPHRASING: Very understanding by restating main points concisely in different words. Know difference btwn. active listening and oral presentation

The student writer would most benefit from a mini-lesson focusing on which of the following? "wow what just happened I, I turned into a --" "beep beep beep" my alarm went off i turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up and i started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When i got downstairs i realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down stars and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before i could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce, you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it. THen I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time!

Following the rules of capitalization

Characteristics of Poetry

Foot: unit of meter that consists of a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables Rhythm: the sound or beat of a poem created through accented syllables Rhyme Scheme: pattern created by the repetition of similar sounds at the end of a poetic line Stanza: a series of poetic lines grouped together and separated from other lines Alliteration: a repetition of the beginning consonant sound (the cool cow can cough) Meter: the rhythm of poems Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (what's the story morning glory) Onomatopoeia: the word sounds like its connotation (bam, zip, swish) Couplet: successive lines of poetry that usually rhyme and make one complete though: It's hard to see the butterfly Because he flies across the sky Acrostic: a line in which the first, last, or other particular letters when taken in order spell out a word or phrase Cinquain: short poem containing five unrhymed lines, containing respectively 2, 4, 6, 8, and 2 syllables. The first word typically acts as the title. The last word renames the title. EX OF CINQUAIN: SPIDERS Silent Awesome Jumping, Spinning, Freaking Very Scary Spider To Me INSECTS Haiku: type of Japanese poem, written in 17 syllables and divided into 3 lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables while using highly suggestive references and comparisons, often on the subject of nature. EX OF HAIKU: Sleeping Oak Tree Stirs Blossoming Buds Begin Fast Summer Is The Best Concrete poem or shaped verse: a poem whose meaning is conveyed through its graphic shape EX OF SHAPE POEM (LOOKS LIKE PYRAMID): I LIKE TO LOOK AT THE BIG PYRAMIDS Free Verse: a poem that doesn't follow a fixed metrical pattern (doesn't follow any rules) Epic: a lengthy narrative poem - tells a story Limerick: a humorous poem of five lines in which the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with one another and the third and fourth lines, which are shorter, form a rhymed couplet EX OF LYMERICK: There was a young lady from Niger Who smiled as rode on a tiger They returned from the ride With the lady inside And a smile on the face of the tiger

Phonic Blends

Groups of consonants whose sounds blend together

Which of the following words in the poem is a sight word that cannot be decoded using conventional rules? star light, star bright, first star I see tonight I wish I may, i wish i might have this wish i wish tonight

Have

Hyperlexia

Having an above normal ability to read, but a much lower ability in verbal communication and social interactions

Which of the following quotations from the passage best supports the claim that the novel's overall theme is acceptance? I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and influencing people to go grocery shopping. But you know what? I told Winn Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart

He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart.

Organizational features of text

Headings, titles sidebars (boxes that add or explain info. Set aside from amin text), Hyperlinks (Links that take readers to another location). ANALYZING TEXT ORGANIZTION: how a text is organized to better understand author's purpose for writing. COMMON ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES: Cause & Effect, Problem & Solution, Sequence of Events/Steps-in-a-Process, Compare & Contrast, Description. Each TEXT STRUCTURE can use SIGNAL WORDS: Provides clues to how the author has organized info.

Guided questions

Helps student improve student's ability to summarize info in a text

Which of the following words contains a root that means different?

Heterogeneous - The root hetero means different

To best promote collaboration during group work, students should be grouped in which of the following ways?

Heterogeneously, with consideration of their backgrounds

The passage is primarily concerned with? (1)Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks like and works like a saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly make this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen.

How the sawfly makes a pace for its eggs and secures them in that place

The student rewrites sentence 4 to the following: The only reward I have is a million painful blisters on my hand. The student had improved the sentence by adding which of the following? 1. Ive heard that hard work is its own reward. 2. Im not sure that's true. 3. I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yard. 4. The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. 5. I don't know who made up that saying. 6. I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone.

Hyperbole

Which of the following revisions most improves the flow of the narrative by blending two sentences? 1. I've heard that hard work is its own reward. 2. Im not sure that's true. 3. I spent all weekend cleaning up my front and back yard. 4. The only reward I have is some pretty painful blisters on my hands. 5. I don't know who made up that saying. 6. I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone.

I don't know who made up that saying, but I bet that person didn't have to clean a big yard all alone.

Which of the following is a compound sentence? "wow what just happened I, I turned into a --" "beep beep beep" my alarm went off i turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up and i started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When i got downstairs i realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down stars and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before i could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce, you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it. THen I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time!

I got up, and I started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast

Which of the following is the most effective a grammatically correct revision of the sentence below? I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired, it was making a funny noise.

I recently came to your shop to have my car repaired because it was making a funny noise.

This sentence contains an example of which of the following types of figurative language? Stephanie and her mother did not see eye to eye about plans for the weekend.

Idiom

Which of the following best describes the type of writing used in this excerpt? For more than 4 hundred years, the Akan people of Ghana in west Africa used a currency based on tiny grains of gold called gold dust. The desirable currency made the Akan very valued trading partners for the N.A. traders who crossed the Sahara Desert by canal caravan and for the seafaring Europeans who arrived on Africa's Atlantic Coast in ships laden with goods. The Akan were able to enrich their own lives by trading for goods with people of vastly different climates and cultures.

Informative

Which of the following words contain a Latin root meaning "beneath"?

Infrastructure

which of the following best describes the tone of the last sentence of this excerpt? The following excerpt from a science journal is about searching for like on Mars. Detecting molecules as complex as a protein or a polysaccharide would be strong evidence of life, widely defined; a biological system that encodes info and uses this info to build complex molecules. These complex molecules would stand out against a background or simple prebiotic molecules like a skyscraper would stand out against a field of skyscrapers.

Ironic

Which of the following best paraphrases the moral of the fable? "Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures the could take to outwit their common enemy, the cat. Some said this, and someone said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "you will all agree" said he, that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the approaches us. Now if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture therefore to propose that a small bell be procured and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: 'that is very well, but who is to bell the cat?" the mice looked at on another and nobody spoke. then the old mouse said: "it is easy to propose impossible remedies."

It is important to be realistic when proposing a solution to a problem.

Which of the following is a major challenge of teaching the decoding of /s/ to students in kindergarten?

It is not possible to assign just one sound to the grapheme of 's'

A language arts class reads Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and watches a stage production of the story. In which THREE of the following ways does viewing the stage production support students' comprehension of the story?

It provides a visual context for potentially unfamiliar words and phrases It supports the visualization of fantasy elements It reinforces understanding of major plot points.

An English-language learner (ELL) participates in a small collaborative group to read and discuss a magazine article. Which of the following best identifies how the group activity supports the reading comprehension development of the ELL?

It provides an opportunity for the student to gain insight on how others access and process information

Phonological Awareness

Knowledge of how sounds, syllables, words, and parts of words can be orally manipulated to break apart words, make new words, and created rhymes. Ex: Asking a student o break up thd word "cat" c-a-t (indicidual sounds)

High Frequency

Letter-sound correspondence that occur most often in the English language

The student will benefit from further instruction in which of the following elements of grammar? Mark thinks that it's really unfair that they cannot use a calculator on the final exam, especially since they use them in class all the time.

Making sure nouns and pronouns agree

In which of the following sentences does the word "hollow" function as a noun?

Marsha's sheep were grazing in the wide hollow between the mountains

Which of the following best describes the objective of the choral reading activity? A first grade teacher reads the poem to the students. Then the students do a choral reading of the poem with the teacher, and the teacher points to each word as the student says it. star light, star bright, first star I see tonight I wish I may, i wish i might have this wish i wish tonight

Modeling automaticity and prosody

Expository Essay

Must include verifiable facts that are topic related (come from reliable sources)

The passage is best described as which of the following types of writing? The day started like any other sunny Friday morning. I got our of bed and made my way to the bathroom to brush my teeth. But as the day continued, it got worse. Oh boy, what a mess i got myself into!

Narrative

The structure and cadence of the selection below is characteristic of a ? A cat came fiddling Out of a barn, With a pair of bagpipes Under her arm; She could sing nothing but fiddle cum dee, The mouse has married The bumble-bee; Pipe, cat; dance, mouse; We'll have a wedding At our hood house

Nursery rhyme

A beginning reader is learning to read and spell the following words. Five, Dime, Gave, Cute, Hope The reader is able to visualize and remember the letter patterns in the words and transfer this knowledge to reading and writing new words such as "hide," "take," and "robe.' Which of the following best identifies the processing system the reader is using to extend learning?

Orthographic

A student has created a document with many specialty fonts and images in the school's computer lab. In which of the following formats should the student save the file to best ensure the integrity of the document when opened on a personal laptop?

PDF

Which of the following types of digital formats will best allow students to meet both publishing requirements in step 4? A group research task involves the following steps: 1. formulate a research question 2. gather info and organize the findings 3. collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report 4. publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher 5. present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids

PDF

Phrases and Clauses

PHRASE: Group of words that communicates a partial idea and lacks either a subject or predicate. Are categorized based on the main word in the phrase. Can be strung together. EX: the animals crossed the large bridge to eat the fish on the wharf. A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE begins w/ a preposition & ends w/ an object. EX: The dog is hiding under the porch. VERB PHRASE: Main verb w/ helping verbs. EX: The chef would have created another meal, but the staff protested. PARTS OF VERBAL PHRASES: A) GERUND PHRASE: Acts as noun (Has an "n (noun)" in it like the word "gerund"). EX: Writing numerous Christmas cards occupies her aunt's time every year. B) PARTICIPAL PHRASE: Acts as an adjective. EX: Enjoying the stars that filled the sky, Dave lingered outside for a while. C) INFINITIVE PHRASE: Acts as an adverb. EX: To visit Europe has always been her dream. NOUN PHRASE: noun & its modifiers. EX: The big, red barn rests beside the vacant chicken house. APPOSITIVE PHRASE: Noun phrase that renames the word or group of words that precedes it. Usually follow the noun they describe and are set apart by commas. EX: My dad, a clock maker, loved antiques

Which of the following types of writing is most effective to use for a letter to the local government about why a certain neighborhood needs sidewalks?

Persuasive

A teacher is practicing aspects of phonological awareness with her students using the word 'sun'. Place each example with the aspect of phonological awareness is best exemplifies. sun, sun-shine, sunny /s/ s-u-n /un/

Phoneme Segmentaton: Onset: /s/ is the onset of the word sun Rime: /un/ is the rime of the word sun Syllable Segmentation: s-u-n

Phonemic Deletion

Phonemes are removed from words to make new ones. - EX: Removing /Mm/ from "mat" = "At"

Which of the following statements about writing development is most accurate?

Pictorial writing usually precedes the use of letters

Which of the following best describes the writer's purpose in the paragraph? Many believe that letting kids have cell phones in school will ultimately cause conflict. Without cell phones kids are better able to focus on their schoolwork. I believe that there are many distractions in today's world. Kids should be trusted to focus on their schoolwork with or without a cell phone

Presenting a counterargument to common-held ideas about cell phones use

Primary vs secondary sources

Primary sources are documents from the actual event or time period. Secondary sources are ones written after the fact about the event or time period.

Which of the following organizational structures best describes the passage? The ocean is full of organisms - both plant and animal life- some of which you know, and others you probably haven't ever imagined! These organisms live and work together in the ocean ecosystem; they are important to each other and to the health of the ocean itself. Many of these organisms are at risk because of pollution that finds its way to the ocean. You can help prevent this by joining a local beach cleanup effort, disposing of your own trash when you're at the beach, and reusing and recycling as much as possible, anywhere and anytime.

Problem/Solution

Phonic instruction

Progresses from simple-complex letter-sound correspondences. Short vowel sound spelling are before long-vowel sounds/spelings

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate to use when communicating with an english-language learner?

Providing pictures or outlines to supplement language

Which of the following factors of text complexity addresses the visuals or pictures in a text?

Qualitative Measures - it includes levels of meaning, structure, language conventions, and knowledge demands

Which of the following best describes automaticity?

Rapid recognition of words without conscious decoding

Before reading a new text, a reader identifies the purpose for reading, examines the genre and difficulty of the material, and considers prior knowledge on the topic. These strategies will best help the reader focus on which of the following elements of fluency?

Rate which refers to the speed at which a text can be read

Which of the following tasks requires a reader to process Tier 3 Vocab?

Reading an informational passage that uses domain-specific vocab words to describe processes

Which of the following concepts is best supported by research on emergent literacy?

Reading and writing develop concurrently and in interrelated ways

Syntax Structure

Refers to the rules of grammar, and how the arrangement of words in a sentence can influence its meaning

Phonemic substitution

Replacement of phonemes to make new words. Ex: removing /m/ from "mat" and replacing it with /s/ creates "sat"

Singing nursery songs primarily develops students' phonological awareness by helping them identify which of the following?

Rhyming words

Which of the following graphic organizers would best support students in summarizing a story they have read?

SWBST diagram (someone Wanted But So Then)

Which TWO of the following narrative points of view are demonstrated in the passage? If you were level with the patch so that it was edge-on, it was nearly invisible, and it was completely invisible from behind. You could see it only from the side nearest the road, and you couldn't see it easily even from there, because all you could see through it was exactly the same kind of thing that lay in front of it on this side: a patch of grass lit by a streetlight. But Will knew without the slightest doubt that that patch of grass on the other side was in a different world

Second person and Third person limited

This error in verb usage can be corrected with which of the following revisions? 1. Maggie chased her dog Barney down the street. 2. She is getting tired. 3. Barney had escaped his leash a few minutes ago. 4. Now he was headed toward the park. 5. Maggie wanted to catch him before he jumped into the pond.

Sentence 2: Change is getting to was getting

Which of the following sentences best states the main idea of the excerpt? (1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over business. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate 2 pounds when it is really reading only 1 pound. (6) If there were o gov oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom.

Sentence 4

Quantitative Measures of text Complexity

Sentence length and frequency of words (measurable amount)

Which of the following pairs of sentences most strongly imply that people sometimes act irresponsibly when no one is watching? (1) A free-market economy is one in which the greater part of production, distribution, and exchange is controlled by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. (2) Most people prefer for the government to have little to no control over business. (3) In fact, the term "free-market" sounds like a place where people can do business without any interference from the government. (4) However, government-imposed rules and regulations are vital to the economy because they keep business dealings fair, prohibit business holders from making unfair transactions, and keep consumers safe. (5) For example, if there were no government oversight, a dishonest grocer could cheat customers by making a scale indicate 2 pounds when it is really reading only 1 pound. (6) If there were o gov oversight, there would be no requirement to list ingredients on food and cosmetics packages; those with allergies or sensitivities to certain ingredients would not be able to protect themselves from harmful additives. (7) Most people would agree that despite government oversight, a free-market economy is one where business owners have a great deal of freedom.

Sentences 5 and 6

Sound Spelling

Spelling of words based on how letters sound

During a small-group discussion of a class novel, the teacher asks students about a particular interaction between the two main characters. Which THREE of the following students are exhibiting active listening skills?

Student B asks the teacher to clarify the question before responding Student C nods occasionally in agreement with the speaker Student E looks at each speaker during the discussion

Jigsaw

Students are arranged into groups. Each team member is responsible for learning a specific part of a topic. After meeting with members of other groups who are experts on the topic the member returns to his or her group and shares what has been learned. Group members can then be quizzed on all the topics reviewed

Round Robin

Students are divided into small groups (4-6_ and one member assigned as recorder. Teacher poses a question with any possible answers. After "think time" the members of the group are asked to share their responses to the question asked. Recorder writes down each response moving in a clockwise fashion until each member has had a chance to share.

Think- Pair-Share

Students work together to solve a problem or answer a question. First, the students think individually about the issue. Next, the students are paired together to discuss their ideas. Finally, the students share their ideas with the larger group.

Morphology

Study of the combination of words, parts in the creation of words, and structure of a word

Can build phonological awareness by having students orally manipulating _____: Onsets and rimes, can be blended, substituted, segmented, and deleted like phonemes. - ONSET OF A SYLLABLE: ______ RIME: Includes syllable's ____. EX: "Block" Consonant blend and onset is /bl/; "-ock" is rime.

Syllables - beginning consonant or consonant blend Vowel and consonants

Which of the following writing genres contains a setting based in fairly modern times, features characters who are modeled after people who may have existed, and uses exaggeration of characters and trickery to resolve conflict?

Tall tale

After reading the story below, a student remarks in the discussion that the hare is spiteful. Which line of Hare's dialogue best supports the students statement? The Hare was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. "I've never been beaten in a race," said he, "I challenge anyone here to race me." the tortoise said quietly, I accept your challenge thats a good joke said the hare, I could dance around you all the way keep your boasting till you've beaten me, answered the Tortoise, shall we race? So a course was fixed and a start was made. The hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped. I should stop for a rest, he said to himself. THat would make tortoise's loss even more embarrassing. And so he lay down to have a nap. THe tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race. Then said the tortoise: plodding wins the race

That would make the tortoise's loss even more embarrassing

Which of the following sentences appropriately integrates the sentence fragment "The Italian restaurants that recently reopened" into a complex sentence?

The Italian restaurants that recently reopened continues in the same tradition of fine Italian food.

The sample analysis of a student's spelling test shown best demonstrates which of the following characteristics of spelling development? word vs student's spelling coat coet bought baught right rite hitch hich

The ability to recognize that words are made up of letter patterns representing sounds

Which of the following is a true statement about phonological awareness in literacy development?

The decoding of unfamiliar words depends on the ability to associate sounds with written letters

WHich of the following best describes how the language in the excerpt is used to characterize Walter? Reckon, I have, said Walter. Almost died first year I come to school and et them pecans, folks say he pizened 'em and put 'em over on the school side of the fence - Harper Lee, from To Kill a Mockingbird

The dialect in the passage presents the reader with insight into where Walter is from.

The two passage are most similar in__? The following passages are excerpts from a government Web site about astronauts. Passage A: Astronauts living and working in space have the same hygiene needs as people on Earth. They wash their hair, brush their teeth, shave and wash their hands. However, because of the microgravity environment. Astronauts wash their hair with a rinseless shampoo that was originally developed for hospital patients who were unable to take a shower. Many astronauts have a personal-hygiene kit. The kit contains the personal hygiene items each astronaunt has chosen to take. Passage B: Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. Because you'll be away from home so long, you would make sure you have plenty of food and the gear to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and be nonperishable to avoid spoilage. Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space, but since they'll be away from the planet, preparations are a lot more intense. Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as a macaroni and cheese or spaghetti.

The integration of cause-and-effect text structure to present ideas

Although both passages discuss Alexander's telephone, passage 1 is primarily concerned with ______, while passage 2 is mostly concerned with ___. Passage 1: While Alexander was experimenting with telegraph instruments in the early 1870's, he realized it might be possible to transmit the human voice over a wire using electricity. Bell's interest in electricity continued, and he attempted to send several telegraph messages over a single wire at one time. It was on June 2, 1875, while Bell was at one end of the line and his assistant Watson worked on the reeds of the telegraph in another room that he heard the sound of a plucked reed coming to him over the wire. Passage 2: After many failed attempts, Alexander invented a working telephone. The next step was to make the telephone accessible so people could use it. This involved putting in lines to carry the telephone message. The first telephone lines went from one person's phone to another. Those were called landlines. Then they added what are called switching stations, so one could reach more than one place. Even though it was no the most efficient system, it still worked well enough for people to communicate.

The invention of the telephone the installation of the 1st telephone lines

Which of the following is a quantitative feature of text complexity?

The number of complex and compound sentences in a text

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of the passage below? Once upon a time, a beggar woman went to the house of a poor peasant and asked for something to eat. The peasant's wife gave her some bread and milk. When she had eaten it, she took a barley-com out of her pocket and said, "This will I give thee; set it in a flowerpot, and see what will come out of it." The woman set the barley-com in an old flowerpot, and the next day the most beautiful plant had shot up, which looked just like a tulip, but the leaves were shut close together, as if it still were in bud.

The passage contains simple characterization and quickly moving action

Diphthong

The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable (oi, ow) gliding/ gliding vowel

Which of the following statements supports the observation that the passage is written in first-person point-of-view? I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and influencing people to go grocery shopping. But you know what? I told Winn Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart

The speaker describes her personal experiences and emotions in the passage

Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that the preacher is the speaker's father? I told him how I got my name and I told him how I had just moved to Naomi. I also told him about the preacher and how he was a good man, even if he was too distracted with sermons and prayers and influencing people to go grocery shopping. But you know what? I told Winn Dixie. "You are a suffering dog, so maybe he will take to you right away. Maybe he'll let me keep you." Winn-Dixie looked up at me and wagged his tail. He was kind of limping like something was wrong with one of his legs. And I have to admit, he stunk. Bad. He was an ugly dog, but already, I loved him with all my heart

The speaker hopes the preacher will let her keep Winn-Dixie

Phonemic Awareness

The spoken language and a child's ability to distinguish sounds. - builds phonological awareness. -focuses on how phonemes form language. —> phoneme (44 in the English language): a small unit of sound. Ex: phonemes /m/ and /s/ determine the difference between mat and sag.

Which THREE of the following statements from a reading assessment checklist provide information about a student's fluency abilities?

The student adheres to punctuation and reads a selection with good phrasing The student maintains a conversational pace while reading a selection The student responds to text structure by reading with appropriate expression.

Which of the following statements best describes a student who has acquired proficiency in reading automaticity?

The student effortlessly processes, decodes, and understands the written words in a text.

A teacher, Ms. Lee, is planning an assignment in which students will each research a different animal in depth and give an oral presentation to the class. The teacher is developing a rubric to give students so that they know how their presentations will be scored. Which THREE of the following characteristics should Ms. Lee include on the rubric as exemplary qualities for the oral presentation?

The students provide clear ex, facts, and evidence about the animal. The student speaks at an appropriate volume and enunciates words clearly The student presents info in a logical sequence for classmates

Which of the following is the best interpretation of the last line of the poem? The following is an excerpt from Otto Leland Bohanan's poem "the dawn's awake!" A flash of smoldering flame and fire ignites the East, Then, higher,higher O'er all the sky so gray, forlom, the torch of gold is borne

The sun's light is appearing

The student writing sample best shows an understanding of which of the following components of effective writting? If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other teams out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever maker errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on Tv If I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up.

The thesis statement names the topic of the sample, and then the main points that support a position are introduced.

Parrelism

The use of repeating words and forms to make a pattern or a rhythm to a passage in literacy

A teacher analyzing a reading passage for its qualitative text complexity should consider which TWO of the following?

The various levels of meaning in the passage The language conventionality of the excerpt

Parallel Words

The woman was cold, cruel, and nasty.

Which of the following statements about the writing process is most accurate?

The writing process is often recursive rather than linear

In which THREE of the following ways do graphic novels support reading comprehension?

They allow the reader to visualize story elements They help the reader differentiate between dialogue and narration They assist the reader in identifying tone and mood

Place the name of each type of figurative language next to the sentence that best exemplifies it: allusion idiom hyperbole oxymoron

This bag weighs a ton - hyperbole You're about to open Pandora's box - allusion I can resist anything, except temptation - oxymoron break a leg! - idiom

Semantic Feature Analysis

This strategy enhances comprehension and vocabulary skills. Using a grid, students are able to make connection, predictions, and master important details

3 tiers of vocabulary

Tier 1: basic, commonly used, everyday words - happy, table, state Tier 2: high frequency/multiple meaning, used by mature readers, found more often in writing than everyday speech, but often occur in adult conversation - hilarious, permitting, completed Tier 3: low frequency words, specific to a domain, occur in academic settings, occupations, technology - molecule, sedimentary, diagnosed

Which of the following best identifies the student's primary purpose in writing the piece? If I could have the best job in the world, it would be to play for a major league baseball team when I'm older. I believe that a major league team should hire me because of my excellent skills. I also have a positive attitude and I want to play the game. Also I think a team should hire me because of the talent I have that will support the team's success. The team could probably win the World Series! They should hire me because I can hit the ball really hard and score runs in every game. I can catch the ball really good. I can get the players on the other teams out really easily. I can throw great to all the bases to get them out. I can run the bases OK and when it comes to stealing the bases most of the time I don't get out. My batting average is good. I hardly ever maker errors. When I hit the ball, I mostly get singles but sometimes doubles. I might hit a homerun sometimes. I want this job because I'm really good at the sport. I can do a lot for my team and the fans and the owner and the manager. More people will watch the games on Tv If I'm on the team and that will bring the ratings up.

To Persuade

The writing in the sample is best characterized as occuring during which of the following stages of writing development? Wansupann a tim ther was a funne dog it lik to run real fast i watched it

Transitional

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? Waiting in her closet of a room, Turtle stared at the white-weighted branches of the maple tree on the hill. A twig snapped in silence, a flurry speckled across the crusted snow. Sometimes when her mother was too busy to do her hair she sent Angela in, but today no one came. They had forgotten about her. Brush and comb clutched in her fists like weapons, she stormed into apartment 2C. "Do you know how to braid hair?

Turtle is upset about being neglected

Dolch List of Basic Sight Words or Fry's Numerical list of instant words

Used for teachers to develop sight words. These lists change and evolve across grade-levels so students can build a large repertoire of instantly recognizable words.

Fishbowl

Used to manage and simplify group discussion. Small group of students sit or stand in the middle of the room. All other students sit or stand around the center group. The outer group doesn't participate. The inner group then has a discussion on a topic the teacher provides while the other students listen

VC: VCC: CVCC: CVC

Vowel-Consonant Vowel- Consonant- Consonant Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant Consonant-Vowel-Consonant

Which of the following words is most appropriate to include on a list of spelling words that contain a silent consonant?

Whistle

Sight words

Words repeated most often in text. Taught with phonics. EX: "a", "in", "at", "I"

Which of the following is best described as a primary source?

a diary entry by a historical figure

Simile

a figure of speech in which two unlike things are explicitly compared, as in "she is like a rose."

The word "predict" is classified as a Tier 2 vocab word primarily because it is ___?

a frequently used general academic term

Euphemism

a milder word or expression, substituted for another word considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant. Using expired instead of dead

To best help students determine the meaning of the bold word, the teacher should have students analyze the __? Although sales can be a LUCRATIVE career, if you can't keep your customers, you can lose a lot of money.

a sentence structure to highlight the contrast

Which of the following digital tools will best help a small group of students engage in an online discussion of symbolism in a literary text?

a teacher-moderated forum

Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a fluent reader? a. decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy b. determines definitions of unfamiliar words with ease c. Demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity d. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation e. paraphrases new information presented in a text without difficulty

a. decodes unfamiliar words with accuracy c. demonstrates developmentally appropriate automaticity d. Reads aloud with proper expression and regard for punctuation

Automaticity

ability to decode and understand written words without effort (through word recognition)

A primary benefit of using a wiki for step 3 is that a wiki? A group research task involves the following steps: 1. formulate a research question 2. gather info and organize the findings 3. collaborate on composing, revising, and editing a written report 4. publish a version of the report that can be downloaded from the class Web page and can be printed as a hard copy for the teacher 5. present the findings to the class orally, using visual aids

allows multiple users to modify the written material

Tara always enjoyed a vacation on a tropical island after she endured a long, cold winter at home. Select the part of speech that best describes how each of the underlined words is functioning in the sentence. For each word, select 1 part of speech word Conj AdV Prep always on after

always - adverb on - preposition after - conj (sub)

Which THREE of the following words contain an open syllable? a. different b. vehicle c. jungle d. fantastic e. remembering f. apron

b. Vehicle e. Fantastic f. Apron

Root words

begins in second grade - derived from latin or Greek -establish basis of new words - ex: cent is a latin root meaning "one hundred"

Students in a language arts class are organizing word cards according to the three tiers of vocab. Which of the following groups of cards can best be categorized as tier-three words?

cell, artery, digest, and suture because they are specialized, domain-specific terms

Which of the following revisions will most improve the students essay? 1. the afternoon with my grandfather could not have been more enjoyable. 2. we ate pizza. 3. after that we went out for ice cream. 4. After that we walked to the park to feed the ducks and ride the paddle boats. 5. I will remember that day for as long as I live. 6. we had a super time!

combining sentences 2 and 3

Writing

communicates ideas, opinions, experiences, and beliefs

A reader who has demonstrated fluency while reading an informational text can now use available cognitive resources to focus on which of the following?

comprehending the main ideas in the text

Pragmatics

concerns the way people use language socially, refers to the way language varies according to its purpose or audience, the way context contributes to the meaning of a word or sentence. "That is so cool." could refer to temperature, attitude, or opinion

After students read one version of the three little pigs told by a 3rd-person narrator and another version told from the wolf's perspective, a teacher asks them to respond to the writing prompt, "which character do you sympathize with in each version of the story? why?" The activity primarily targets ability to __?

consider the impact of point of view on readers' interpretation of events.

Replacing the word "hunting" with the word 'predation' is an example of switching from__?

conversational to domain-specific vocabulary

Which of the following parts of a citation is unique to online sources, rather than print-base sources?

date the site was accessed

After locating basic information on a topic for a research report, the next best step to take in the process is to?

determine which information is most relevant to the research topic

Discussing a proposed argumentative writing topic with peers who have different viewpoints on the issue will best help a writer to

develop counterclaims

reading comprehension =

developmentally appropriate reading levels

"wow what just happened I, I turned into a --" The student's draft contains errors in which the following areas of writing mechanics? "beep beep beep" my alarm went off i turned over to my side and saw that it was 10:27 in the morning. I got up and i started to saunter down my pristine stairs to get breakfast. When i got downstairs i realized it wasn't a normal day. It was mom's birthday! I ran down stars and I jumped into the hallway, my brown hair flying behind me, to go make a card. When I finished the card, I went upstairs and gave it to mom. Not to brag or anything, but it was fabulous. Before i could even get downstairs dad stopped me and said get your gloves on since mom likes lettuce, you've got to pick it so we can make an awesome salad with it. THen I went outside to pick some lettuce. Finally it was 6:30 and for my family that's dinner time!

dialogue punctuation

During a partner discussion of a text, a teacher asks students to paraphrase what their partners said before stating their own ideas. The primary benefit of the activity is that it enables students to practice __?

engaging in active listening

(diagram of a wind mill) This graphic would be most appropriate to use with an article that ___?

explains how wind power works

Hyperbole

extravagant use of exaggeration for effect

As a teacher shares several poems with the class, the students complete a graphic organizer that asks them to identify words or phrases that go beyond the literal meaning and appeal to the senses of the readers. The students are most likely looking for which of the following?

figurative language

Metaphor

figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison. "She is the shining star of our school."

Oxymoron

figure of speech were contradictory terms appear side by side: old news, Jumbo shrimp

In which of the following cooperative learning strategies are assigned to either observers or facilitators in a discussion on a particular topic?

fishbowl

Is the word a high-frequency sight word or a decodable word forgot because was sleepy

forgot - decodable because - high-frequency sight word was - high frequency sight word sleepy - decodabe word

Which of the following word parts occurs in the word agonize?

greek root agon means contest or struggle

While th' weathy are feastin' we're starvin', An' for this, lads, ther' must be a cause; In the lines of poetry above, the diction helps the speaker to establish what?

himself as part of the working class to lend credibility to the central message

Which of the following is a feature within an online text that is designed to help students learn more info about a particular word or example within the text?

hyperlink

letter awareness

identification of and naming letters of the alphabet writing the letters to dictation can point to one letter, two letters, first letter in word, or last letter on page **first kids pay attention to big picture (print knowledge), then narrow focus (letter knowledge)

Choral reading

improves a child's reading fluency by practicing atomicity and prosody during reading

Which of the following details from the passage best supports the inference that Charlie Gordon is being considered for medical treatment designed to improve his intelligence? In the passage below, main character C.G records his thoughts in a journal entry. Dr. Strauss says I shut rite down what i think and evrey thing that happins to me from now on. I dont know why he says its importint so they will see if they will use me. I hope they use me, Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart. My names is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my brithday. I have nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today.

is Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart.

Which of the following best defines the function of an adverb as a part of speech?

it modifies an adjective or a verb

An elementary school teacher groups students with differing reading abilities into core groups of 3. Each member also belongs to another group that is assigned to read specific content to become experts on a chosen topic. After the specific-content groups take time to read and discuss their information, members return to their core groups where they share and exchange the knowledge gained in their specific-content groups. Which of the following collaborative strategies is the teacher implementing in the scenario?

jigsaw

Which of the following collaborative reading strategies involves delegating specific roles to students during group discussion, such as director, researcher, and vocab enricher?

literature circles

which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? Deserts encompass almost 1/5 of the Earth's land surface. Vast stretches of empty sand stretch over a barren landscape. The endless sea of sand shifts constantly with the wind over the solitary scene. Scarce foliage inhabits the stark environment

lonely

The revisions between the 1st and 2nd draft best demonstrate the writer's understanding of the relationship between word choice and ? 1st draft: I was walking down the street on a very dark night. Up ahead I saw a large, old house. I decided to go in. I heard a noise as I slowly climbed the stairs to enter the house. I heard many different sounds when I got into the house. I turned and tried to leave, but the wind shut the front door behind me and I was trapped. 2nd draft: It was eerie, moonless might as I walked down the deserted street. Out of the corner of my eye, a monstrous, spooky-looking house taunted me. My curiosity overcame my fear, and I approached the house to investigate. As I climbed the creaking staircase to the dilapidated porch, the howling wind, screeching birds, and rustling trees seemed to whisper in my hear "don't go in! Turn around! but I kept climbing, I opened the heavy front door and stepped into the dark, dusty house. Suddenly, my fears made me turn to leave, but the wind swirled around me and blew the heavy door shut with a deafening thud, I was trapped.

mood

which THREE of the following are considered reliable sources for research?

newspapers, scholarly articles, and educational institutions

Affixes

parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words. Prefix ex: Per added to cent = percent Suffix ex: URY added to cent = century

I was led past the sphinx of white marble, which had seemed to watch me all the while with a smile at my astonishment, toward a vast grey edifice of fretted stone. Which of the following best describes the type of figurative language used in the excerpt?

personification

When giving an oral report, a speaker changes the relative highness or lowness of a sound to communicate meaning and emotion to listeners. Which of the following elements is the speaker adjusting?

pitch

After a speaker gives an oral report, a member of the audience asks the speaker the following questions. - Could you tell me more about . . . ? - Why do you think this . . . is important to understanding the topic? - At the beginning of your speech, you said . . . Can you say more about that idea? The questions best demonstrate that the audience member has an understanding of which of the following components of active listening?

probing

An advantage of cloud- based word-processing tools over traditional word-processing software is that they __?

provide a platform for collaboration among users

Which of the following activities will best help students develop articulation skills within oral presentations?

reading aloud short rhyming poems, focusing on individual sounds within words

Which of the following elements best helps early emergent readers construct meaning from a narrative book?

realistic illustrations

The revision state of the writing process includes which of the following activities?

recognizing faulty logic

phonemic segmentation

refers to the ability to break a word into its separate sounds, saying each sound as it is counted. The ability to identify four sounds in the word "clap" demonstrates an understanding of phonemic segmentation.

which of the following terms best describes a series of events that build tension from conflict in a story?

rising action

Which sentence of the passage explains how the sawfly secures its eggs? (1)Scientists have studied many insects. (2) Some of these insects use tools to survive. (3) One animal that uses tools to survive is called the sawfly. (4) This insect is called a sawfly because it has a tool that works like a saw. (5) It is not a real saw, but it looks like and works like a saw. (6) The saw is part of the sawfly's body. (7) The insect uses the saw to cut a small hole in a plant and then it places eggs in the hole. (8) After it creates the hole, the sawfly makes a glue that fastens the eggs in place. (9) No one is sure how the sawfly make this glue, but scientists who have watched the sawfly have seen it happen.

sentence 8

A student is presenting a speech about the need for nature conservation. Which of the following guidelines is most appropriate for the student to follow?

slow down the rate of speaking when transitioning into more complex content

Literature Circles

small groups of students come together to discuss a piece of literature in depth. Like an adult book club. Purpose is to encourage thoughtful discussion. Students are often given roles to play: director, researcher, etc

Homophones

sound the same, different meanings and spellings. (to, too, two)

Reading a text orally in small groups provides an opportunity for students to develop skills primarily in which of the following areas of effective oral presentation? A. Using body language to communicate emotion B. Speaking clearly and expressively C. Listening and responding to the audience D. Maintaining engagement through eye contact

speaking clearly and expressively

Homographs

spelled the same but have different meanings (lead, lead or dove, dove)

Which of the following statements about English-language learners is best supported by current research?

students need meaning-focused practice and appropriate form-focused instruction when learning English as a second language

Following an oral presentation, a listener responds by restating the 3 key points of the speech. Which of the following components of active listening is the listener demonstrating?

summarizing

Which of the following pre-reading activities best helps students create a mental map of the text's content and establish a purpose for reading?

text-feature walk

Personification

the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

Climax

the building up of suspense for dramatic effect through a series of sentences to the high point of a story

Text Features

the parts of a text that stand out =photos, drawings, maps, charts, graphs

Morphemes

the smallest meaningful units of language that constitutes a word or part of a word, cannot be subdivided ex: Writing (writing) + (ing)... unclear (un) +(Clear)

Onamatopoeia

the use of a word or phrase that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes ex: sizzle, purr, buzz

In the genre of drama, which of the following best describes a primary purpose of stage directions?

they provide the character with instructions about their actions

Parallel Phrases

two phrases which begin alike - Like father, likes son, - Easy come, Easy go

Students' phonological awareness can be assessed by evaluating their ability to

understand how words in a text are segmented into syllables

A student is delivering an informational presentation. Which of the following actions best reinforces the audience's understanding of the info communicated?

utilizing visual aids to emphasize the presentation's key points

Relative Pronouns and Adjectives

who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, that, when, where, why, how

Which of the following concepts is the teacher demonstrating for the students? A teacher is working with a group of students to help them achieve greater phonological awareness. Th teacher writes the following on a whiteboard to begin a discussion. thr(ow) t(ow) b(ow)

working with rhymes to create new words

Based on the passage below, the reader can infer that: "Long ago, the mice had a general council to consider what measures the could take to outwit their common enemy, the cat. Some said this, and someone said that; but at last a young mouse got up and said he had a proposal to make, which he thought would meet the case. "you will all agree" said he, that our chief danger consists in the sly and treacherous manner in which the approaches us. Now if we could receive some signal of her approach, we could easily escape from her. I venture therefore to propose that a small bell be procured and attached by a ribbon round the neck of the cat. By this means we should always know when she was about, and could easily retire while she was in the neighborhood." This proposal met with general applause, until an old mouse got up and said: 'that is very well, but who is to bell the cat?" the mice looked at on another and nobody spoke. then the old mouse said: "it is easy to propose impossible remedies."

young mouse did not think the plan through before making the proposal

English Language Learners

● ELL students success in school is largely determined by their working vocabulary ● English is difficult to learn bc letter sound relationship are inconsistent ● The phoneme grapheme correspondence is the relationship that exists between sounds (phonemes) and letters (graphemes) ● Language Load: is one of the barriers ELLs face and refers to the number of unfamiliar words ELLs encounter. Teachers can mitigate this difficulty by teaching the essential vocabulary before the student reads the passage, divide complex sentences into smaller units, rephrase complex sentences, and eliminate unnecessary words. ● Many ELL learners know many words in their native language that are either the same or very similar in English. By focusing on these words (cognates), the teacher will find an effective tool in establishing sight word connection between languages. ● Current research suggests that ELLs need explicit teaching of different learning strategies to become more efficient. ● Provide instruction for a multitude of learning styles, present the same material in different ways ● ELLs need large amounts of meaning focused practice - activities that promote real life communication with the idea that language learning is assisted through social interaction and form focused instruction - any instructional activity designed to focus student attention on the linguistic forms (vocab, phonics, and grammar) ● Providing visual or written supports is beneficial to ELLs, as they can use multiple modalities to comprehend and gain language skills. ● ELLs benefit from small collaborative groups when reading and discussing texts. This provides the ELL student an opportunity to see how others access and process information and compare it with their own thinking. ● When forming collaborative groups it's best to form the groups heterogeneously with a cross section of ability levels and interests. This encourages and promotes a variety of interactions and collaborations.

Psychosocial Theory by Erikson

● Each stage of life is marked by conflict between competing attitudes; successful resolution may lead to the acquisition of virtue. ● We must hold both attitudes in tension & come to understand and accept them both before a compromise is made and a virtue gained. ● The order of these stages are: 1. Trust vs mistrust (Infancy): If infant receives consistent, predicable care, they'll develop trust. 2. Autonomy vs shame (18mo-2 or 3): Child is focused on gaining a greater sense of self-control/assert independence w/out losing self-esteem. 3. Initiative vs guilt: Children assert themselves more by interacting w/ others. Child asks many questions. Criticism/control=guilt. 4. Competence vs inferiority (5-12): Child values competency. Teacher plays a major role b/c of education. Child feels the need to win approval to show competency. If initiative is not encouraged= Inferiority. 5. Identity vs identify confusion (12-18): Search for self/identity by exploring values/beliefs/goals. Begin to look at future (career, relationships, families,etc). Has to learn the roles he/she wants to play. Can be either sexual or occupaitional. 6. Intimacy vs isolation (18-40): Major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships. Avoiding intimacy=Isolation. 7. Generativity vs stagnation (40-65): Giving back to society (raising children, productive at work) by being part of the bigger picture. Success=accomplishment. Failure=shallow involvement in world. 8. Integrity vs despair (65+): If we value our accomplishments=integrity. Failure=bitterness and despair.

Graphs Graphic Organizers

● Graphs provide a great deal of information quickly in order for students to analyze and interpret a lot of information easily ● Graphic Organizers are communication tools use to visually display knowledge, ideas, concepts, and relationships in learning. (concept maps, story maps) ● Venn Diagrams are often used to enhance student understanding through comparison

Story Mapping to Assist Comprehension

● Helps students focus on details ● Helps make predictions ● Helps make connections to existing knowledge ● Helps summarize the events of the story.

Inductive Reasoning

● Moves from a specific idea to a general idea ● Takes specific info and makes a larger generalization ● Often used in making predictions ● Ex: Every book I have checked out of the library has been old....so I guess every book in the library is old.

Deductive Reasoning

● Moves from general idea to specific idea ● Takes general facts and uses them to make a specific conclusion ● Holds a specific idea or theory to be true and then based on that, makes a prediction ● Ex: It's dangerous to drive on snow covered roads. The roads are covered in snow now and so driving is dangerous now.