PrepU Chapt 29 Nursing Care of the Child with a Genetic Disorder

A Caucasian female client of Jewish ancestry is pregnant. The nurse is aware that the client may be a carrier for which of the following conditions? a) Tay Sachs disease b) Phenylketonuria c) Dupuytrens d) Krabbe disease

Tay Sachs disease Correct Explanation: Because the client is of Jewish ancestry, there is an increased risk of her being a carrier of the Tay Sachs disease gene. Norwegians are at a greater risk for Dupuytrens and Phenylketonuria, while Icelanders have an increased risk for Phenylketonuria.

A nursing student correctly identifies that a person's outward appearance or expression of genes is referred to as which of the following? a) allele b) genome c) phenotype d) genotype

phenotype Correct Explanation: Alleles are two like genes. Phenotype refers to a person's outward appearance or the expression of genes. Genotype refers to his or her actual gene composition. Genome is the complete set of genes present in a person.

A woman carries a recessive gene for sickle cell anemia. If her sexual partner also has this recessive gene, the chance that her first child will develop sickle cell anemia is a) 0 in 4. b) 2 in 4. c) 1 in 4. d) 3 in 4.

1 in 4. Correct Explanation: Autosomal recessive inherited diseases occur at a 1-in-4 incidence in offspring.

A woman who has a recessive gene for sickle cell anemia marries a man who also has a recessive gene for sickle cell anemia. Their first child is born with sickle cell anemia. The chance that their second child will develop this disease is a) 0 in 4. b) 3 in 4. c) 1 in 4. d) 2 in 4.

1 in 4. Explanation: Autosomal recessive inherited diseases occur at a 1-in-4 incidence in offspring. The possibility of a chance happening does not change for a second pregnancy.

A nurse is counseling a couple who have a 5-year-old daughter with Down syndrome. The nurse recognizes that their daughter's genome is represented by which of the following? a) 47XY21+ b) 46XX5p- c) 46XX d) 47XX21+

47XX21+ Correct Explanation: In Down syndrome, the person has an extra chromosome 21, so this is abbreviated as 47XX21+ (for a female) or 47XY21+ (for a male). 46XX is a normal genome for a female. The abbreviation 46XX5p- is the abbreviation for a female with 46 total chromosomes but with the short arm of chromosome 5 missing (Cri-du-chat syndrome).

A pregnant woman of Jewish descent comes to the clinic for counseling and tells the nurse that she is worried her baby may be born with a genetic disorder. Which of the following diseases does the nurse identify to be a risk for this patient's baby based on the family's ancestry? a) Tay-Sachs b) sickle-cell anemia c) B-thalassemia d) Down syndrome

A Sickle-cell anemia occurs most often in African Americans, Tay-Sachs disease occurs most often in people of Jewish ancestry. B-thalassemia is a blood dyscrasia that occurs frequently in families of Greek or Italian heritage. Down syndrome is not attributed to Jewish ancestry.

The nurse is examining a 2-year-old girl with VATER association. Which sign or symptom should be noted? a) History of corrective surgery for anal atresia b) Uunderdeveloped labia c) Use of hearing aid d) Cleft in the iris

A The nurse would likely find records of corrective surgery for anal atresia because it is a symptom of VATER association. The nurse may observe that the child has a hearing deficit, underdeveloped labia, and a coloboma, along with heart disease, retarded growth and development, and choanal atresia if the child had CHARGE syndrome.

You prepare a couple to have a karyotype performed. Which of the following describes a karyotype? a) The gene carried on the X or Y chromosome b) A visual presentation of the chromosome pattern of an individual c) The dominant gene that will exert influence over a correspondingly located recessive gene d) A blood test that will reveal an individual's homozygous tendencies

A visual presentation of the chromosome pattern of an individual Correct Explanation: A karyotype is a photograph of a person's chromosomes aligned in order.

A pregnant client has heard about Down syndrome and wants to know about the risk factors associated with it. Which of the following would the nurse include as a risk factor? a) Advanced maternal age b) Recurrent miscarriages c) Advanced paternal age d) Family history of condition

Advanced maternal age Correct Explanation: Advanced maternal age is one the most important factors that increases the risk of an infant being born with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is not associated with advanced paternal age, recurrent miscarriages, or family history of Down syndrome.

A baby is born with what the physician believes is a diagnosis of trisomy 21. This means that the infant has three number 21 chromosomes. What factor describes the etiology of this genetic change?

Ans: 35 and older Feedback: Women who are 35 years of age or older have an increasing chance of giving birth to infants with chromosomal differences, including an extra or missing chromosome. For this reason, genetic counseling and prenatal testing are recommended for all pregnant women above this age.

Upon assessment, the nurse notices that the infant's ears are low-set. What is the priority action by the nurse? a) Inform the parents that low-set ears are a sign of Down syndrome b) Place the infant on a cardiac monitor c) Continue to assess the infant to look for other abnormalities d) Give a vitamin B12 injection to combat the metabolic disorder

Continue to assess the infant to look for other abnormalities Correct Explanation: Continue to assess for major and minor congenital anomalies because major anomalies may require immediate medical attention. Three or more minor anomalies increase the chance of a major anomaly. Low-set ears can be a symptom of a variety of genetic disorders. Mentioning Down syndrome without further investigation can cause undue stress in parents. The infant may not need cardiac monitoring; further assessment will provide clues. Diagnostic testing is needed to determine whether the child is afflicted with a metabolic disorder.

The nurse is assessing a 2-week-old boy who was born at home and has not had metabolic screening. Which sign or symptom indicates phenylketonuria? a) Signs of jaundice b) Increased reflex action on palpation c) Report of seizures d) Musty or mousy odor to the urine

D Musty or mousy odor to the urine Explanation: Children with phenylketonuria will have a musty or mousy odor to their urine, as well as an eczema-like rash, irritability, and vomiting. Increased reflex action and seizures are typical of maple sugar urine disease. Signs of jaundice, diarrhea, and vomiting are typical of galactosemia. Seizures are a sign of biotinidase deficiency or maple sugar urine disease.

A woman is to undergo chorionic villus sampling as part of a risk assessment for genetic disorders. Which of the following would the nurse include when describing this test to the woman? a) "A needle will be inserted directly into your fetus's umbilical vessel to collect blood for testing." b) "An intravaginal ultrasound measures fluid in the space between the skin and spine." c) "A small piece of tissue from the fetal placenta will be removed and analyzed." d) "A small amount of amniotic fluid will be withdrawn and collected for analysis."

"A small piece of tissue from the fetal placenta will be removed and analyzed." Correct Explanation: Percutaneous umbilical cord sampling involves the insertion of a needle into the umbilical vessel. An amniocentesis involves the collection of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac. Fetal nuchal translucency involves the use of intravaginal ultrasound to measure fluid collected in the subcutaneous space between the skin and cervical spine of the fetus. Chorionic villus sampling involves the removal of a small tissue specimen from the fetal portion of the placenta

The parent of a child diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy asks why gene therapy is not being used to treat her child. What is the best response by the nurse? a) "Clinical trials are very successful, and you should find one immediately." b) "Gene therapy remains experimental and is used only in clinical trials." c) "Genetic testing is unethical." d) "Gene therapy does not work for muscular dystrophy."

"Gene therapy remains experimental and is used only in clinical trials." Correct Explanation: Gene therapy in the United States is currently experimental and is used only in clinical trials. Clinical trials have resulted in minimal success. No documentation supports the statement that gene therapy would not work for muscular dystrophy. Genetic testing is used to diagnose illness; therefore, it is widely accepted as ethical when used to diagnose disorders. Gene therapy may be viewed by some as unethical, but the nurse should provide information in a nonjudgmental manner.

Which statement by a parent regarding mitochrondrial disorders requires further education? a) "It is passed from female to female. That's why my son cannot be affected." b) "The cells most affected are the ones that require high levels of energy." c) "My child can exhibit signs and symptoms of the disorder at any point in his life." d) "Mitochondrial disorders usually worsen over time."

"It is passed from female to female. That's why my son cannot be affected." Explanation: Mitochondrial disorders usually are inherited from the mother and affect offspring regardless of sex. Mitochondrial disorders are progressive, and onset of signs and symptoms can occur from infancy to adulthood. The disorder affects cells that require high levels of energy

A young couple who underwent preconceptual genetic counseling and testing have learned that they are at high risk for having a child with Down syndrome. They have decided not to have children. Which of the following would be the most appropriate response for the nurse to give? a) "I think you made the right decision. After all, I never had children, and I'm perfectly happy." b) "I appreciate your decision, but I urge you to think through this further. Having a child, even one with Down syndrome, is so rewarding." c) "I understand. In case you would like to discuss this further with a genetic counselor, here is the contact information for the genetic counseling center." d) "I understand and support your decision. The risk is just not worth it."

"I understand. In case you would like to discuss this further with a genetic counselor, here is the contact information for the genetic counseling center." Correct Explanation: Even if a couple decides not to have more children, be certain they know genetic counseling is available for them should their decision change. It is never appropriate for a health care provider to impose his or her own values or opinions on others. Individuals with known inherited diseases in their family must face difficult decisions, such as how much genetic testing to undergo or whether to terminate a pregnancy that will result in a child with a specific genetic disease. Be certain couples have been told all the options available to them, and then leave them to think about the options and make their decision by themselves. Help them to understand nobody is judging their decision because they are the ones who must live with the decision in the years to come.

A couple has just learned that their son will be born with Down's syndrome. The nurse shows a lack of understanding when making which of the following statements? a) "I will alert your entire family about this so you don't have to." b) "We have counseling services available, and I recommend them to everyone facing these circumstances." c) "I will support you in any decision that you make." d) "I will give you as much information as I can about this condition."

"I will alert your entire family about this so you don't have to." Correct Explanation: It is necessary to maintain confidentiality at all times, which prevents healthcare providers from alerting family members about any inherited characteristic unless the family member has given consent for the information to be revealed.

Which statement by the parent of a 12-month-old child diagnosed with Down syndrome shows the need for further education? a) "Thyroid testing is needed every year." b) "I will need to delay any further immunizations." c) "In a couple of years, my child will need an x-ray of the neck." d) "I will watch closely for development of respiratory infection."

"I will need to delay any further immunizations." Correct Explanation: Down syndrome children are at higher risk for infection because of a lowered immune system. Delaying immunizations may expose the child to illnesses that could have been prevented. Down syndrome children are at greater risk for developing thyroid disorders, 1st and 2nd vertebrae disorders, and respiratory infections.

A community health nurse is visiting her 16-year-old patient, a new mother. The nurse explains to the patient and her mother the genetic screening that is required by the state's law. The patient asks why it is important to have the testing done on the infant. What is the nurse's best response? a) "This testing is required and you will not be able to refuse it. It usually is free so there is no reason to refuse it." b) "Genetic testing is a way to determine the rate of infectious disease." c) "It is important to test newborns for PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, and galactosemia." d) "PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, and galactosemia are conditions that could result in disability or death if untreated."

"PKU, congenital hypothyroidism, and galactosemia are conditions that could result in disability or death if untreated." Correct Explanation: The first aim is to improve management, that is, identify people with treatable genetic conditions that could prove dangerous to their health if left untreated. The other answers are incorrect because genetic testing does not determine the rate of infectious disease. Answer B does not adequately explain the rationale for newborn testing. Answer D fails to inform the patient of the rationale for newborn testing.

The parents of a child diagnosed with Tay-Sachs inquire about progression of the disorder. Which statement by the nurse is accurate? a) "Anticonvulstants will be given to prolong life and prevent further brain damage." b) "Lifetime steroid therapy will reverse the blindness." c) "The child will experince decreased muscular and neurologic functioning until death occurs." d) "Symptoms can be controlled by eliminating dairy products."

"The child will experince decreased muscular and neurologic functioning until death occurs." Correct Explanation: This is an irreversible progressive disorder that affects the functioning of muscles and the neurologic system. Symptoms cannot be controlled by changes in the diet, and medication therapy will not reverse symptoms nor prolong life. Medication will be used to treat symptoms and provide comfort measures.

The nurse is counseling a couple who are concerned that their children might inherit sickle cell disease. Which of the following responses from the couple indicate a need for further teaching? a) "The disorder can be passed on to the children only if both parents have the gene." b) "If both parents have the gene, there is a 25% chance of the children having the disorder." c) "The father cannot pass the disorder onto his son or the mother to her daughter." d) "Even if the children do not get the disease they can still be carriers of the gene."

"The father cannot pass the disorder onto his son or the mother to her daughter." Correct Explanation: The father can pass the gene to his sons and the mother can pass the gene to her daughters. Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease. This means that both parents must have the disease or be carriers of the gene in order to pass it onto their children. If the parents are both carriers, then there is a 25% chance that they will pass it onto a child. The children can be carriers even if they don't have the disease.

Which statement by the nurse accurately describes the term phenotype? a) "The genetic makeup of an individual" b) "The somatic cells of an individual" c) "The individual's outward appearance" d) "Only the homozygous genes outwardly expressed"

"The individual's outward appearance" Correct Explanation: Phenotype is the outward characteristic of an individual. The genetic makeup of an individual is a genotype. A somatic cell is an individual cell that combines with others to form an organism. Phenotype can be determined by both homozygous genes and heterozygous genes.

Which statement by the nurse is most accurate when counseling a couple about transmitting Huntington's disease from father to child? a) "A daughter cannot be a carrier of the disease because it is an X-linked recessive disorder." b) "There is a 50% chance of transmission of the disorder because it is an autosomal dominant disorder." c) "You will transmit the disorder to a son because it is an X-linked dominant disorder." d) "There is a 75% chance that your offspring will express the disorder because it is an autosomal recessive disorder."

"There is a 50% chance of transmission of the disorder because it is an autosomal dominant disorder." Correct Explanation: An offspring of an autosomal dominant disorder has a 50% chance of acquiring the gene to be affected by the disorder. Huntington's is an autosomal dominant disorder. Female offspring of an X-linked recessive disorder have the possibility of being a carrier or of being afflicted with the disorder. With autosomal recessive disorders, there is only a 25% chance that the offspring will express the disorder.

A parent asks why a physical therapist is needed for the 6-month-old child diagnosed with Down syndrome. What is the best response by the nurse? a) "To optimize the child's development and functioning" b) "The earlier the intervention, the more likely we are to cure the problem." c) "To prevent contractures" d) "To ensure that the child meets all developmental milestones on time"

"To optimize the child's development and functioning" Correct Explanation: Interventional therapy is started early to promote the child's development and optimize functioning. The Down syndrome child usually meets developmental milestones at a slower pace. There is no cure for genetic disorders. Range-of-motion activities can prevent contractures; Down syndrome does not require physical therapy.

A nurse is teaching about autosomal dominant and recessive genetics. Which statement by the nurse is accurate? a) "Two abnormal genes, one from each parent, are required to produce the phenotype in an autosomal recessive disorder." b) "An autosomal dominant disorder is classified as X-linked." c) "One abnormal autosomal recessive gene is needed for outward presentation of the disorder." d) "An autosomal dominant disorder has a lower risk of phenotyping than an autosomal recessive disorder."

"Two abnormal genes, one from each parent, are required to produce the phenotype in an autosomal recessive disorder." Correct Explanation: An autosomal recessive disorder requires two abnormal genes to outwardly express the disorder. Recessive disorders have a lower risk of phenotyping than dominant disorders. X-linked and autosomal disorders are two different classifications.

A 16-year-old recently diagnosed with Marfan syndrome states, "I feel fine. Why do I need to have this testing done?" What is the best response by the nurse? a) "You want to live a long time, right?" b) "You are at risk of rupturing your aorta, and the echocardiogram will let us know if there are any problems." c) "This is routine. Nothing to worry about." d) "The lab work will let us know if you are developing diabetes as a complication."

"You are at risk of rupturing your aorta, and the echocardiogram will let us know if there are any problems." Correct Explanation: Marfan sydrome is a disorder that affects connective tissue. The aorta is susceptible to weakening because of the connective tissue disorder, leading to sudden death from aortic dissection. Diabetes is not a complication of Marfan. The other two choices offer no information and dismiss the teen's concerns.

The nurse is describing some of the developmental milestones the mother of a 3-month-old boy with Down syndrome can expect to see in her child. Which statement describes the milestones that are expected in a child with Down syndrome? a) "He will be speaking in sentences at 21 months of age." b) "Bladder training can be expected by 2.5 to 3 years of age." c) "You can expect him to eat with his hands by age 12 months." d) "He'll be crawling all over the house by 9 months of age."

"You can expect him to eat with his hands by age 12 months." Correct Explanation: Children with Down syndrome will accomplish eating with their hands by about 12 months of age. They will develop the skills of typical children, but at an older age. The child with Down syndrome will speak in sentences at 24 months rather than 21 months. Bladder training would occur by 48 months rather than 32 months. A child with Down syndrome will crawl at 11 months rather than 9 months.

The nurse recognizes that which individual or couple would most benefit from obtaining genetic counseling? a) 30-year-old female with a normal alpha-fetoprotein screening b) 23-year-old female, 25-year-old-male, both with family history of sickle cell disorder c) 25-year-old female, 40-year-old male, both with no significant past medical history d) 32-year-old female, 25-year-old male with one pregnancy loss

23-year-old female, 25-year-old-male, both with family history of sickle cell disorder Correct Explanation: A family history of sickle cell disorder increases the risk of passing the disorder to offspring; genetic counseling would benefit this couple most. The usual standard for counseling for pregnancy loss is two or more, not a single loss. A normal alpha-fetoprotein screening is not a criterion for genetic counseling. All ages listed here do not exceed the criterion for advanced maternal or paternal age.

A 25-year-old woman who recently underwent genetic testing has just learned that she is heterozygous dominant for Huntington disease. Her husband, however, who also underwent the testing, is free from the trait. What are the odds that the couple will have a child who will inherit the disorder? a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%

50% Correct Explanation: If a person who is heterozygous or has a dominant illness gene opposing a recessive healthy gene mates with a person who is free of the trait, the chances are even (50%) a child born to the couple would have the disorder or would be disease and carrier free (that is, carrying no affected gene for the disorder).

The nurse is teaching a couple about X-linked disorders because they are concerned that they might pass on hemophilia to their children. Which of the following responses indicates the need for further teaching? a) "If the father doesn't have it, then his kids won't either." b) "If the mother is a carrier, her sons may have hemophilia." c) "The father can't be a carrier, if he doesn't have hemophilia." d) "If the mother is a carrier, her daughter could be one too."

A "If the father doesn't have it, then his kids won't either." Explanation: Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. This means that both the father and the mother must have the gene for hemophilia to pass it on to their children. Also, their male children will have hemophilia, while their female children have only a 50% chance of having the disorder. If the father has hemophilia and the mother has hemophilia, their children will have the disease. If the father has hemophilia and the mother is a carrier, all their children have a 50% chance of getting the disease.

The nurse is interviewing parents after their newborn was diagnosed with a genetic disorder. Which statements by the mother is associated with risk factors of genetic disorders? Select all that apply. a) "My sister's baby was born with trisomy 18." b) "He is our first child." c) "My husband is 55 years old." d) "Our alpha-fetoprotein came back negative when I was 18 weeks pregnant." e) "Our obstetrician told us that I wasn't making enough amniotic fluid during this pregnancy."

A C E • "Our obstetrician told us that I wasn't making enough amniotic fluid during this pregnancy." • "My husband is 55 years old." • "My sister's baby was born with trisomy 18." Explanation: The following are risk factors for genetic disorders: oligohydramnios, paternal age over 50, a family history of genetic disorders, positive alpha-fetoprotein test, and multiple births

A woman in her third trimester has just learned that her fetus has been diagnosed with cri-du-chat syndrome. The nurse recognizes that this child will likely have which of the following characteristics? a) Small and nonfunctional ovaries b) Cleft lip and palate c) Rounded soles of the feet (rocker-bottom) d) An abnormal, cat-like cry

An abnormal, cat-like cry Correct Explanation: Cri-du-chat syndrome is the result of a missing portion of chromosome 5. In addition to an abnormal cry, which sounds much more like the sound of a cat than a human infant's cry, children with cri-du-chat syndrome tend to have a small head, wide-set eyes, a downward slant to the palpebral fissure of the eye, and a recessed mandible. They are severely cognitively challenged. Rounded soles of the feet are characteristic of trisomy 18 syndrome. Cleft lip and palate are characteristic of trisomy 13 syndrome. Small and nonfunctional ovaries are characteristic of Turner syndrome.

Nurses are expected to know how to use the first genetic test. What is it? a) The family history b) The developmental assessment c) The psychosocial assessment d) The physical assessment

Ans: The family history Feedback: The family history is considered the first genetic test. It is expected that all nurses will know how to use this genetic tool. The other answers are incorrect because the developmental, physical, and psychosocial assessments are not the first genetic test.

Cystic fibrosis is an example of which type of inheritance? a) Multifactorial b) Autosomal dominant c) X-linked recessive d) Autosomal recessive

Autosomal recessive Correct Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive inherited condition. Huntington disease would be an example of an autosomal dominant inherited condition. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive inherited condition. Cleft lip is a multifactorial inherited condition.

A child admitted for gastritis and vomiting has a medical history of medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). What is the priority action by the nurse? a) Give IV thiamine supplement as ordered b) Administer IV dextrose per orders c) Ensure that the diet includes no dairy products d) Ensure that frequent small meals are available

B Administer IV dextrose per orders Explanation: MCAD children lack the enzyme needed to metabolize fatty acids. They have frequent episodes of hypoglycemia as a result of the disorder. Because the child is vomiting, frequent small meals would not be tolerated. The child needs IV dextrose to combat hypoglycemia. Dairy products do not affect the child's metabolic disorder; although they could cause further issues with gastritis, this would not be the priority intervention. This disorder is not associated with thiamine deficiency.

The nurse is caring for a newborn girl with galactosemia. Which intervention will be necessary for her health? a) Supplementing with thiamine throughout the lifespan b) Eliminating dairy products from the diet c) Adhering to a low phenylalanine diet d) Eating frequent meals and never fasting

B Eliminating dairy products from the diet Explanation: Galactosemia is a deficiency in the liver enzyme needed to convert galactose into glucose. This means the child will have to eliminate milk and dairy products from her diet for life. Adhering to a low phenylalanine diet is an intervention for phenylketonuria. Eating frequent meals and never fasting is an intervention for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Maple sugar urine disease requires a low-protein diet and supplementation with thiamine.

After teaching a class about autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, the nurse determines that the class needs additional teaching when they identify which condition as an example of an autosomal dominant disorder? a) Huntington disease b) Achondroplasia c) Tay-Sachs disease d) Neurofibromatosis

C Tay-Sachs disease Explanation: Neurofibromatosis is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder. Achondroplasia is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder. Huntington disease is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder. Tay-Sachs disease is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder.

A pregnant woman has a child at home who has been diagnosed with neurofibromatosis She asks the nurse what she should look for in the new baby that would indicate that it also has neurofibromatosis. What sign should the nurse instruct the woman to look for in the new baby? a) Projectile vomiting b) Café-au-lait spots c) Xanthoma d) Increased urination

Café-au-lait spots Correct Explanation: Physical assessment may provide clues that a particular genetic condition is present in a person and family. Family history assessment may offer initial guidance regarding the particular area for physical assessment. For example, a family history of neurofibromatosis type 1, an inherited condition involving tumors of the central nervous system, would prompt the nurse to carry out a detailed assessment of closely related family members. Skin findings such as café-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, or tumors of the skin (neurofibromas) would warrant referral for further evaluation, including genetic evaluation and counseling. A family history of familial hypercholesterolemia would alert the nurse to assess family members for symptoms of hyperlipidemias (xanthomas, corneal arcus, abdominal pain of unexplained origin). As another example, increased urination could indicate type 1 diabetes. Projectile vomiting is indicative of pyloric stensosis.

Which type of genetic test would be used to detect the possibility of Down syndrome? a) Complete blood count (CBC) b) DNA analysis c) Hemoglobin electrophoresis d) Chromosomal analysis

Chromosomal analysis Correct Explanation: Chromosomal analysis is part of the genetic testing for Down syndrome. DNA analysis may be used in the detection of Huntington disease. Hemoglobin electrophoresis may be used in genetic testing for sickle cell anemia. A complete blood count (CBC) may be used as part of testing for a thalassemia

You care for a child with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). This is an example of which type of inheritance? a) Mendelian dominant b) Phase 2 atrophy c) Chromosome nondisjunction d) Mendelian recessive

Chromosome nondisjunction Correct Explanation: Down syndrome occurs when an ovum or sperm cell does not divide evenly, permitting an extra 21st chromosome to cross to a new cell.

A nursing student is reviewing information about inheritance and genetic disorders. The student demonstrates understanding of the information by identifying which of the following as an example of a disorder involving multifactorial inheritance? a) Cystic fibrosis b) Hypophosphatemic rickets c) Hemophilia d) Cleft palate

Cleft palate Correct Explanation: Cleft palate is attributed to multifactorial inheritance. Hemophilia follows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. Hypophosphatemic rickets follows an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern. Cystic fibrosis follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.

For which of the following clients is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) a viable option? a) Clients carrying cystic fibrosis gene b) Prevention of Pyloric stenosis c) Prevention of DiGeorge syndrome d) Client in the second week of pregnancy

Clients carrying cystic fibrosis gene Correct Explanation: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a viable option for clients carrying the cystic fibrosis gene. PGD does not help prevent DiGeorge syndrome or pyloric stenosis. PGD is not a viable option for pregnant clients.

The nurse is examining an 8-year-old boy with chromosomal abnormalities. Which sign or symptom suggests the boy has Angelman syndrome? a) Observation reveals moonlike round face b) History shows surgery for cleft palate repair c) Palpation discloses reduced muscular tonicity d) Observation shows jerky ataxic movement

D Observation shows jerky ataxic movement Explanation: Angelman syndrome is characterized by jerky ataxic movements, similar to a puppet's gait. Hypotonicity is a symptom of Angelman syndrome as well as Prader Willi syndrome, and Cri du chat. Cleft palate is a symptom of velo-cardio-facial/ DiGeorge syndrome.

The nurse is assessing infants in the newborn nursery. Who is most likely to have a major anomaly? a) 4-hour-old Asian American female with protruding ears b) Set of 6-hour-old Indian American identical twin females with syndactyly c) 16-hour-old African American male with polydactyly d) 12-hour-old Caucasian male with café-au-lait spots on his trunk

D A major anomaly is an anomaly or malformation that creates significant medical problems and requires surgical or medical management. Café-au-lait spots are a major anomaly. Polydactyly, or extra digits, syndactyly, or webbed digits, and protruding ears are minor anomalies. Minor anomalies are features that vary from those that are most commonly seen in the general population but do not cause an increase in morbidity in and of themselves.

Nondisjunction of a chromosome results in which of the following diagnoses? a) Duchenne muscular dystrophy b) Down syndrome c) Marfan syndrome d) Huntingon disease

Down syndrome Correct Explanation: When a pair of chromosomes fails to separate completely (nondisjunction) the resulting sperm or oocyte contains two copies of a particular chromosome. Nondisjunction can result in a fertilized egg having trisomy 21 or Down syndrome. Huntington disease is one example of a germ-line mutation. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, an inherited form of muscular dystrophy, is an example of a genetic disease caused by structural gene mutations. Marfan syndrome is a genetic condition that may occur in a single family member as a result of spontaneous mutation.

A pregnant woman undergoes maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) testing at 16 to 18 weeks' gestation. Which of the following would the nurse suspect if the woman's level is decreased? a) Cardiac defects b) Open neural tube defect c) Down syndrome d) Sickle-cell anemia

Down syndrome Explanation: Decreased levels might indicate Down syndrome or trisomy 18. Sickle cell anemia may be identified by chorionic villus sampling. MSAFP levels would be increased with cardiac defects, such as tetralogy of Fallot. A triple marker test would be used to determine an open neural tube defect.

A 45-year-old man has just been diagnosed with Huntington disease. He and his wife are concerned about their four children. What will the nurse explain about the children's possibility of inheriting the gene for the disease? a) Each child will have no chance of inheriting the disease b) Each child will have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease c) Each child will have a 25% chance of inheriting the disease d) Each child will have a 75% chance of inheriting the disease

Each child will have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease Correct Explanation: Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant disorder. Autosomal dominant inherited conditions affect female and male family members equally and follow a vertical pattern of inheritance in families. A person who has an autosomal dominant inherited condition carries a gene mutation for that condition on one chromosome pair. Each of that person's offspring has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation for the condition and a 50% chance of inheriting the normal version of the gene. Based on this information, the choices of 25%, 75%, or no chance of inheriting the disease are incorrect.

The nurse is caring for a 1-year-old boy with Down syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse be least likely to include in the child's plan of care? a) Promoting annual vision and hearing tests b) Describing the importance of a high-fiber diet c) Explaining developmental milestones to parents d) Educating parents about how to deal with seizures

Educating parents about how to deal with seizures Correct Explanation: It is unlikely that the parents will need to know how to deal with seizures. It will be helpful to provide parents with growth and developmental milestones that are unique to children with Down syndrome. More than 60% of children with Down syndrome have hearing loss, so promoting annual vision and hearing tests is the priority intervention. Special diets are usually not necessary; however, a balanced, high-fiber diet and exercise are important because constipation is frequently a problem.

When counseling potential parents about genetic disorders, which of the following statements would be appropriate? a) Genetic disorders primarily follow Mendelian laws of inheritance. b) Environmental influences may affect multifactorial inheritance. c) All genetic disorders involve a similar number of abnormal chromosomes. d) The absence of genetic disorders in both families eliminates the possibility of having a child with a genetic disorder.

Environmental influences may affect multifactorial inheritance. Correct Explanation: It is difficult to predict with certainty the incidence of genetic disorders because in some disorders, more than one gene is involved and environmental insults may play a role (cleft palate, for example).

The incidence of Down syndrome is 1:1600 in women older than 40 years of age, compared with 1:100 in women younger than 20 years. a) True b) False

False Correct Explanation: The incidence of Down syndrome is 1:100 in women older than 40 years of age, compared with 1:1600 in women younger than 20 years.

After teaching a class of students about genetics and inheritance, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as the basic unit of heredity? a) Allele b) Autosome c) Chromosome d) Gene

Gene Correct Explanation: A gene is the basic unit of heredity of all traits. A chromosome is a long, continuous strand of DNA that carries genetic information. An allele refers to one of two or more alternative versions of a gene at a given position on a chromosome that imparts the same characteristic of that gene. An autosome is a non-sex chromosome.

A client who is 37 years of age presents to the health care clinic for her first prenatal check up. Due to her advanced age, the nurse should prepare to talk with the client about her increased risk for what complication? a) Incompetent cervix b) Genetic disorders c) Gestational diabetes d) Preterm labor

Genetic disorders Correct Explanation: Women over the age of 35 are at increased risk of having a fetus with an abnormal karyotype or other genetic disorders. Gestational diabetes, an incompetent cervix, and preterm labor are risks for any pregnant woman.

When describing genetic disorders to a group of childbearing couples, the nurse would identify which as an example of an autosomal dominant inheritance disorder? a) Phenylketonuria b) Cystic fibrosis c) Huntington's disease d) Sickle cell disease

Huntington's disease Correct Explanation: Huntington's disease is an example of an autosomal dominant inheritance disorder. Sickle cell disease, phenylketonuria, and cystic fibrosis are examples of autosomal recessive inheritance disorders.

An 18-year-old male patient is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. What signs and symptoms are consistent with this diagnosis? a) Hypergonadism and decreased pubic hair b) Hypogonadism and gynecomastia c) Long torso and decreased facial hair d) Enlaged testes and tall stature

Hypogonadism and gynecomastia Correct Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome affects males, causing only testosterone deficiency. Males may develop female-like characteristics such as gynecomastia and may experience hypogonadism. Decreased pubic and facial hair, along with tall stature, are characteristic of the disorder. The corresponding signs and symptoms listed in the other answer selections are not signs and symptoms of the disorder.

A couple wants to start a family. They are concerned that their child will be at risk for cystic fibrosis because they each have a cousin with cystic fibrosis. They are seeing a nurse practitioner for preconceptual counseling. What would the nurse practitioner tell them about cystic fibrosis? a) It is an X-linked inherited disorder b) It is an autosomal dominant disorder c) It is an autosomal recessive disorder d) It is passed by mitochondrial inheritance

It is an autosomal recessive disorder Correct Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. Nurses also consider other issues when assessing the risk for genetic conditions in couples and families. For example, when obtaining a preconception or prenatal family history, the nurse asks if the prospective parents have common ancestors. This is important to know because people who are related have more genes in common than those who are unrelated, thus increasing their chance for having children with autosomal recessive inherited condition such as cystic fibrosis. Mitochondrial inheritance occurs with defects in energy conversion and affects the nervous system, kidney, muscle, and liver. X-linked inheritance, which has been inherited from a mutant allele of the mother, affects males. Autosomal dominant is an X-linked dominant genetic disease

Which statement about nondisjunction of a chromosome is true? a) Only the X chromosomes are affected. b) Only 4% of Down syndrome cases are attributed to this defect. c) It may result from genomic imprinting. d) It is failure of the chromosomal pair to separate.

It is failure of the chromosomal pair to separate. Correct Explanation: Nondisjunction simply means failure to separate. Nondisjunction can happen at any chromosome and is attributed to 95% of Down syndrome cases. Genomic imprinting is a different genetic disorder that is not related to nondisjunctioning.

When assessing newborns for chromosomal disorders, which assessment would be most suggestive of a problem? a) Low-set ears b) Bowed legs c) Short neck d) Slanting of the palpebral fissure

Low-set ears Correct Explanation: A number of common chromosomal disorders, such as trisomies, include low-set ears.

An infant with craniosynostosis from Apert syndrome becomes lethargic and starts to vomit. What is the priority nursing intervention? a) Give IV dextrose b) Monitor intake and output c) Notify the doctor and prepare for surgery d) Reassess every hour and document findings

Notify the doctor and prepare for surgery Correct Explanation: The child is exhibiting signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure related to premature fusing of the skull joints. Surgery will be needed to relieve the pressure. IV dextrose is contraindicated with increased intracranial pressure. Waiting 1 hour to reassess may lead to brain damage and death. Monitoring intake and output is needed with a hospitalized child but is not the priority intervention based on presentation of symptoms.

The nurse is performing a physical examination on a 1-week-old girl with trisomy 13. Which of the following would the nurse expect to assess? a) Inspection reveals hypoplastic fingernails. b) Observation discloses severe hypotonia. c) Inspection shows a clenched fist with overlapping fingers. d) Observation reveals a microcephalic head.

Observation reveals a microcephalic head. Correct Explanation: Children with trisomy 13 have microcephalic heads with malformed ears and small eyes. Severe hypotonia, hypoplastic fingernails, and clenched fists with index and small fingers overlapping the middle fingers are typical symptoms of trisomy 18.

A nurse teaching a couple says that when X-linked recessive inheritance is present in a family, the genogram will reveal which of the following? a) Only males in the family have the disorder. b) Sons of an affected man are also affected. c) A history of boys dying at birth for unknown reasons often exists. d) The parents of the affected man have the disorder.

Only males in the family have the disorder. Correct Explanation: When X-linked recessive inheritance is in a family, a genogram will reveal only males in the family with the disorder, a history of girls dying at birth for unknown reasons, unaffected sons of affected men, and parents of affected children not having the disorder

A female patient has the Huntington's disease gene. She and her husband want to have a child but are apprehensive about possibly transmitting the disease to their newborn child. They have strong views against abortion. They would also like to have their "own" child and would consider adopting only as a last resort. Which of the following would be most appropriate in this situation? a) Chancing the conception and birth of a child b) Using donor gametes for conception of a child c) Opting for a preimplantation genetic diagnosis d) Undergoing prenatal diagnosis with prenatal choice of continuing pregnancy

Opting for a preimplantation genetic diagnosis Correct Explanation: The most appropriate choice would be opting for a preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). A PGD is a genetic evaluation of the embryo created through IVF which will reveal whether the Huntington's disease gene is present in the embryo. Undergoing prenatal diagnosis with prenatal choice of continuing pregnancy is not an option because the client and her husband are against abortion. Chancing the conception and birth of a child involves the risk of passing the gene to the newborn child. Using donor gametes may reduce the risk, but it is against the client's preferences.

Three sisters decide to have genetic testing done because their mother and their maternal grandmother died of breast cancer. Each of the sisters has the BRCA1 gene mutation. The nurse explains that just because they have the gene does not mean that they will develop breast cancer. What does the nurse explain their chances of developing breast cancer depend on? a) Susceptibility b) Their lifestyles c) Penetrance d) What other gene mutations they have

Penetrance Correct Explanation: A woman who has the BRCA1 hereditary breast cancer gene mutation has a lifetime risk of breast cancer that can be as high as 80%, not 100%. This quality, known as incomplete penetrance, indicates the probability that a given gene will produce disease. The other answers are incorrect because lifestyles, other gene mutations, and susceptibility are not the deciding factor in getting breast cancer if you have the BRCA1 gene mutation.

Which of the following conditions is a part of normal newborn screening? a) Down syndrome b) Cystic fibrosis c) Sickle cell anemia d) Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria Correct Explanation: Phenylketonuria is part of normal newborn screening. Prenatal screening includes Down syndrome. Preconception screening includes sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.

A nurse is assessing a child diagnosed with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find when assessing the skin? a) Pigmented nevi b) Café-au-lait spots c) Port wine stain d) Tumors

Port wine stain Correct Explanation: Facial nevus or port wine stain is most often seen on the forehead and on one side of the face. Café-au-lait spots are commonly associated with neurofibromatosis. Tumors are associated with tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis. Pigmented nevi are associated with neurofibromatosis.

The nurse is performing an assessment of a 6-year-old girl with Turner syndrome. Which of the following would the nurse most likely assess? a) Pectus carinatum b) Enlarged thyroid gland c) Short stature and slow growth d) Short, stubby trident hands

Short stature and slow growth Correct Explanation: Short stature and slow growth are frequently the first indication of Turner syndrome. While children with Turner syndrome are more prone to thyroid problems, these problems are not as likely to occur as in other symptoms. Pectus carinatum is typical of children with Marfan syndrome. Short, stubby trident hands are typical of achondroplasia.

An African American couple presents for a genetic counseling appointment. They are pregnant and are concerned about their child. What would a patient of African American heritage have genetic carrier testing for? a) Sickle cell anemia b) Asthma c) Rubella d) Meckel's diverticulum

Sickle cell anemia Correct Explanation: Assessing ancestry and ethnicity is important to help identify individuals and groups who could benefit from genetic testing for carrier identification, such as African Americans routinely offered testing for sickle cell anemia. The other answers are incorrect because they are not identified with the African American race

A baby is born with what the physician believes is a diagnosis of trisomy 21. This means that the infant has three number 21 chromosomes. What factor describes this genetic change? a) The mother also has genetic mutation of chromosome 21 b) The patient has a nondisjunction occurring during meiosis c) The patient will have a single X chromosome and infertility d) During meiosis, a reduction of chromosomes resulted in 23

The patient has a nondisjunction occurring during meiosis Correct Explanation: During meiosis, a pair of chromosomes may fail to separate completely, creating a sperm or oocyte that contains either two copies or no copy of a particular chromosome. This sporadic event, called nondisjunction, can lead to trisomy. Down syndrome is an example of trisomy. The mother does not have a mutation of chromosome 21, which is indicated in the question. Also, Trisomy does not produce a single X chromosome and infertility. Genes are packaged and arranged in a linear order within chromosomes, which are located in the cell nucleus. In humans, 46 chromosomes occur in pairs in all body cells except oocytes and sperm, which contain only 23 chromosomes.

What is the main purpose of nurses having basic genetic knowledge? a) To advocate for a cure for genetic disorders b) To provide support and education to families c) To understand all genetic disorders, allowing for improved quality of life d) To ensure proper medical diagnosis

To provide support and education to families Correct Explanation: The purpose of the nurse knowing about basic genetics is that it helps her to provide support and education to families. Nurses can advocate for a cure, but this is not the main purpose of attaining basic knowledge of genetics. Providing a medical diagnosis is beyond the scope of practice for a nurse. It would be impossible for the nurse to understand all genetic disorders; it is more reasonable for the nurse to be familiar with the most common genetic disorders

A woman with both heart disease and osteoarthritis has come to the genetics clinic for genetic screening. What would the nurse know about these two diseases? a) They are direct result of the patient's lifestyle b) They are multifactorial c) They do not have a genetic basis d) They are caused by a single gene

They are multifactorial Correct Explanation: Genomic or multifactorial influences involve interactions among several genes (gene-gene interactions) and between genes and the environment (gene-environment interactions), as well as the individual's lifestyle.

A number of inherited diseases can be detected in utero by amniocentesis. Which of the following diseases can be detected by this method? a) Diabetes mellitus b) Phenylketonuria c) Trisomy 21 d) Impetigo

Trisomy 21 Correct Explanation: Karyotyping for chromosomal defects can be carried out using amniocentesis.

Women having in vitro fertilization (IVF) can have both the egg and sperm examined for genetic disorders of single gene or chromosome concerns before implantation. a) True b) False

True

A gene that is expressed when paired with another gene for the same trait is called a) recessive. b) dominant. c) heterozygous. d) homozygous.

dominant. Correct Explanation: A dominant gene is one that will be expressed when paired with a like gene.

When an infant is born with a genetic disorder, it is appropriate to advise the parents that a) experiences the mother had during pregnancy are probably not related. b) not all genetic disorders are inherited. c) the disorder has probably occurred in the family before. d) it is likely that the mother drank alcohol during early cell division.

experiences the mother had during pregnancy are probably not related. Explanation: As genetic disorders occur at the moment of conception, events during pregnancy occur after the problem is already present.

Girls with Turner Syndrome will usually exhibit a) short stature b) progressive dementia c) chorealike movements d) painful joints

short stature Correct Explanation: Girls with Turner syndrome usually have a single X chromosome, causing them to have short stature and infertility. Persons with sickle cell anemia have painful joints. Color blindness occurs in persons diagnosed with Huntington disease and they may exhibit chorealike movements. Progressive dementia occurs in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease.