Praxis Tutoring Music

Details on Renaissance

-Church still powerful but more freedom -Music for mass, motets, & Madrigals -More complex & dance forms -Printing press more copies were made -Recorder/lute/early instruments of today -

Opera

-Created around 1600 -Like theater (costumes, scenery, acting) but an emphasis on singing -Words call libretto -French tradition has dancing

Details about Medieval

-Development of written music -Majority of church music -Organum (a second part following the main part) -Early discovery of harmony -Monks

Details about Early Music

-Gregorian Chants -Few Notes -Modes -Skills passed by showing skills

Details of Classical

-Major composers worked for royalty -Familiar forms -Bach, Stamitz, Haydn

Time period of Modern

1910-present

Details of Modern Music

-Overturned principles -Experimental composers -Film Music -Electric instruments -Music more accessable -John Williams

polyphonic

2 or more melodies at the same time

Details of Romantic Era

-Rapid Evolution -Music from the heart -Finally independent/went on tours -Many "Popular Favorites" for film/tv -Portrayed extreme emotion -Complex harmonies/rhythms -Styles from their countries -Short songs based on prior poetry -Chopin, Mendelssohn, Debussy, Wagner, Tchaikovsky

What kind of traditional vocal styles might you hear in music from Ivory Coast? Tunisia? Tibet?

-Reggae is the most popular music genre and Abidjan is one of the reggae capitals of the world. - Zouk, R&b, Hip-hop, Couper Decaler, Reggae, Zouglou, Pop, Arabic musics. -Ivory Coast have different varieties of music based on the population race living there.

Which of the following techniques would be most effective for improving the blend within a section of a choir? 1. having the singers use more vibrato when performing at a lower volume 2. making sure that the singers produce uniform vowel sounds and rhythm 3. placing singers with stronger voices behind singers with weaker voices 4. choosing one singer's voice for the others in the section to try to imitate

2. making sure that the singers produce uniform vowel sounds and rhythm

What were some important compositions of Richard Strauss?

Also Sprach Zarathustra Salome Four Last Songs

Which of the following best describes how a violinist should perform a passage marked pizzicato? 1. playing an open string of the violin simultaneously with a stopped string 2. plucking the strings of the violin using the right index finger 3. attaching a small mute to the strings of the violin before playing 4. striking the strings of the violin using the stick of the bow

2. plucking the strings of the violin using the right index finger

Details of Baroque

-elaborately decorated -Church influence declined -Todays harmony -Figured bass-improved for bass movements -Polyphonic/counterpoint story telling -Replaced Modal system -Bach, Handel, Pachelbel, Purcell

Which of the following genres is a stylized Polish folk dance in triple meter? 1. mazurka 2. waltz 3. minuet 4. ballade

1. Mazurka

A general music teacher would like to teach the concept of contrast in music to a second-grade class. Which of the following musical activities would be most appropriate and effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? 1. having students move to reflect tempo changes in a musical recording 2. discussing with students verse-refrain form in a folk ballad 3. having students listen to recordings of pieces with thick and thin textures 4. showing students how to use symbols to identify ABA form in music

1. having students move to reflect tempo changes in a musical recording

Which of the following actions most often causes a bassoon to play flat? 1. playing on a soft or worn reed 2. tightening the embouchure around the reed 3. biting the reed with the lower teeth 4. placing too much reed in the mouth

1. playing on a soft or worn reed

Time period of Renaissance?

15th-16th Century

Time period of Baroque

1600-1750

Which of the following is the correct way to instruct students to hold a recorder? 1. "Place your right hand on the top and your left hand on the bottom." 2. "Your left hand supports the lower end, while your right hand covers the holes." 3. "Place your left hand on the top and your right hand on the bottom." 4. "Your right hand supports the lower end, while your left hand covers the holes."

3. "Place your left hand on the top and your right hand on the bottom."

Time period of Classical?

1750-1820

A high school vocal music teacher is creating an arrangement for mixed chorus, harpsichord, and B-flat trumpet. The piece will be in E-flat major. The teacher should write the trumpet part in which of the following keys? 1. D-flat major 2. C major 3. F major 4. E-flat major

3. F major

A vocal music teacher is evaluating several newly written pieces to determine their appropriateness for a middle school choir. Which of the following elements of the score should be the teacher's primary concern? 1. rhythmic complexity and placement of word accents 2. compatibility of text with melodic material 3. tessitura and quality of vowels on upper-register notes 4. harmonic support of expression and meaning of text

3. tessitura and quality of vowels on upper-register notes

time period of romantic era

1820-1910

5. A high school vocal music teacher is working with a soloist who is having difficulty staying in tune while singing. Which of the following recommendations from the teacher would likely be most effective for addressing this problem? 1. "Learn one phrase of the song at a time." 2. "Listen to the song a few times before each rehearsal." 3. "Practice performing the song a cappella." 4. "Maintain proper singing posture and correct breathing."

4. "Maintain proper singing posture and correct breathing."

Time period of Medieval/Gothic?

9th-14th Century

basso continuo

Baroque accompaniment made up of a bass part usually played by two instruments: a keyboard/lute plus a low melodic instrument (cello, bass, bassoon)

Time period of Early Music?

Before 9th Century

Identify one stylistic similarity and one difference between traditional Cajun and bluegrass

Bluegrass=Appalachian harmony (Banjo, mandolin, guitar, fiddle) Cajun=Louisiana tradition (Fiddle and accordion) Both = Fiddle

Who composed "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun?"

Claude Debussy

What does a didgeridoo sound like?

Like a drone pipe

What does a guitarron look and sound like?

Like a guitar but bigger Six strings Large hollow body Warm and rich bass sound

What are some metric characteristics and phrase structures heard in the music of Mexico? Peru?

Music of mexico is asymmetrical while music of peru is symmetrical.

Concerto

Music that features one soloist

Oratorio

Opera-like work on religious theme, but not staged (no costumes, scenery, or acting)

Which of the following is the most appropriate kinesthetic activity for demonstrating an understanding of pitch? A. Using hand signs B. Identifying the half steps and whole steps in a scale by name C. Labeling solfège syllables D. Performing a song from memory

Option (A) is correct. The only kinesthetic activity provided as an option is using hand signs. The other choices are aural or visual activities.

Which of the following represents the most appropriate sequence of discrimination tasks for developing a child's sense of pitch? A. High and low pitches, direction of melodic movement, movement by step and by skip B. Movement by step and by skip, high and low pitches, direction of melodic movement C. Direction of melodic movement, high and low pitches, movement by step and by skip D. Direction of melodic movement, movement by step and by skip, high and low pitches

Option (A) is correct. The sequence in which children develop a sense of pitch begins with the ability to distinguish between high and low sounds. This is followed by the ability to distinguish between basic melodic contours — up and down. The ability to specifically identify step or skip movement follows.

Which of the following teaching strategies best helps English-language learners in a general music class? A. Using songs that have little repetition B. Providing students with additional wait time before expecting an answer to a question C. Writing all questions on the board before calling on students to answer D. Translating lyrics into students' native language(s) until they have shown mastery of English

Option (B) is correct. English-language learners may benefit from having additional time to process a question and to formulate an answer.

In a high school general music class doing a block unit about music history, which of the following activities relies primarily on the use of the kinesthetic modality? A. As a group, students compare and contrast recorded melodies representing various historical periods. B. Students watch a video and then follow diagrams to perform dances representing a variety of styles and genres. C. Students listen to a local orchestra's podcast about historical styles of music and write journal entries providing their observations. D. Working together, students use computer software to create and present slide shows about key moments in music history.

Option (B) is correct. The activity is primarily a kinesthetic experience, although some visual learning experiences may be included as students observe others or the teacher.

Which of the following is an appropriate instructional objective for teaching the music of a non-Western culture in a middle school music class in the United States? A. The students will look up information about the culture's history. B. The students will gain respect for the religious traditions of the culture. C. The students will recognize and be able to describe the characteristic sounds of the music. D. The students will transcribe pieces using Western notation.

Option (C) is correct. An appropriate instructional objective is for students to focus on the representative characteristics of the music. The other options are activities or incomplete objectives.

Which of the following is the LEAST effective way for a music teacher to encourage appropriate classroom behavior? A. Anticipating and addressing misbehavior before it escalates B. Storing books, instruments, and materials in an organized fashion C. Establishing an environment in which the students fear punishment or consequences D. Setting clear expectations and consistently reinforcing realistic rules and procedures

Option (C) is correct. An authoritarian approach is the least effective in establishing a solid relationship with the students. A relationship that is based in fear rather than respect inhibits the learning process and can sometimes encourage misbehaviors.

Students in a third-grade general music class watch a video of themselves moving to music. Afterward, they fine-tune their individual movements to be more expressive. Question: The activity described above develops which of the following musical skills? A. Composing and arranging B. Reading and notating C. Analyzing and evaluating D. Understanding the relationship between music and disciplines outside the fine arts

Option (C) is correct. The activity described encourages students to analyze and evaluate music in relation to individual movement (dance).

High school students are most likely to follow classroom procedures when the students A. like the teacher B. are afraid of the teacher C. have a voice in making the rules D. like the subject being taught

Option (C) is correct. When high school students are involved in the establishment of classroom rules, they are more likely to follow classroom procedures, regardless of their opinion of the teacher or the subject being taught.

Which of the following is best described as an affective student response to a performance of a jazz piece? A. The student identifies the mode of the piece. B. The student analyzes the form of the piece. C. The student recognizes the performer. D. The student asks to hear the piece again.

Option (D) is correct. Asking to hear the piece again is the only affective student response given.

A band director observes that when he is on the podium during his seventh-grade band class, there is excessive talking in the trumpet section when the woodwinds are playing a soli passage. Which of the following is the best initial course of action for the director to take to curb the behavior of the trumpet students? A. Remain on the podium, continue to rehearse the woodwinds, and ignore the students who are talking. B. Take the time to determine which students are talking and discipline those students immediately. C. Tell the class that the rehearsal will not continue until the trumpet section remains quiet. D. Step off the podium and move closer to the trumpet section during instruction.

Option (D) is correct. Closer proximity to the source of the problem is the best course of action. Moving away from the podium creates a less teacher-centered approach to teaching. In addition, the increased proximity to the students allows the director to pinpoint where the issue is coming from and is likely to cause the infractions to stop altogether, since the students perceive the risk of getting caught to have increased.

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of music students in an eighth- grade general music class exhibiting intrinsic motivation? A. Students do not understand the musical purpose of the task but perform the task because it is required. B. Students do not understand the musical purpose of the task; they do not enjoy the task, but they perform the task for a reward. C. Students understand the relevance of the task to achieving musical goals; they do not enjoy the task but perform it to reach the goals. D. Students understand the relevance of the task to achieving musical goals, enjoy the task, and perform the task to reach the goals.

Option (D) is correct. Learners who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage willingly in an activity or task because it gives them an internal sense of enjoyment and are more likely to learn effectively.

Which of the following is an appropriate teaching strategy for assisting students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ? A. Avoiding adherence to classroom rules to allow for individuality and creativity B. Approaching learning tasks through only one modality to maintain consistency C. Eliminating reward systems in order to help develop intrinsic motivation D. Interspersing low-interest tasks with high-interest tasks to maintain focus

Option (D) is correct. Providing a change of pace every few minutes is helpful for maintaining focus for students experiencing ADHD.

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy for integrating inexperienced singers into a high school choral rehearsal? A. Introducing pitches, rhythms, and diction simultaneously to save time and present a holistic approach to learning singing skills B. Introducing and sight reading the entire composition during a single class to provide the beginning part of the whole-part-whole learning experience C. Introducing the entire melody to all singers and adding harmony parts only when the melody is securely learned by the entire choir D. Introducing the melody and root harmonies first in order to garner interest and also to help out-of-tune singers lock in the resting tone

Option (D) is correct. Students learn through sameness and difference. They compare the melody with the root harmonies to help them lock in a sense of tonality and to help them sing in tune.

According to the standards for pre-kindergarten and kindergarten advocated by the National Association for Music Education (NAfME), which FOUR of the following activities should be included in the students' music-learning experiences? A. Singing folk and game songs B. Playing instruments C. Moving to music D. Creating music E. Using standard music notation

Options (A), (B), (C), and (D) are correct. The standards advocated by NAfME for pre- kindergarten and kindergarten describe music activities to include the following: singing, playing instruments, listening to music, creating music, and moving to music. Reading and writing are not specified music activities for pre-K and K music instruction.

In African music, what is the function of a griot?

Preserve the historical narratives and traditions of their people

In Ireland, in what setting would you likely hear a reel performed? In Germany, in what setting might you hear a polka?

Reel- It is a variety of country dance in which the dancers perform traveling figures alternating with "setting" steps danced in one place. Usually in Weddings and Celebrations - Polka- Celebrations

Suite

Sequence of dance-inspired movements

Chant

Singing of religious text

Who composed Firebird and Rite of Spring?

Stravinsky

Toccata

Unstructured sounding piece, improvisatory

What are the traditional social uses of the Seneca rabbit song?

With rabbit song the men follow a pattern of choosing a female partner to dance with

Motet

a short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied, SPIRITUAL

Cantata

a work for voices and orchestra, usually religious

tonal answer

an answer in which the intervals are adjusted to maintain a sense of the tonality

real answer

an exact transposition of the subject, often to the dominant

Cadenza

elaborate solo to delay cadence

Fugue

imitative polyphonic composition where parts enter one by one by echoing

Ritornello

instrumental melody which returns to create unity

Homophonic

melody accompanied by chords and bass line

Monophonic

single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment