Pregnancy Development

The ____________involves the exocytosis of cortical granules near the oocyte plasma membrane. involves the exocytosis of cortical granules near the oocyte plasma membrane.

cortical reaction

What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization? A) capacitation B) gestation C) cortical reaction D) acrosomal reaction

cortical reaction The cortical reaction occurs upon sperm penetration of the oocyte. This prevents polyspermy.

In humans, after a single sperm enters the ___________, further sperm entry is prevented. , further sperm entry is prevented.

cytoplasm

The __________is the layer of cells on the dorsal embryonic surface that will become nervous system and the epidermis of skin.

ectoderm

The ___________of the blastocyst is another name for inner cell mass, which will become the embryo.

embryoblast

As sperm travel through the ________, secretions of the cervix, uterus and uterine tubes capacitate the sperm by making their membranes more fragile and capable of releasing enzymes.

female reproductive tract

In the newborn, the foramen ovale transitions to a wall-like depression called the________.

fossa ovalis.

The process of milk production is called ______

lactation

After birth, the ductus arteriosus becomes the ______

ligamentum arteriosum

After birth, the umbilical vein will become the __________________.

ligamentum teres. The umbilical vessels transport blood between the fetus and placenta, whereas the ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus help blood bypass the fetal lungs and liver, respectively. The foramen ovale is located in the heart and serves to shunt blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs

The fetal ductus venosus will form the___________________in the newborn.

ligamentum venosum The various adaptations in the fetus transition to specific structures in the newborn; several of these adaptations are ligamentous structures, including the ligamentum teres, median umbilical ligaments, ligamentum arteriosus, and the ligamentum venosus. The fetal foramen ovale will become the fossa ovalis in the newborn.

The umbilical arteries in the fetus become the _________ in the newborn.

median umbilical ligaments

Polyspermy occurs when ___________sperm enter the oocyte. Monospermy occurs when a single sperm enters the oocyte. sperm enter the oocyte. Monospermy occurs when a single sperm enters the oocyte.

multiple

The __________is the component of each somite that becomes the vertebrae and ribs.

sclerotome

Zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs), enzymes from the cortical granules, cause the _________ to harden and the ___________ to be clipped off.

zona pellucida, sperm receptors

A lack of _____ can, without treatment, lead to _____ in premature infants. A) surfactant; alveolar collapse B) oxygen; suffocation C) surfactant; lung overinflation D) oxytocin; pneumothorax

A) surfactant; alveolar collapse

Which of the following is NOT a change in female anatomy or physiology during pregnancy? A) An increase in blood volume by as much as 40% B) Nasal stuffiness and difficulty breathing C) Increased urine output because of increased metabolic wastes generated by the mother and fetus D) A tightening of pelvic ligaments to help bear the extra weight of the growing fetus

D) A tightening of pelvic ligaments to help bear the extra weight of the growing fetus The hormone relaxin relaxes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis, allowing the pelvis to widen in preparation for birth.

Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that completely surrounds the embryo? A) amnion B) placenta C) chorion D) yolk sac

amnion The amniotic fluid, found in the amnion and intimate with the embryo, protects the embryo from physical trauma and maintains a constant homeostatic temperature.

When capacitated sperm _________a secondary oocyte, they are able to weave past granulosa cells of the _________with the aid of hyaluronidase enzymes present on their surface.

approach , corona radiata Sperm are unable to fertilize an oocyte until they are capacitated. As sperm swim through the cervix, uterus, and uterine tube, secretions from those organs strip away some of the sperm's protective membrane proteins and cholesterol, thereby making the sperm's acrosomal membranes more fragile and capable of releasing enzymes. Sperm capacitation is important because it makes the sperm capable of penetrating the corona radiata and binding with the zona pellucida in order for the acrosomal reaction to occur.

The ____________occurs as a result of the cortical reaction, by detaching any sperm bound to the receptors and preventing additional sperm from entering. occurs as a result of the cortical reaction, by detaching any sperm bound to the receptors and preventing additional sperm from entering.

block of polyspermy After the sperm's contents enter the oocyte cytoplasm, the microtubules from the sperm flagellum propel the sperm nucleus toward the oocyte nucleus. As it moves, the sperm nucleus swells to about five times its normal size, forming the male pronucleus.

A couple undergoes a workup for infertility, which shows that the man has a low sperm count. The couple asks why this is a problem because "it only takes one sperm to fertilize an egg." How could you explain their problem? A) Although a single sperm fertilizes the egg, many others prepare the egg for its entry. B) The corona radiata that surrounds the oocyte contains many macrophages that kill most of the sperm that reach the egg. C) The flagella of many sperm must beat against the zona pellucida of the oocyte to destroy it before a single sperm can penetrate. D) Many sperm must enter the egg before one is chosen to complete fertilization.

A) Although a single sperm fertilizes the egg, many others prepare the egg for its entry. Although only one sperm actually fertilizes the oocyte, hundreds of sperm must contribute the enzymes from their acrosomes to digest the holes in the egg that allow one sperm to penetrate and fertilize it.

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________. A) pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs B) cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin C) venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids D) cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels

A) pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs The most oxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart. Normally blood from the right side of the heart is supplied to the lungs for oxygenation. Because this does not need to happen, this oxygenated blood is shunted to the left atrium or directly to the aorta.

Which of the following takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta? A) umbilical vein B) ductus venosus C) umbilical artery D) hepatic vein

A) umbilical vein The hepatic vein carries blood out of the liver toward the inferior vena cava. The umbilical vein takes oxygenated blood to the liver from the placenta, while the two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta.

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days? A) pregnancy B) a gestation period C) the conceptus D) an embryo

B) a gestation period The gestation period is the 40 week period of time that includes oocyte maturation, ovulation, fertilization, and embryonic and fetal development.

Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium? A) oocyte B) blastocyst C) morula D) zygote

B) blastocyst The blastocyst implants after about seven days. It consists of a hollow ball of cells with a smaller, inner cell mass pressed to the inside wall.

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? A) chorion B) yolk sac C) placenta D) amnion

C) placenta The decidua basalis (formed from part of the endometrium) and the chorionic villi (from the chorion) become the placenta.

With respect to their role in fetal circulation, the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus are examples of a(n) _________________. A) anastomosis B) vascular plexus C) vascular shunt D) hilum

C) vascular shunt The concept of a vascular shunt is one that routes materials from one point to another, bypassing a particular area. In this case, the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus function to bypass blood from the developing fetal liver and lungs.

The umbilical vein carries blood that is rich in __________ from the placenta to the fetus. A)metabolic wastes B)nitrogen C)oxygen D)carbon dioxide

C)oxygen The umbilical cord is comprised of the umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries. Lending to knowledge from the cardiovascular system and a comparison of veins and arteries: Arteries take blood away from the heart and veins return blood back to the heart. Here, the umbilical vessels are in relationship to the fetus; therefore, the umbilical vein transports oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-poor blood from the fetus to the placenta.

. Entry of the sperm's contents causes _________ levels Entry of the sperm's contents causes C a 2 + levels in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction. in the oocyte's cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction.

Ca2+

Which of the following statements about the acrosomal reaction is correct? A) They make the sperm's membrane more fragile. B) They cause an increase in Ca2+ levels within the sperm. C) They block multiple sperm from entering the oocyte. D) They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm.

D) They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm. The sperm's membrane binds to the oocyte's sperm-binding receptors. This binding causes the sperm and oocyte plasma membranes to fuse together, allowing the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm.

Which term, by definition, includes all the other terms? A) embryo B) zygote C) fetus D) conceptus

D) conceptus Conceptus is a general term. It covers a broader spectrum than just a single-celled fertilized egg; it includes later stages as well.

Which hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation? A) progesterone B) hCG C) estrogen D) human placental lactogen

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the placenta is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation.

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor? A) Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors. B) Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on uterine muscle. C) Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. D) Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells.

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. Oxytocin from fetal cells, and eventually the posterior pituitary, stimulates the uterus to contract both directly and through the release of prostaglandins.

Which of the following serve(s) as the direct trigger to begin the more vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor? A) progesterone B) relaxin C) placental estrogen D) prostaglandins

Prostaglandin release from the placenta in response to oxytocin serves as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor.

_______________freshly deposited in the vagina are incapable of penetrating an oocyte.

Sperm

Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more? delivery stage placental stage expulsion stage dilation stage

The dilation stage often lasts the longest, up to 12 hours or more.

Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? A) foramen ovale B) ductus venosus C) ligamentum arteriosum D) ductus arteriosus

The foramen ovale is a direct passage through the interatrial septum, so blood may bypass the nonfunctional lungs. It closes at birth.