prevention - ch 17, 21, 22

a brachial plexus injury usually affects what nerve roots of the plexus? a. C5-C6 b. C6-C7 c. C7-C8 d. C8-T1

A

a fracture of the pars interarticularis is termed a. spondylolysis b. spear tackler spine c. spinal stenosis d. spondylolithesis

A

Axial loading of the cervical spine occurs when the neck is in a position of a. hyperextension b. flexion c. lateral rotation d. lateral flexion

B

a classic sign of an acute burner is muscle weakness in actions involving a. shoulder adduction and internal rotation b. shoulder abduction and external rotation c. shoulder flexion d. shoulder extension

B

the cervical plexus consists of the ventral rami of spinal nerves a. C1-C3 b. C1-C4 c. C2-C3 d. C3-C5

B

A deformity of the neck in which the head tilts toward one shoulder and, simultaneously, the chin rotates toward the opposite shoulder is termed: a. kyphosis b. scoliosis c. torticollis d. neurapraxia

C

In assessing lumbar spine disorders, the ___ test is used to determine if the patient is a malingerer a. valsava b. maligram c. hoover d. slump

C

a loss of cerebrospinal fluid around the spinal cord because of deformation of the spinal cord or a narrowing of the neural canal is called a. spina bifida b. scheuermann disease c. spinal occlusion d. spinal stenosis

D

after executing a tackle by leading with his head, a football player is down on the field. all of the following suggest unstable neck except: a. the player is unconscious b. the player is conscious, and reports numbness in the upper extremities c. the player is conscious, neurologically intact, and reports neck pain d. none of the above

D

lumbar facet pathology may involve a. subluxation or dislocation of the facet b. facet joint syndrome c. degeneration of the facet d. all of the above

D

T/F approx. 70-90% of all cases of scoliosis can be directly linked to overdevelopment of muscles on dominant side of the thorax or to a leg length discrepancy.

FALSE

spinal rotation capability is greatest in the lower lumbar region

FALSE

the sacral curve is convex posteriorly.

FALSE

to reduce some compressive loading on the lumbar region, runners should run with a slight forward lean and avoid over-striding to increase speed

FALSE

a lumbar fracture at the L5 level could be catastrophic if a bony fragment pierces the spinal cord and can result in total nerve disruption distal to that sight

FALSE ---L1 not L5

describe strategies for reducing low back pain in runners

- avoid excessive body weight - warm up before and after running - avoid excessive side to side sway

the top of the iliac crest is the landmark for which vertebrae? a. T12 b. L2 c. L4 d. S1

C

which of the following tests is not used to assess sacroiliac disfunction a. approximation test b. fabers test c. gaenslen's test d. oppenheim test

D

weak ankle plantar flexion and a reduced achilles tendon reflex indicates an L5 nerve root injury

FALSE

T/F extension exercises reduce load on the intervertebral disks and allow self-mobilization of the motion segments

TRUE

T/F the thoracic curve is convex posteriorly

TRUE

the sacral plexus supplies the muscles of the buttock region and the sciatic nerve the muscles of the posterior thigh and entire lower leg

TRUE

identify 5 red flags indicating a possible cervical spine injury

- pain radiating to extremities - loss or change in sensation anywhere in the body - diminished or absent reflexes - muscle weakness in a myotome - paralysis or inability to move a body part

describe 3 areas that should be addressed in the prevention of injuries to the cervical spine

- proper protective equipment - proper conditioning - proper skill technique

when disc nuclear material moves into the spinal canal and impinges on adjacent nerve roots, it is called: a. extruded disc b. herniated disc c. prolapsed disc d. sequestrated disc

A

when the body is in an upright position, the line of gravity passes where in relation to the spinal column? a. anterior to the spinal column b. posterior to the spinal column c. through the middle of the lumbar vertebrae d. through the middle of the thoracic vertebrae

A

the function of the intervertebral disks is to a. to allow the spine to bend b. to serve as shock absorbers c. to protect the spinal cord d. to prevent excessive spinal movement

A and B

a patient with sciatica caused by an annular tear will report a. pain localized over a facet joint on spinal extension b. that back pain is greater than radiating leg pain c. that radiating pain is greater than back pain d. pain that is not reproduced with straight leg raising

B

if an individual has a diminished patellar reflex and weak ankle dorsiflexion, which nerve root is injured? a. L3 b. L4 c. L2 d. S1

B

lordosis is often associated with a. strong abdominal muscles in a posterior pelvic tilt b. strong abdominal muscles in a forward pelvic tilt c. weak abdominal muscles and a posterior tilt d. weak abdominals muscles and a forward tilt

D

spondylolysis may result from repetitive trunk extension and rotation

TRUE

what is the immediate management for spear tackler's spine? why?

assess neurovascular function, treat for shock

if an individual has a diminished quadriceps reflex and weak ankle dorsiflexion, what nerve root is injured? a. L3 b. L4 c. L5 d. S1

B

an injury involving the spinal cord, a transient loss of somatic and autonomic reflex activity below the level of neurological damage is called a. spinal shock b. neurogenic shock c. neurapraxia d. paralysis

A

hip flexion consists of a. anteriorly directed saggital plane rotation of the femur with respect to the pelvic gurdle b. posteriorly directed saggital rotation of the femur with respect to the pelvic gurdle c. anteriorly directed movement of the anterior superior iliac spine with respect to the pubic symphesis d. posteriorly directed movement of the anterior superior iliac spine with respect to the pubic symphesis

A

hip flexion tests which nerve root myotome segment? a. L1-L2 b. L3 c. L5 d. S1

A

ipsilateral pain during the first 70 degrees of a straight leg raising test indicates a possible; a. herniated disc b. irritation of the SI joint c. sciatica d. tight hamstrings

A

osteochondrosis of the spine because of abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior that allows for herniation of the disk into the vertebral body is termed a. scheuermann disease b. intervertebral disk disease c. spinal stenosis d. brown-sequard syndrome

A

what is the clinical significant of Erb point? a. it is the most superficial point of the brachial plexus b. it is the best location to palpate the carotid artery c. it is the best location to palpate the facet joints d. it is the most superficial position of the middle scalene

A

a person with sciatica, with sensory and reflex changes, muscle weakness, and normal bowel and bladder function, may return to sports and participation: a. in 6-12 weeks b. 12-24 weeks c. after surgical decompression and rehab d. probably never

B

actions involving stimulation of a motor neuron by a sensory neuron in the spinal cord without involvement of the brain are called: a. cauda equina b. reflexes c. segmental nerves d. spinal nerves

B

during spondylolysis and spondylolithesis, muscles spasms often occur in the a. rectus abdominus b. erector spinae and hamstring c. erector spinae and quads d. rectus abdominus and quads

B

if nerve root L5 is irritated or damaged, myotome weakness will be found in a. toe flexion b. toe extension c. ankle dorsiflexion d. ankle plantar flexion

B

runners are often at risk for low back pain due to a. tight hip extensors and quad muscles b. tight hip flexors and hamstring muscles c. tight abdominal muscles d. tight back muscles

B

the vertebrae that consists of a bony ring with large, flat, superior articular facets where the skull rests is the a. annulus fibrosus b. atlas c. axis d. dens

B

which of the following characteristics would suggest a cervical sprain rather than strain a. restricted ROM b. symptoms that persists for several days c. pain d. stiffness

B

a bilateral separation in the pars interarticularis that leads to anterior displacement of the vertebrae is: a. lordosis b. spina bifida c. spondylolithesis d. spondylolysis

C

a condition of reduced bone mineralization that is more commonly seen in women in the lumbar region is called: a. anemia b. osteochondritis dissecans c. osteopenia d. scheuermann's disease

C

a functional unit of the spine is called the a. intervertebral disk b. ligamentum nuchae c. motion segment d. vertebrae

C

an acute process in which the nucleus pulposus herniates through the posterior annulus, resulting in signs and symptoms of cord or nerve root compression is termed a. spinal stenosis b. scheuermann disease c. soft-disk disease d. hard-disk disease

C

during a brachial plexus injury, muscular weakness is evident in the a. internal rotators and deltoid b. external rotators and deltoid c. external rotators, deltoid, and biceps brachii d. internal rotators, deltoid, and biceps brachii

C

the focus of a rehab program following spondylolithesis should be a. flexibility of the quads and glute muscles; strengthening of the abdomen b. flexibility of the quads and glute muscles; strengthening of the back c. flexibility of the hamstrings and glute muscles; strengthening of the abdomen and back extensors d. flexibility of the hamstrings and glute muscles; strengthening of the back extensors

C

the myotome for C5 is a. lateral neck flexion b. shoulder elevation c. shoulder abduction d. biceps flexion, wrist extension

C

which of the following signs and symptoms is not related to neurological deficits or damage? a. radiating pain b. loss of bladder control c. referred pain d. weakness in myotomes

C

compression loads on the lumbar spine are greatest during a. walking b. back hyperextension c. trunk flexion d. sitting in a slouched position

D

the most common mechanism of injury for a cervical fracture is a. a lateral blow causing rapid lateral flexion of the neck b. a violent muscle contraction c. forceful hyperextension d. axial loading and violent neck flexion

D

which of the following is not a characteristic of facet joint pathology? a. non-specific low back pain of a deep and achey quality b. visible flattening of lumbar lordosis c. pain that radiates into the posterior thigh d. pain that radiates into the posterior lower leg

D

which of the following signs or symptoms would NOT indicate a cervical spinal injury? a. muscular weakness in extremities b. absent or weak reflexes c. sensory changes in the upper clavicular area d. positive babinski test result

D

the lumbar region permits the largest cumulative range of motion in flexion/extension with 46 degrees compared with 16 degrees in the thoracic region

FALSE --- bc the lumbar region is 83 degree

if the sciatic nerve is compressed by the piriformis muscle, pain increases during external rotation of the thigh

FALSE --- internal rotation

the most common clinical sign associated with lordosis is a tendency to lean forward when walking or standing

FALSE -- clinical sign of flatback NOT lordosis

scoliosis can be directly linked to overdevelopment of muscles on the dominant side of the thorax or to a leg length discrepancy

FALSE -- most cases are idiopathic

an extruded disc is associated with a definite deformity produced by the eccentric nucleus as it works its way through the fibers of the annulus

FALSE -- prolapsed disc not annulus

most of the axial compression load on the spine is borne by the facet joints

FALSE -- vertebral bodies and discs NOT facet joints

sciatica with hard signs is characterized by some sensory changes, mild or no reflex change, normal muscle strength, and normal bowel and bladder function

FALSE --- sciatica with soft signs

the most commonly herniated disks are the lower two lumbar disks with ruptures occurring on the anterior or anterolateral aspect of the disk

FALSE --- should be posterior/posterolateral aspect

T/F a cervical sprain has the same mechanism of injury as a cervical strain, but the action is more violent in nature for the sprain

TRUE

T/F axial compression loading has been identified as the leading mechanism of injury for severe cervical spine injuries

TRUE

T/F because the intervertebral disks are avascular, they rely on changes in posture and body position to produce a pumping action to bring in nutrients

TRUE

T/F fractures and dislocations commonly occur at the 4th, 5th, and 6th, cervical vertebrae

TRUE

T/F in a brachial plexus injury, pain is usually transient and resolves itself within 5-10 minutes

TRUE

T/F the spinal nerve is composed of 2 roots. one root is responsible for motor function; the other root is responsible for sensory function

TRUE

a potential sign of sciatica due to disc herniation is pain that increases with forward sitting, coughing, and sneezing.

TRUE

an abnormal pelvic tilt and rotation of the hip secondary to tight hamstrings, hip rotators, and quadratus may be evidence with facet joint pathology

TRUE

an individual with lumbar spinal stenosis develops back and leg pain after walking a limited distance, which alongside increases as distance increases

TRUE

because the intervertebral discs are avascular, they rely on changes in posture and body position, to produce a pumping action to bring in nutrients.

TRUE

because the spinal cord ends at about the L1 or L2 level, fractures of the lumbar vertebrae below this point do not pose a serious threat, but should be handled with care to minimize potential nerve damage to the cauda equina

TRUE

during the straight leg raising test, pain that occurs opposite the leg lifted indicates a herniated disc

TRUE

lifting with the trunk erect minimized the tension requirement for muscles of the lumbar spine

TRUE

low back pain is common in runners who have muscle tightness in the hip flexors and hamstrings

TRUE

repeated, extreme lumbar hyperextension is associated with increased risk of a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis region of the spine

TRUE

sprains of the SI joint may result from excessive side to side or up and down motion during running

TRUE

the lumbar plexus is formed by the T12-L5 nerve roots

TRUE

the pirisformis and quadratus lumborum are common trigger point sights associated with extended sitting, standing, running, and walking activities

TRUE

the sciatic nerve can be palpated midway between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter

TRUE

treatment for coccygeal pain includes analgesics use of padding for protection, and a ring seat to alleviate compression during sitting

TRUE

T/F a cervical fracture or dislocation automatically produces signs of a serious neck injury, namely, sensory, or motor problems.

FALSE

T/F a cervical sprain usually involves the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius

FALSE

T/F cervical fractures occur more frequently than cervical dislocations

FALSE

a bony defect in spondylolysis tend to occur before age 8, yet often does not produce symptoms until ages 10-15

TRUE