[PREPU] Peds Chapter 46: Nursing Care of the Child With an Alteration in Cellular Regulation/Hematologic or Neoplastic Disorder

The nurse is admitting to an examination room a child with the diagnosis of "probable acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)." What will confirm this diagnosis? - Complete white blood count - Lethargy, bruising, and pallor - History of leukemia in twin - Bone marrow aspiration

Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are diagnostic. An abnormal white blood count and symptoms of lethargy, bruising, and pallor only create suspicion of leukemia; a twin may or may not be affected.

The pediatric nurse reviews the radiographs of a child and observes that there are lesions on the bone. The nurse interprets this finding as suggesting which condition? - Ewing sarcoma - Hodgkin disease - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Neuroblastoma

Ewing sarcoma Radiographs that show lesions on the bone may indicate tumors (e.g. Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma) or metastases of tumors warranting further investigation by bone scan, CT or MRI. Positron emission tomography is the most effective test to diagnose neuroblastoma, Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, bone tumors, lung and colon cancers and brain tumors.

A child is undergoing a series of diagnostic tests for a suspected malignancy. Which diagnostic test result is only present in Hodgkin disease? elevated lymphocytes Reed-Sternberg cells T-lymphocyte surface markers megakaryocyte cells

Reed-Sternberg cells With Hodgkin disease, lymphocytes proliferate in the lymph glands, and special Reed-Sternberg cells (large, multinucleated cells that are probably nonfunctioning monocyte-macrophage cells) develop. Although these lymphocytes are capable of DNA synthesis and mitotic division, they are abnormal because they lack both B- and T-lymphocyte surface markers and cannot produce immunoglobulins as do usual B-lymphocytes. There will be elevated lymphocytes, but this is present in leukemias as well. T-lymphocyte surface markers are lacking in Hodgkin disease. Megakaryocyte cells are normal cells in the bone marrow and produce platelets.

A school nurse is teaching a group of parents about signs and symptoms of cancer in children. Which symptom is an early sign of a brain tumor? - headache, vision changes, and vomiting - projectile vomiting, lethargy, and coma - headache, epistaxis, and dizziness - nystagmus, ataxia, and seizures

headache, vision changes, and vomiting Children with any form of brain tumor develop symptoms of increased intracranial pressure: headache, vision changes, vomiting, an enlarging head circumference, or papilledema. Lethargy, projectile vomiting, and coma are late signs. Epistaxis is not usually related to a brain tumor. A growing tumor produces specific localized signs, such as nystagmus (constant horizontal movement of the eye) or visual field defects. As tumor growth continues, symptoms of ataxia, personality change (e.g., emotional lability, irritability), and seizures may occur. These would be later symptoms.

The nurse develops a meal plan for a child with iron-deficiency anemia. Which meal would the nurse teach the parent has the highest amount of iron? - red meat, eggs, oatmeal, and dried fruit - chicken, corn, brown rice, and oranges - pork, broccoli, white rice, and strawberries - tuna salad with eggs, whole wheat crackers, and blueberries

red meat, eggs, oatmeal, and dried fruit Iron-deficiency anemia occurs when the blood does not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin. The anemia can be corrected via iron supplementation, nutrition, and even blood transfusion if the anemia is severe. Foods that have the highest sources of iron include red meat, tuna, eggs, tofu, enriched grains, dried beans and peas, dried fruits, green leafy vegetables and iron-fortified breakfast cereals. The nurse should teach the meal containing red meat, eggs, oatmeal and dried fruit has the highest amount of iron. Chicken has less iron than red meat, and corn has only a small amount. All the fruits listed have iron, but when dried the iron levels increase. Pork has limited amount of iron, and white rice contains almost no iron. Brown rice and whole grains contain higher iron amounts.

The nurse is caring for a toddler taking ferrous sulfate for severe iron-deficiency anemia. Which report by the parent is most concerning? - "I brush my child's teeth once every day." - "My child's stools are darker than usual." - "I mix ferrous sulfate with milk in a bottle." - "My child takes ferrous sulfate after meals."

"I mix ferrous sulfate with milk in a bottle." Ferrous sulfate may not be absorbed if taken with milk or tea, and if the parent mixes the medicine with milk in a bottle, there is also concern that if the child does not drink the entire amount of medication. Ferrous sulfate may be taken after meals to prevent gastrointestinal irritation. Dark stools are a common side effect of ferrous sulfate. Parents should be encouraged to brush the child's teeth thoroughly to prevent teeth staining.

A mother asks the nurse why her infant who was born at 34 weeks' gestation is being prescribed ferrous sulfate. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? - "Infants with pyloric stenosis require ferrous sulfate." - "Preterm infants are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia." - "Your infant may have been having excessive diarrhea." - "Ferrous sulfate helps improve red blood cell formation."

"Preterm infants are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia." Infants born prematurely are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia because iron stores are built during the last few weeks of gestation. Although some infants with pyloric stenosis may require an iron supplement, such as ferrous sulfate, not all infants will. Infants with excessive diarrhea may develop iron-deficiency anemia, and ferrous sulfate helps improve red blood cell formation, but this does not explain why a preterm infant is being prescribed an iron supplement.

A nurse is providing dietary interventions for a 5-year-old with an iron deficiency. Which response indicates a need for further teaching? - "Red meat is a good option; he loves the hamburgers from the drive-thru." - "He will enjoy tuna casserole and eggs." - "There are many iron fortified cereals that he likes." - "I must encourage a variety of iron-rich foods that he likes."

"Red meat is a good option; he loves the hamburgers from the drive-thru." While iron from red meat is the easiest for the body to absorb, the nurse must limit fast food consumption from the drive-thru as it is also high in fat, fillers, and sodium. The other statements are correct.

A child is to receive an oral corticosteroid as part of the treatment regimen for leukemia. After teaching the child and family about this drug, the nurse determines the need for additional teaching when they state: - "We should administer the drug on an empty stomach." - "We should check our son's urine for glucose." - "He might develop a rounded face from this drug." - "We will need to gradually decrease the dosage."

"We should administer the drug on an empty stomach." Corticosteroids are commonly administered with food to decrease the risk for gastrointestinal upset. Corticosteroids can disrupt glucose balance, so urine should be checked for glucose. A moon face is an adverse effect of corticosteroids. Corticosteroids need to be tapered gradually to reduce the risk of adrenal insufficiency.

The nurse is providing care to a child with cancer who is receiving monoclonal antibodies as part of the treatment plan. The nurse notifies the primary health care provider to report assessment of which as possible side effects? Select all that apply. - Fever - Rigors - Joint pain - Hypotension - Neutropenia

- Fever - Rigors - Hypotension Possible side effects associated with monoclonal antibodies include allergic reactions, fever, chills, rigors, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. Joint pain is associated with interleukin use. Neutropenia is associated with interferon use.

A 15-year-old client diagnosed with von Willebrand disease has reached menarche. Based on this fact, what information is most important for the nurse to convey to the client? - Bruising may occur in the perineal area. - Expect menstrual bleeding to be heavy. - Occasional skipped periods can be expected. - The duration of each period will be short.

Expect menstrual bleeding to be heavy. Females diagnosed with von Willebrand disease are at risk for menorrhagia. Bruising in the perineal area is not a risk unless there is some sort of trauma at the site. Von Willebrand disease does not cause intermittent periods or shorten the duration of menses.

A nurse is teaching the parents of a child with sickle cell disease about factors that predispose the child to a sickle cell crisis. The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the parents identify what as a factor? Fluid overload Infection Respiratory distress Pallor

Infection Factors that may precipitate a sickle cell crisis include: fever, infection, dehydration, hot or humid environment, cold air or water temperature, high altitude, or excessive physical activity. Respiratory distress and pallor are general signs and symptoms of a sickle cell crisis. Reference:

The nurse is completing the health history of a 6-month-old infant with retinoblastoma with the child's parents. Which symptom should the nurse expect that the parents have observed? - One pupil appears white. - The infant tugs and pulls at one ear. - The infant's eye appears to be protruding. - The infant always keeps her eyes tightly closed.

One pupil appears white. On examination, the child's pupil of the affected eye appears white because the red reflex is absent. Some might describe this symptom as a "cat's eye." Ear tugging, eye protrusion, and keeping the eyes closed are not manifestations of retinoblastoma.

A child with cancer is dying and in hospice care. When developing the plan of care, which intervention should the nurse include as the primary focus? keeping the child pain-free managing the symptoms of dyspnea providing emotional support delivering appropriate developmental care

keeping the child pain-free Children die from cancer. They may die at home or in the hospital, and hospice care can be provided in either setting. Children with terminal cancer often experience a great deal of pain, particularly when death is imminent. The primary goal of caring for a dying child is the prevention and alleviation of pain. The nurse would work with the parents to determine the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods which work best. Many times, dyspnea and agitation can occur as a result of pain. These symptoms are reduced with pain management. Any care to the child, even in hospice care, should be developmentally appropriate. Emotional support is a necessity, both for the child and the parents, but pain relief is the priority.

A 5-year-old child is at the pediatric clinic for a well-child visit. Which symptom alerts the health care provider that this child might have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)? joint pain and swelling anorexia and weight loss abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting lethargy, bruises, and lymphadenopathy

lethargy, bruises, and lymphadenopathy Although all of these symptoms could be related to leukemia, the most likely are lethargy, bruises, and lymphadenopathy. Joint pain and swelling could also be juvenile arthritis or another disorder. Anorexia and weight loss are fairly nonspecific, as is abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. With ALL, because the bone marrow overproduces lymphocytes and therefore is unable to continue normal production of other blood components, the first symptoms of ALL in children usually are those associated with decreased RBC production (anemia) such as pallor, low-grade fever, and lethargy. A low thrombocyte (platelet) count will lead to petechiae and bleeding from oral mucous membranes and cause easy bruising on arms and legs. As the spleen and liver begin to enlarge from infiltration of abnormal cells, abdominal pain, vomiting, and anorexia occur. As abnormal lymphocytes invade the bone periosteum, the child experiences bone and joint pain. Central nervous system (CNS) invasion leads to symptoms such as headache or unsteady gait. On physical assessment, painless, generalized swelling of lymph nodes is revealed.