Prelim #1 Multiple Choice and T/F

Anthropology's comparative, bicultural perspective A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem B. is the reason it had traditionally studied non industrialized societies C. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists, while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists D. is a product of the participant observation approach E. places it in the humanities

A

Ethnography is A. the first hand, personal study of local setting B. the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations C. the study of interrelationships among all living things in an environment D. a policy aimed at removing groups that are culturally different from a country E. the cross-cultural comparison of cultural data

A

In survey research, sampling is A. the collection of a representative subset of a larger population B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants C. participant observation D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community E. the recording of the emil perspective

A

Salvage ethnography is the A. recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by westernization B. recovering of an urological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road C. rewriting of an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present D. recording of linguistic diversity that is about to come extinct E. effort to ensure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology

A

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society B. designed to protect anthropologist who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States D. simply disregarded by most researchers E. overly general and thus of little use of most anthropologists

A

The _________ researcher had traditionally studied small, non-western populations A. ethnographer B. sociologist C. economist D. palynologist E. limnologist

A

The fact that _________ gives an interview schedule the advantage over a questionnaire-based survey A. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important B. interview schedules rely on very short response C. questionnaires are completely unstructured D. interview schedules are better suited to compel, urban societies E. questionnaires are emil, while interview schedules are etc

A

The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a post harvest festival like many other societies is the _______ view A. etic B. consultant C. emic D. sociologist E. participant observation

A

_____________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society A. subculture B. globalization C. diffusion D. hypodescent E. pidgins

A

individuals do NOT learn culture through A. genetic transmission B. unconscious acquisition C. observation D. direct instruction E. conscious acquisition

A

the tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes is an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archaeological adaptation

A

A biocultual perspective is A. the notion that humans no longer rely on biological adaptations B. the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches C. using the fact that cultural is completely dominant over biological change D. synonymous with scientific research E. the idea that girls should be gymnasts and boys should play football

B

Anthropologists should remain with the groups they are studying for A. less than one moth, in oder to not overstay their welcome B. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities C. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time D. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once E. three moths, in order to see a full harvest cycle

B

Cultural relativism is A. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols B. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans D. the opposite of participant observation E. the same thing as ethnocentrism

B

Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture A. by that culture's standards B. in terms of your own culture and values C. by government standards D. By universal moral code that we all follow E. through rose-colored glasses

B

Ethnology is A. the study of human speech sounds B. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology C. the most important subfield of anthropology D. the study of ancient ethnic groups E. a synonym for ethnography

B

Rathje's garbology project A. studies the stratification of landfills B. is archaeology of modern people C. answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find D. is a study of potsherds E. was conducted in ancient Egypt.

B

Shared culture means that culture is A. an attribute of particular individuals B. an attribute of individuals as member of their groups C. what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions D. universally regarded as more important than that concept of the individual. E. imposed by more than one person

B

The question ___________, was important in the origins of American anthropology A. "how are the Neanderthals related to us?" B. "where did native americans come from?" C. "when and where did food production first begin?" D. "how much beer do people in Arizona drink today?" E. "where do ideals of attractiveness come from?"

B

Which of the following are cultural particularities? A. features f a culture that isolated from other features in the same culture B. features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others C. different levels of culture D. the most general aspects of culture pattern E. cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups

B

Which of the following statements is a distinction between culture and society? A. "culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people" B. "people share society with other animals, but culture is distinctly human" C. "culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning" E. "society rests more upon certain features of human biology than does culture"

B

Which statement is NOT true? A. cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures B. cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others C. cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures D. cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other E. cultural relativism argues that each culture is unique, integrated whole

B

____________ is the ethnographic present A. the dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture B. the period before westernization C. the period that documents cultural change D. the dates that include cultural contact E. the date the ethnography was published

B

Cultural rights are different from human rights in that A. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights

C

The ___________ strategy is unique to anthropology A. comparison B. biological perspective C. ethnography D. evolutionary perspectives E. Skilled respondents

C

The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is A. the ethnographic present B. interpretive ethnography C. reflexive ethnography D. classic ethnography E. holistic anthropology

C

To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must A. get permission from the American Anthropological Association B. pay fee to the individual who will be interviewed C. informed the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and tis potential costs and benefits to them D. get permission from the Untied States' State Department E. hold a PhD in anthropology

C

Which of the following statements about survey research is accurate? A. when working with large societies, the survey method not useful B. sample groups should be comprised of only the leaders in a community C. polling is a common survey technique used as a predictive tool D. inferences should not be made from sample data E. surveys are useful because they provide one-on-one opportunity for the researcher

C

Which statement is NOT true? A. all human groups have culture B. culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs C. human groups differ in their capacities for culture D. the capacity for culture is shared by all humans E. cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans

C

____________ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life A. representative sample B. etic informant C. key cultural consultant D. biased informant E. life historian

C

the process by which children learn culture is A. acculturation B. cultural transmission C. enculturation D. ethnoabsorption E. diffusion

C

A systematic field of study that uses experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanation of phenomena is A. culture B. religion C. a humanity D. science E. folklore

D

During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will A. be completely useless, as he or she is in culture shock B. spend time recovering from jet lag C. only hand out gifts to the children of the culture D. notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity, which eventually fade from consciousness E. read backdrop history on the culture

D

In survey research, a sample should A. include the entire population in question B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher C. not be randomly selected D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made E. be invariant

D

In survey research, the term __________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population A. unknowns B. questionnaires C. interviews D. variables E. random samples

D

Sociologists primarily study A. nonidustiral societies B. small, non literate populations C. the daily life of another culture D. the industrial west E. the industrial east

D

Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research A. studies whole functioning communities B. is based on first-hand fieldwork C. is more personal D. generally focuses on a subset of a larger population E. has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial studies

D

The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude is an example of a(n) A. genetic adaptation B. long-term physiological adaptation C. short-term physiological adaptation D. cultural adaptation E. archaeological adaptation

D

______________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses A. ethnology B. ethnography C. cultural resources management D. adaptation E. Phenotype

D

Anthropologists consider __________ to be "cultured" A. educated people B. key cultural consultants C. ethnocentric people D. culturally sensitive people E. all people

E

Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on A. the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives B. a particular aspect of culture, such a kinships or religion C. the anthropologist's interactions in the culture D. the feminist view of culture E. a holistic view of all aspects of a culture

E

Humans do share such features as _____________ with chimpanzees A. tool use B. meat eating C. stereoscopic vision D. high intelligence E. visible estrus

E

Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is know as A. longitudinal research B. emic research C. emit research D. informed consent E. participant observation

E

The AAA disapproves of the Human terrain System because A. the program, aimed at using land more effectively for farming, does not consider the needs of the local populations B. it forces archaeologists to excavate areas that are not in danger of destruction and have no impact on current research questions C. the AAA would like research to remain focused on American subcultures D. the AAA believes the military should make decisions about which research projects should be funded E. it places anthropologists in positions that would violate the AAA Code of Ethics

E

Which statement is NOT true? A. culture is a distinctive possession of humanity B. culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation C. culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations D. everyone is cultured E. culture is transmitted genetically

E

___________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live A. cultural relativism B. experimental anthropology C. interpretive anthropology D. neoevolutionism E. Practice theory

E

___________ is a cultural generality A. life in groups B. the use of fire C. the incest taboo D. use of symbols E. the nuclear family

E

___________ is unique to humans A. social life B. tool use C. meat eating D. food sharing E. preserved kinship system

E

____________ is a cultural universal A. hypodescent B. hyperdescent C. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies D. transhumance E. some kind of family

E

humans do NOT share such features as ___________ with other primates A. opposable thumbs B. an enlarged brain-to-body ratio C. depth perception D. parental investment in offspring E. habitual bipedalism

E

According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing T/F

F

Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time T/F

F

An anthropologist should only have one key cultural consultant for the culture he or she is studying T/F

F

Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they study only when they intend to take photographs or make recordings T/F

F

Anthropologists study only non-western cultures T/F

F

Anthropologists use the term society to refer to customs and traditions passed from generation to generation through learning T/F

F

Anthropologists who study small populations must employ sampling and statistical techniques to analyze their data T/F

F

Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is not necessary as long as you are diligent in your work T/F

F

Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules tend to be more indirect and impersonal T/F

F

Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups T/F

F

Culture is transmitted genetically T/F

F

Good key cultural consultants generally end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography T/f

F

Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter the threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization T/F

F

Interpretive anthropology presents ethnography as a dialogue between the anthropologist and one or more native informants T/F

F

Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western European and the United States are ethnocentric T/F

F

People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs T/F

F

The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program to map the location of all living communities on Earth T/F

F

The distinction between emic and emit perspective does not apply to American cultures T/F

F

The experience of hyperventilation upon reaching a high-altitude environment illustrates a long-term physiological adaptation to high altitude T/F

F

The internet had hindered the process of globalization T/F

F

The key cultural consultant provides the etic view of a culture T/F

F

The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures T/F

F

Although culture is one of the principal mean by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival T/F

T

Anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly fields, to the wider society and culture, and to the human species, other species, and the environment T/F

T

Anthropologists today realize that no culture is isolated and that the ethnographic presents is an unrealistic concept T/F

T

Anthropology is unique in that it is both holistic and cross-cultural T/F

T

Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions T/F

T

Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's mind T/F

T

Culture is transmitted in society T/F

T

Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, and culture T/F

T

Interviews can help establish rapport with community members T/F

T

Life history accounts can illustrate individual diversity and how different people deal with the same problems T/F

T

Linguistics anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other T/F

T

Longitudinal ethnographic research is the long-term study of a particular culture or society, frequently based on smaller, nonindustrial societies T/F

T

Sampling and statistical techniques are tools first used by sociologists T/F

T

The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism T/F

T

because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts T/F

T

it is important to establish rapport quickly to be an effective participant observer T/F

T

the term enculturation refers to the process though which children learn culture T/F

T

traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial Western nations, while anthropologists focused on smaller, nonindustrial societies T/F

T