Praxis Test: Social Studies (5581)
Diana has enough money to purchase either a new bicycle or a new skateboard but not enough money to purchase both. Which of the following represents the opportunity cost of Diana's decision to purchase a new bicycle? A. The amount of money she has after buying the bicycle B. The total amount she spent on the bicycle C. The skateboard she decided not to purchase D. The time she spent to earn the money for the purchase
C.
European imperialism in Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had which of the following consequences? A. The promotion of African self-governance and the preservation of indigenous cultures by European colonial powers B. The industrialization of African societies as a result of European investment and technology transfer C. The imposition of artificial borders and divisions that disregarded existing tribal and ethnic boundaries D. The mass migration of Africans from colonized to noncolonized regions
C.
How did most Patriot women in 1765 participate in protests against the Stamp Act? A. They tarred and feathered tax collectors at public rallies. B. They organized rally marches to help recruit Sons of Liberty members. C. They led boycotts of English goods in marketplaces across the colonies. D. They wrote essays against taxation that were published in colonial papers.
C.
In 1990, the United Nations introduced the Human Development Index (HDI) to address which of the following criticisms of previous ways that a country's development was measured? A. The measurements required an amount of data that was burdensome for developing countries to collect. B. The measurements could not be used to rank countries in terms of their development level. C. The measurements were based on an overly simplistic understanding of development. D. The measurements did not provide guidance on what policies could promote a country's development.
C.
In the market for dog toys, the equilibrium price has risen while the equilibrium quantity has fallen. All other things being equal, which of the following scenarios could explain this change? A. A significant increase in the number of dog adoptions took place in the months before the changes. B. The production cost of a key input in dog toy production has steadily decreased. C. A major dog toy manufacturer halted production in the months before the changes. D. An increase in sales tax on products including dog toys recently went into effect.
C.
Investigations of public figures led by United States Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s had which of the following effects? A. The passage of legislation to limit immigration from Eastern Europe B. Widespread protests against United States involvement in the Korean War C. The infringement of individual free speech rights over suspicions with little to no credible evidence D. A rise in labor union membership and effectiveness in passing workplace safety legislation
C.
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists most differed on their views concerning what issue? A. The extension of slavery to the territories B. The process for admitting new states C. The ratification of the Constitution D. The policy for reconstructing the Union
C.
The Second Great Awakening generated which of the following changes in North America? A. The establishment of the first higher education institutions in North America B. The reduction of the role of women in religion and society C. The rise of abolitionism as a moral opposition to slavery D. The end of the temperance movement
C.
The confrontations of the 1850s known as Bleeding Kansas were an outgrowth of which of the following developments? A. Nativism B. Removal of Native Americans C. Sectionalism D. Industrial expansion
C.
Unlike the United States, most contemporary European democracies feature which of the following? A. Hereditary monarchs and nobles with formal roles in government B. Public education systems administered by state churches C. Multiparty and coalition political party systems D. Vigorously enforced laws against insulting national leaders and symbols
C.
Use the excerpt from English philosopher John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government (1690) to answer the question that follows. "If man in the state of nature be so free... equal to the greatest, and subject to nobody, why will he part with his freedom, this empire, and subject himself to the dominion and control of any other power? ... The enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. This makes him willing to quit this condition which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers; and it is not without reason, that he seeks out, and is willing to join in society with others who are already united, or have a mind to unite for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which I call by the general name—property." Which of the following is a lasting consequence of the argument that Locke raises in the excerpt? A. The establishment of egalitarian societi
C.
Which of the following accurately describes an effect the electoral college can have on presidential elections? A. The electoral college provides an incentive for presidential candidates to focus their campaigns equally on all 50 states. B. The electoral college increases the chances that a candidate from a minor political party can win a presidential election. C. The electoral college could prevent the candidate with the highest percentage of the national popular vote from winning the election. D. The electoral college could result in a state's electoral votes being assigned to the candidate who wins the national popular vote.
C.
Which of the following best describes how the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763) led to the American Revolution? A. The war led the British to pass harsher laws, such as the Intolerable Acts, on colonists as punishment for the war. B. The war led the British and French to cease fighting over North America, leaving the colonists without any protection from European armies. C. The cost of the war and the continuing need to maintain an army in North America led Parliament to raise taxes on the American colonies. D. The war led to the British army occupying all of the larger cities, such as Boston, New York, Williamsburg, and Charleston.
C.
Which of the following best describes the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall for the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe? A. It was the first indication of the public's questioning of communist rule. B. It exposed the financial vulnerability of many communist countries. C. It revealed and symbolized communist governments' loss of control over their populations. D. It allowed for the efficient military invasion of communist countries by NATO forces.
C.
Which of the following electoral processes is the most commonly used by state political parties to select delegates during the United States presidential nomination process? A. Straw poll B. Caucus C. Primary election D. Ranked-choice vote
C.
Which of the following is a correct example of the system of checks and balances within the United States government? A. The Supreme Court drafts a new law for consideration. B. The president confirms a new Supreme Court justice. C. The president vetoes a bill passed by Congress. D. Congress appoints the Secretary of State.
C.
Which of the following is characteristic of oligopoly in a particular sector of an economy? A. The presence of only one producer B. A market with a very small number of buyers C. A condition of limited competition among producers D. The presence of competition between businesses and the government
C.
Which of the following is most likely to increase as a long-term outcome of irrigating farmland? A. Soil acidity B. Soil aeration C. Soil salinity D. Soil temperature
C.
Which of the following scenarios represents a trade-off between two different factors of production? A. A retail business reduces its store size in order to specialize in fewer but more luxurious products. B. An agricultural business acquires new farmland to replace older land that has become less fertile through overuse. C. A manufacturing business holds off on hiring new workers in order to pay for factory equipment upgrades. D. An electronics business invests a large amount of money in marketing its brand-new computer product.
C.
Which of the following statements accurately describes both push and pull factors contributing to why people migrate? A. People migrate primarily because they are attracted to the scenic beauty and cultural diversity of a new place. B. People migrate mainly to places where their friends or family members are already residing. C. People often migrate to escape adverse conditions like conflict or economic hardship and seek better opportunities and safety. D. Migration mostly happens because people want to experience different weather and climate patterns.
C.
Which of the following steps occurs in the United States federal legislative process after a bill is introduced to and approved by the House of Representatives? A. The bill is sent to the president to sign into law. B. The bill is sent to the Supreme Court to determine its constitutionality. C. The bill is sent to the Senate to undergo revisions and a vote. D. The bill is sent to the states for ratification.
C.
Which of the following was a primary way in which the United States met the agricultural needs of the military and civilian populations during both world wars? A. Distributing Red Cross relief aid B. Issuing Liberty bonds C. Establishing guest worker (or bracero) programs D. Instituting a war labor board
C.
Which of the following was a significant factor that motivated the expansion of social welfare programs in Western countries after the Second World War? A. The desire to prove to colonial subjects that their lives would be better if they did not pursue decolonization B. The waning influence of socialist politicians in many capitalist countries' governments C. The belief that providing a stable standard of living would reduce the appeal of communism and extremist political movements D. The declining ability of business and industrial leaders to provide enough jobs for growing populations
C.
Which TWO of the following were characteristics of the Maya civilization in Mesoamerica? A. A monotheistic belief system B. A predominately hunter-gatherer lifestyle C. A sophisticated writing system D. A practice of astronomical observation E. A focus on maritime exploration
C. & D.
How did New Deal legislation affect the power of the United States federal government? A. t greatly limited the authority of the federal government and ushered in an era of devolution. B. It essentially had no effect on the authorities and powers of the federal government. C. It temporarily allowed states to direct the federal government on key initiatives. D. It significantly expanded the size and power of the federal government.
D.
In which of the following ways can the federal legislative branch exercise some control over the Supreme Court of the United States? A. Approving the outcomes of recent cases B. Selecting the cases that the court will hear C. Nominating justices to fill new vacancies D. Confirming the appointment of new justices
D.
In which of the following ways did Islamic civilization most directly influence the development of European culture during the Middle Ages? A. Europeans widely adopted and circulated paper currency from Islamic traders. B. European architects closely mimicked design principles and elements from Islamic religious buildings. C. European scholars adopted the Islamic invention of the moveable-type printing press. D. European civilizations gained access to ancient Greek and Roman texts translated by Islamic scholars.
D.
South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff Act of 1828 reflected which of the following social issues in the antebellum South? A. The South was predominantly agricultural and had little need for imported manufactured goods. B. Most southerners did not mind buying manufactured goods in an American market protected by tariffs. C. Many southerners were becoming resentful of the small percentage of wealthy landowners who controlled vast tracks of land. D. There was growing anxiety in the South that federal interference would override states' rights.
D.
The emergence of the first city-states in Mesopotamia was most directly dependent on the development of which of the following technologies? A. Sexagesimal (or base 60) mathematical notation B. Horse-drawn wheeled carts C. Cuneiform writing and cylinder seals D. Artificial irrigation systems
D.
Unlike command economies, market economies depend primarily on which of the following? A. Mass production B. Cottage industries C. Government regulation D. Entrepreneurial ventures
D.
Which of the following best describes an effect that the plantation aristocracy of the southern colonies had in North America before the American Revolution? A. Indentured servitude became the primary method for acquiring skills in craftwork and business. B. Southern colonies began to transform into urban centers, favoring trade and manufacturing over agricultural production. C. Large plantations were portioned out to sharecroppers to plant and harvest crops as payment to landowners. D. Significant economic, political, and social power authority remained limited to wealthy slave-holding landowners.
D.
Which of the following best explains how the Mexican-American War contributed to growing sectional tensions within the United States? A. The war fueled competition over land for migrating populations. B. The war intensified religious conflicts between Catholic and Protestant populations. C. The war heightened tariff debates between the North and the South. D. The war sparked disputes over slavery in newly acquired territories.
D.
Which of the following best explains the migration pattern of Black Americans between 1900 and 1960, as shown in the map? A. Black Americans sought better job opportunities working on northern farms and in western mining towns. B. Black Americans sought to take advantage of job opportunities in armaments factories during the First World War. C. Black Americans sought better educational opportunities and a lower cost of living in northeastern cities. D. Black Americans sought to escape racial discrimination, segregation, and violence in the Jim Crow South.
D.
Which of the following best illustrates the interaction between humans and nature in shaping a cultural landscape? A. A neighborhood in Rome that is home to buildings considered sacred by Catholics and Protestants B. The remains of a small campfire made by hikers spending the night in a forested part of the wilderness C. Signs in eastern Canada that list road and place names in both English and Innu, the language of Indigenous people in the region D. Tracts of low-lying farmland created over centuries by the use of pumps to drain wetlands in the Netherlands
D.
Which of the following developments most directly led to the United States' involvement in the Korean and Vietnam wars? A. The founding of the House Un-American Activities Committee B. The establishment of a communist government in Cuba C. The drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights D. The pursuit of the policy of containment
D.
Which of the following is a key role of central banks in national economies? A. investigating and punishing fraudulent activity in the stock market B. Insuring the personal savings accounts of citizens C. Preparing and monitoring government budgets D. Influencing interest rates to slow inflation
D.
Which of the following issues was a source of significant controversy during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 ? A. Whether citizens' right to vote would depend on age, race, or sex B. How many houses should be in the legislature C. Whether to implement a federal income tax D. How much power and independence the president should have
D.
Which of the following most accurately describes the role of the Diné (or Navajo) and other Native Americans who served as code talkers during the Second World War? A. They routinely intercepted and deciphered the coded communications of enemy forces, thereby providing strategic advantages. B. They primarily served noncombat roles as cultural advisors to the United States military during negotiations with Pacific Island nations. C. They were primarily responsible for providing United States soldiers with logistical and medical support. D. They used their language to enable secure and effective communication that enemy forces could not decipher.
D.
Which of the following statements best identifies a similarity between the United States involvement in the First World War and Second World War? A. In both wars, the United States entered the conflict after experiencing large-scale military attacks on its territory. B. The entry of the United States into both wars was primarily motivated by a desire to expand its territorial holdings and influence. C. The United States declared war in both conflicts to defend its allies from aggression and maintain global stability. D. In both wars, the United States initially maintained a policy of neutrality before being drawn into conflict due to acts of aggression from belligerent nations.
D.
Which of the following was a major factor in the drafting of the Articles of Confederation? A. Support for universal human rights B. A call for a reliable and enforceable system for taxation C. A rejection of equal state representation in the legislature D. Opposition to a strong national government
D.
Which TWO of the following were significant factors that contributed to the end of apartheid in South Africa? A. A negotiated agreement to split South Africa into multiple independent countries along racial lines B. A negotiated agreement to split South Africa into multiple independent countries along racial lines C. Activism pushing institutions, such as banks and colleges, to stop doing business in South Africa D. Sustained resistance, both nonviolent and violent, by Black South Africans and their allies E. A ground invasion and occupation of South Africa by the Organization of African Unity
& D.
In which TWO of the following areas did formerly enslaved people in the South make lasting gains during the Reconstruction era? A. Electing Black legislators to federal, state, and local office B. Reunifying and winning legal recognition for family bonds C. Gaining ownership of confiscated Confederate leaders' lands D. Being free to change their terms and place of employment at will E. Founding Black churches and educational institutions
& E.
Use the excerpt from a statement by a California legislator issued in 1911 to answer the question that follows. "Woman suffrage has been proven a failure in states that have tried it. It is wrong. California should profit by the mistake of other states. Not one reform has equal suffrage effected. On the contrary, statistics go to show that in most equal suffrage states... divorces have greatly increased since the adoption of the equal suffrage amendment, showing that it has been a home destroyer. Crime has also increased due to a lack of mothers in the home." Which of the following best describes the most critical point of view about the woman suffrage movement expressed in the excerpt? A. It would disrupt traditional family life. B. It would make little difference in politics. C. It would overextend the scope of government. D. It would prevent progress toward other domestic reforms.
A.
Use the excerpt from the list of grievances in the Declaration of Independence to answer the question that follows. "He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance." Which of the following best describes the officers mentioned in the passage? A. Tax collectors B. Military generals C. Anglican priests D. Ship captains
A.
Use the passage, which is part of a speech delivered to the English Parliament in 1610 C.E., to answer the question that follows. "God has power to create or destroy, make or unmake at his pleasure, to give life or send death, to judge all, and to be [neither] judged nor accountable to none; to raise low things, and to make high things low at his pleasure, and to God are both soul and body due. And the like power have kings: they make and unmake their subjects; they have the power of raising and casting down, of life and of death; judges over all their subjects and in all cases, and yet accountable to none but God only.... And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects. . . ." The speech is best understood as an argument in favor of which of the following forms of government? A. Autocracy B. Oligarchy C. Anarchy D. Republic
A.
Use the quotation from the United States Constitution to answer the question that follows. "We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." The quotation best reflects which of the following principles of United States government? A. Popular sovereignty B. Checks and balances C. Separation of powers D. Representative democracy
A.
Use the timeline to answer the question that follows. March 7, 1936: German troops occupy the demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany. March 12, 1938: German troops enter Austria and annex that nation to Germany. September 30, 1938: German troops occupy the Sudetenland, a predominantly German-speaking region in Czechoslovakia. March 23, 1939: Germany takes control of Romania's economy. The provided timeline best supports which of the following developments in the 1930s? A. Germany's increasingly aggressive foreign policy B. Germany's emergence as a global superpower C. Germany's push for ethnic unification D. Germany's influence being curtailed by European alliances
A.
Which of the following best describes how cultural diffusion contributes to the transformation of societal practices and perspectives over time? A. It facilitates the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and customs between different cultures, leading to the adoption and adaptation of new practices. B. It primarily reinforces existing cultural practices and perspectives, preserving traditional values and customs. C. It limits cultural diversity by promoting homogeneity and discouraging the exploration of new ideas and perspectives. D. It typically causes radical cultural shifts by introducing novel practices and perspectives that upend established traditions and norms.
A.
Which of the following best describes how the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) modified United States foreign policy in Latin America that had been in place since the Monroe Doctrine? A. It indicated a shift from nonintervention to active intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries. B. It placed a priority on promoting democratic governance in Latin American countries. C. It signaled the near-complete withdrawal of the United States from engagement with Latin American countries. D. It demonstrated a greater willingness to allow European powers to participate in the governance of Latin America.
A.
Which of the following best describes the role of France in the American Revolution? A. The French provided military and financial support to the American colonies, playing a crucial role in the American victory over Britain. B. The French became involved only at the end of the war, helping to negotiate the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Britain. C. The French sided with the British during the war, providing their European neighbor with troops, resources, and logistical support. D. The French provided aid to both sides in the war, hoping to benefit economically as a neutral supplier of goods throughout the conflict.
A.
Which of the following correctly describes a geographic effect on colonial economies in North America? A. Abundant timber and deep harbors in New England supported shipbuilding, fishing, and maritime trade. B. Fast-moving rivers in southern colonies facilitated urban industrial and manufacturing growth. C. Short growing seasons in New England prevented colonists from practicing subsistence agriculture. D. Yearlong warm weather supported a largely agrarian economy in the Middle Colonies.
A.
Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of cultural assimilation? A. A family moves from Germany to Turkey, gives their children new Turkish names, and adopts Turkish language and holidays as their own. B. An individual moves from Italy to China and modifies some traditional Italian recipes in order to use locally available ingredients. C. A large number of Nigerian immigrants settle in Canada, and Nigerian pop music gains new listeners and radio airtime throughout Canada. D. An Argentinian businesswoman often travels to Jordan for work, so she purchases a few outfits that will allow her to blend in with locals while she is there.
A.
Which of the following is regarded as a civic duty for citizens of the United States? A. Serving as a juror B. Supporting one's family C. Attending religious services D. Telling the truth
A.
Which of the following most directly influenced the ratification of the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution? A. The experiences of American colonists under British military occupation B. The lack of colonial economic representation under the British mercantilist system C. The lack of government authority in enforcing laws under the Articles of Confederation D. The existence of local militias after colonies achieved statehoo
A.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the principle of the rule of law? A. Laws should be applied consistently and enforced without favoritism. B. There should be formal laws to regulate most or all aspects of life. C. Federal law will preempt state law when the two are in conflict. D. Relying on courts to settle international disputes is better than relying on warfare.
A.
Which of the following was a primary motivation for European exploration in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the period 1450 to 1700? A. The desire to seek alternatives to trade networks controlled by competing economic powers B. The impact of environmental pressures that required new land for growing domestic populations C. The ambition to reclaim Christian holy sites in the Near East from Muslim control D. The desire to avoid the effects of the Black Death in Continental Europe
A.
Which of the following was the primary impact of the October Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 on Russia's involvement in the First World War? A. It resulted in an armistice between Russia and the Central Powers. B. It maintained Russian support of the Allied war effort despite internal unrest. C. It caused the Russian Empire to join the Central Powers. D. It led to an immediate increase in Russia's military support on the Western Front.
A.
Which TWO of the following were lasting outcomes of the Mexican Revolution (1910 to 1920) ? A. The creation of a new constitution that provided for land reform and labor rights B. The establishment of the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere C. The loss of a significant amount of Mexican territory to the United States D. The development of a national identity that emphasized Mexico's multicultural heritage E. The formation of Mexico as a newly independent country
A. &
Which TWO of the following are push factors that significantly contributed to climate migration in the 2010s? A. Drought and crop failure intensifying regional conflicts over limited resources B. Rising temperatures creating more opportunities for subsistence farmers in certain regions C. Debate over climate change policy escalating political polarization D. Increasingly frequent severe weather events making some regions less habitable E. Countries investing more of their budgets into green energy research instead of public health issues
A. & D.
Which TWO of the following factors most significantly influenced the trend of urbanization in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The mechanization and increased efficiency of agricultural production B. The implementation of imperialist foreign policies aimed at acquiring new territories C. The construction of interstate highways and the increased affordability of automobiles D. The mass migration of people from eastern and southern Europe to the United States E. The passage of education acts that increased federal funding for schools, colleges, and universities
A. & D.
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination on the basis of which TWO of the following categories? A. Race B. Socioeconomic status C. Education level D. Religion E. Age
A. & E.
Early human settlements and civilizations most often shared which of the following geographic characteristics? A. They were primarily located at the highest possible elevation to limit the possibility of enemy attack. B. They were usually located near sources of water to support agriculture and trade. C. They were generally located at high latitudes to take advantage of long summer daylight hours. D. They were typically situated within forests for access to wood for building and fuel.
B.
In the landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public spaces was constitutional based on which of the following justifications? A. African American political leaders endorsed segregationist policies. B. The Fourteenth Amendment was not violated if public spaces were separate, but equal. C. The federal government had no authority to override state laws. D. African Americans descended from slaves were not considered citizens.
B.
In which of the following ways did political machines primarily operate in cities like New York City during the late nineteenth century? A. Political machines served the wealthy elite by facilitating the expansion of industrial enterprises. B. Political machines sought and retained power by providing services and jobs in exchange for votes. C. Political machines advocated for the rights of women by providing education and essential services to the community. D. Political machines strictly enforced federal child labor laws and workplace safety regulations.
B.
Overuse of fertilizers in agriculture is most likely to cause which of the following environmental changes? A. Pollinator insects that have contact with fertilized plants may decline in population. B. Runoff water from fertilized fields may cause algal blooms in downstream waterways. C. Plants raised in fertilized soil may remove less carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. D. Feed crops grown with fertilizers may cause reductions in farm animal growth.
B.
The Great Compromise provided for which of the following types of government structures? A. A unicameral legislature based solely on proportional representation of states in the lower house B. A bicameral legislature with representation based on the population of states in the lower house and equal representation of states in the upper house C. A bicameral legislature with seats in both the lower house and the upper house apportioned by the population size of the states D. A unicameral legislature with equal representation of states, regardless of their size and population
B.
Use the list of characteristics to answer the question that follows. Originated with the arrival of Indo-Aryan peoples from the northwest Developed a view of society as divided into four varnas Introduced the use of Sanskrit language to record religious rituals and beliefs The characteristics listed are associated with which of the following eras of ancient South Asian history A. The Indus Valley (or Harappan) Civilization (2800 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E.) B. The Vedic Age (1700 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E.) C. The Mauryan Empire (321 B.C.E. to 184 B.C.E.) D. The Indo-Greek (or Yavanas) Kingdoms (190 B.C.E. to 10 C.E.)
B.
Use the list to answer the question that follows. Ballot initiative Town meeting Recall election Popular plebiscite The political processes listed are best described as examples of which of the following? A. Representative democracy B. Direct democracy C. Democratic centralism D. Democratic socialism
B.
Use the summaries of United States Supreme Court case rulings to answer the question that follows. Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) The Court ruled that under the Tenth Amendment, only the states and not the federal government could regulate child labor (on the grounds that manufacturing is not commerce and not subject to federal regulation). South Dakota v. Dole (1987) A federal law that would withhold 5 percent of a state's highway funds if it did not raise its minimum drinking age to 21 was ruled constitutional. The Court believed it was passed in the interest of the general good and by reasonable means. United States v. Lopez (1995) The Court ruled that the commerce clause did not give Congress the power to enact the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act. The cases listed are examples of how the United States Supreme Court has interpreted which American principle of democracy? A. Due process B. Federalism C. Equal protect
B.
Which landmark Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review in the United States? A. Gideon v. Wainwright B. Marbury v. Madison C. Miranda v. Arizona D. Roe v. Wade
B.
Which of the following New Deal programs addressed banking reforms? A. National Recovery Administration (1933) B. Glass-Steagall Act (1933) C. Securities and Exchange Commission (1934) D. Social Security Act (1935)
B.
Which of the following best characterizes the purpose of special interest groups in the United States? A. Identifying emerging social problems for the Supreme Cour B. Influencing changes in public policy and legislation C. Resolving disputes between political parties in Congress D. Nominating candidates for presidential elections
B.
Which of the following best describes a primary responsibility of the House of Representatives? A. Appointing cabinet members B. Creating and passing laws C. Nominating federal judges D. Managing foreign affairs and diplomacy
B.
Which of the following best describes the lifestyles of Native American groups in northeastern North America before European contact? A. The formation of earthen mounds for ceremonial, burial, and residential purposes B. The cultivation of corn, beans, and squash, known as Three Sisters farming C. The construction of extensive canal systems used to irrigate crops in arid conditions D. The construction of multistory adobe pueblos and cliff dwellings
B.
Which of the following best describes the primary methods of activism that Martin Luther King, Jr., used during the Civil Rights movement? A. Promoting the armed self-policing of African American communities B. Advocating for nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience C. Seeking election to government office to push legislation for equality D. Rejecting contributions from political action committees and corporations
B.
Which of the following countries has been headed since 1979 by an appointed chief executive, the Supreme Leader, who is tasked with ensuring that domestic and foreign policy are in line with Islamic law? A. Indonesia B. Iran C. Pakistan D. Turkey
B.
Which of the following criteria is used to establish the boundaries of different regions within the United States? A. Regional boundaries always follow physical or established political boundaries. B. Regional boundaries reflect unique, shared characteristics within each region. C. Regional boundaries are set based on the religion practiced in each area. D. Regional boundaries are established historically and do not change over time.
B.
Which of the following groups most often opposed Progressive Era reforms? A. Communists B. Social Darwinists C. Suffragists D. Union members
B.
Which of the following is a typical feature of parliamentary governments? A. Direct popular election of the executive B. Multiparty coalitions C. Strong heads of state D. Federal political structures
B.
Which of the following is typically a benefit of taking out a mortgage to buy a home over renting a home? A. Reducing living expenses B. Building personal wealth C. Ensuring geographic mobility D. Avoiding maintenance costs
B.
Which of the following pieces of legislation was designed to specifically address inequalities between the sexes? A. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 B. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 C. The Affordable Care Act of 2009 D. The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
B.
Which of the following policies is most likely to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in a country? A. Reducing and capping the amount of spending on scholarships for higher education B. Requiring and supplying a free education for everyone in the country up through the age of 18 C. Decreasing taxes for the wealthiest people in the country D. Increasing government spending on military equipment
B.
Which of the following specifically describes the movement of people, pathogens, plants, beliefs, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began in the late fifteenth century? A. The Atlantic system B. The Columbian Exchange C. The American System D. The triangular trade
B.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the course and outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War (1979 to 1989)? A. The Soviet Union swiftly defeated the mujahideen, marking a major success during the Cold War. B. The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan after facing a costly and protracted war against the United States-backed mujahideen. C. The United States intervened in the conflict with ground forces, leading to a direct conflict with the Soviet Union. D. The mujahideen successfully repelled a United States invasion and established a communist government supported by the Soviet Union.
B.
Which TWO of the following were factors that contributed to ancient Rome's transition from a republican form of government to an imperial monarchy? A. Germanic settlers and invaders moving into Roman territory B. The growing independence and power of military leaders C. Concentration of land and wealth that led to social instability D. Controversy over whether Christianity should be legalized E. The expense of maintaining public works such as the Colosseum
B. &
A map that accurately represents the shape and angle of Earth's landmasses but distorts the relative size of those different landmasses is best categorized as which of the following? A. A compromise map B. A conformal map C. An equidistant map D. choropleth map
A.
Assume the market for widgets is composed of many firms selling identical products at the same market price. The widget market is an example of which market structure? A. Perfect competition B. Monopolistic market C. Oligopoly market D. Monopolistic competition
A.
During the antebellum period, which of the following best explains the correlation between westward expansion and immigration patterns? A. Westward expansion resulted in new economic opportunities that drew immigrant laborers to the United States. B. Westward expansion led to a surge in transatlantic communication technology, which expedited immigration. C. Westward expansion led to calls to Americanize and forcibly assimilate diverse populations to create a homogeneous American identity. D. Westward expansion caused conflict between settlers and Native Americans, leading the government to discourage immigration to Western regions to preserve peace.
A.
In geography, environmental determinists and environmental possibilists primarily disagree over which of the following issues? A. How tightly a group's sociocultural traits are linked to the features of its environment B. How much a population's health depends on social rather than physical environmental factors C. How dangerous it is for a community to try to change its surrounding environment D. How likely it is that a given environment can support a certain number of people
A.
In which of the following ways did the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution change how citizenship was determined? A. The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to anyone born on United States soil. B. The Fourteenth Amendment affirmed that only landowning White men could obtain citizenship. C. The Fourteenth Amendment determined that formerly enslaved persons could obtain citizenship if they could read. D. The Fourteenth Amendment established that White men and women born abroad could obtain citizenship.
A.
Political scientists sometimes use the term "engaged citizenship" to describe a particular approach to civic participation. Which of the following best describes how engaged citizenship differs from traditional or duty-based models of civic participation? A. Engaged citizenship involves a wider range of activities outside the electoral process. B. Engaged citizenship focuses specifically on national rather than local issues. C. Engaged citizenship is practiced as much among young voters as among older voters. D. Engaged citizenship is more likely to be based on a strong sense of partisan identity.
A.
The United States and the United Kingdom are trade partners. In 2009, the United States trade deficit with the United Kingdom was substantially lower than it was in 2008. Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to such a decrease? A. An appreciation of the United Kingdom's currency, the pound, relative to the United States dollar on the foreign exchange market B. A depreciation of the United Kingdom's currency, the pound, relative to the United States dollar on the foreign exchange market C. A decrease in tariffs imposed on goods imported to the United States from the United Kingdom D. An increase in real disposable income in the United States
A.
The barriers to competition entry that exist under a monopoly are most likely to lead to which of the following market conditions? A. Monopolists have the ability to maintain economic profit over the long run. B. Monopolists create a productively efficient market in the long run. C. Monopolists maintain only normal profits in the long run. D. Monopolists create a market in which resources are optimally distributed in the long run.
A.
Use the excerpt from a letter sent by the king of the west-central African kingdom of Kongo to the king of Portugal in 1526 to answer the question that follows. "The cause of our troubles is the excessive permissiveness with which your... officials allow the [Portuguese] men who come to this kingdom to establish shops and sell merchandise. These men engage in practices that we strictly forbid, and they scatter throughout our kingdom and dominions in such large numbers that many of our vassals... have now renounced their obedience because they have a greater abundance of goods available to them than we do.... [E]ach day... these traders carry away... the children of our nobles and vassals as well as relatives of ours... because unscrupulous men, driven by their greed for goods from your kingdom, snatch them and sell them to these traders." The excerpt most clearly documents which of the following ways in which the Atl
A.
