Primer Day 8 - Bio - 11/12

What is there evidence the Homo neanderthalensis did with their dead (2)? Had any other primate or earlier human species ever practiced this?

1. Deliberately buried them 2. Marked their graves with offerings, such as flowers No

What were the three places where Homo heidelbergensis lived?

1. Europe 2. Asia (China) 3. Eastern and southern Africa

Where did Homo neanderthalensis live? (2) When?

1. Europe 2. Southwestern to Central Asia 400,000 to 40,000 years ago

Like other early humans that were living at this time, what two behaviors did they perform when first evolving in Africa?

1. Gathered/hunted food 2. Evolved behaviors that helped them respond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments

What two characteristics do modern humans show much less of (if any)? What are our jaws like? Our teeth?

1. Heavy brow ridges 2. Prognathism Less heavily developed Smaller

At the beginning of its time range, around 1.9 Mya, what did H. erectus coexist in East Africa with (3)? Where there they even found?

1. Homo rudolfensis 2. Homo habilis 3. Paranthropus boisei At the same fossil sites

At the end of its time range, 143,000 years ago, what did H. erectus coexist with in Indonesia? (2)

1. Homo sapiens 2. Homo floresiensis

What two activities did Neanderthals use fools for? What did left-arm symmetry indicate they hunted with?

1. Hunting 2. Sewing Thrusting spears that allowed them to kill large animals from a safe distance

What is it likely that distinct populations of Homo erectus sensu lato led to the emergence of? (2)

1. Later hominin species (such as Homo heidelbergensis) 2. Our own species, Homosapiens

What are seven lifestyle characteristics of Homo neanderthalensis?

1. Made and used a diverse set of sophisticated tools 2. Controlled fire 3. Lived in shelters 4. Made and wore clothing 5. Were skilled hunters of large animals 6. Also ate plant foods 7. Occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects

Where did Homo Erectus live (3)?

1. Northern, Eastern and Southern Africa 2. Western Asia 3. Eastern Asia

What did Homo heidelbergensis live at the time of (2)? What was it the first early human species to do regarding food?

1. Oldest definite control of fire 2. Oldest use of wooden spears Routinely hunt large animals

What two tools have scientists recovered that are associated with animal bones at Neanderthal sites?

1. Scraper 2. Awls

What two pieces of evidence of Neanderthal hunting do scientists have?

1. Sharp wooden spears 2. Large number of big game animal remains

What three physical characteristics did Homo heidelbergensis have?

1. Very large browridge 2. Larger braincase 3. Flatter face

How many years may Homo heidelbergensis reach back? What may it include early humans from (3)?

1.3 million 1. Spain 2. England 3. Italy

Based on evidence from fossils and DNA, when did our species evolve? Where?

150,000 to 200,000 years ago Africa

When did both the African and European Homo sapien species move from Siberia into the New World?

20,000 years ago

Where does evidence that Homo heidelbergensis was the first hunter of large game animals also come from? What was this found together with (2)?

400,000 year old wooden spears found at the site of Schöingen, Germany 1. Stone tools 2. Remains of more than 20 butchered horses

When did Homo heidelbergensis live?

700,000 to 200,000 years ago

What do both fossil and genetic evidence indicate that Neanderthas and Homo Sapiens evolved from? When? What do both belong to? What did they both inhabit? For how long?

A common ancestor 500,000 to 200,000 years ago The same genus (Homo) The same geographic areas in Asia 30,000 to 50,000 years

What does a comparison of Neanderthal and modern human DNA suggest that the two lineages diverged from? When? What did the European branch lead to? The African branch?

A common ancestor, most likely Homo heidelbergensis 350,000 to 400,000 years ago H. neanderthalensis H. sapiens

What does one site in Atapuerca, northern Spain, dating to about 400,000 years ago show evidence of? What have scientists found thrown inside a pit? What was this put been named?

A human ritual Bones of 30 Homo heidelbergensis individuals Sima de los Huesos

What do isotopic chemical analyses of Neanderthal bones also tell scientists the average Neanderthal's diet consisted of? What have scientists found on the remains of molar teeth? What is this concrete evidence of?

A lot of meat Plaque containing starch grains Neanderthals ate plants

Because all of our mitochondria came from our mother's egg, what is mt DNA inherited as?

A single lineage through the female line

What are Y chromosomes inherited as? What is this similar to?

A single lineage through the male line How mtDNA is inherited a a single lineage through the female line

Along the skeletal remains in Sima de los Huesos, what did scientists also uncover? What does this illustrate?

A single well-made symmetrical handaxe The tool making ability of Homo heidelbergensis

How does the Mousterian tool industry differ from Homo erectus' Acheulean tradition?

Acheulan tools worked from a suitable stone that was chipped down to tool form by the removal of flakes off the surface

Beginning in 1.6 MYA, where did hominids expand out of? In what?

Africa A series of waves

Where did Homo sapiens initially expand through? When did an expansion into the Levant end?

Africa About 90,000 years ago

Where did early Homo Erectus evolve? Where did they spread?

Africa Asia

Where did Homo Sapiens evolve? Now where do they live? When did they live?

Africa Worldwide 300,000 years ago to present

What are mitochondria actually the descendants of?

Bacteria picked up as symbionts by our single-celled ancestors at least a billion years ago

What would a Neanderthal have used a scraper to do?

Clean the animal hide

What were Neanderthals the first humans to wear? What have scientists found evidence of the manufacture and use of? To do what?

Clothing Bone sewing needles To sew together tighter fitting clothes

In mammals, what do males carry regarding chromosomes? Females?

One X and one Y Two Xs

When have Neanderthals and modern humans had little direct interaction for tens of thousands of year until when? What did modern humans do?

One very cold period Spread across Europe

What is the Mousterian stone tool industry of Neanderthals characterized by? What does this innovative technique allow to happen to flakes of predetermined shape (2)?

Sophisticated flake tools that were detached from a prepared stone core 1. Removed 2. Fashioned into tools from a single suitable stone

What do some scientists distinguish between? What do other do? What is this group called?

The African (Homo ergaster) and the Asian (Homo erectus sensu stricto) fossils of this taxon Lump them together Homo erectus sensu lato

Anatomically, what can modern humans generally be characterized by? What are modern humans' brains' like? What does it vary in size with (2)? What is the average size?

The lighter build of their skeletons Very large Population and sex 1300 cubic centimeters

Compared to early humans living in tropical Africa with more abundant edible plant foods available year round, what was the food of Neanderthals like? What did this force Neanderthals to exploit?

The number of plant foods Neanderthals could eat dropped significantly during the winter of colder climates Other foods options, such as meat

What does housing this big of a brain involve the reorganization of? Into what?

The skull A "modern" thin-walled, high vaulted skull with a flat and near vertical forehead

Later, about 60,000 years ago, where did African Homo sapien species spread? Where did members of this same group move?

Into Asia Into Europe

What does Homo erectus descend from? What is a specific example? What did this species represent?

An earlier species of Homo Homo habilis One of the widest dispersals of early humans in our evolutionary history

When did Homo Erectus live?

Between 1.89 million and 143,000 years ago

Over just a few thousand years after modern humans moved into Europe, what happened to Neanderthal numbers? When did all traces of them disappear? Where do the most recently dated Neanderthal fossils come from? What is likely the location of?

Dwindled to the point of extinction About 400,000 years ago Western Europe Where the last population of this early human species existed

What may have modern humans' presence in Europe prevented Neanderthals from doing? What may modern humans served as a catalyst for?

Expanding back into areas they once favored The Neanderthal's impending extinction

What is there evidence that Homo heidelbergensis was capable of controlling? How? In the form of what? Where? What did social groups probably gather around these to do? (3)

Fire By building hearths (early fireplaces) In the form of fire-altered tools and burnt wood Gesher Benot Ya-aqov in Isreal 1. Share food 2. Keep warm 3. Ward off predators

What do Neanderthal bones have a high frequency of? What are these injuries similar to?

Fractures Injuries among pro rodeo riders who regularly interact with large, dangerous animals

What did fossil evidence suggest what the first species to leave Africa? What two places did it spread to?

Homo erectus 1. Asia 2. Europe

What do many researchers believe expanded out of Africa 600,000 years ago? What did the European descendants of this species evolve into?

Homo heidelbergensis Neanderthals

What are our closest extinct human relative? What are three features of their skulls?

Homo neanderthalensis 1. Large middle part of the face 2. Angled cheek bones 3. A huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air

Since Homo erectus persisted in east Asia until 50,000 years ago and Homo neanderthalensis persisted in Europe unti 28,000 years ago, what did both species coexist with on the plant for a long period?

Homo sapiens

What is the African Homo heidelbergensis believed to have given rise to? When?

Homo sapiens 150,000 to 200,000 years ago

What was Homo heidelbergensis the first hunter of? What have been found together at sites with Homo heidelbergensis fossils?

Large game animals The remains of animals with butchery marks on their bones

What is an awl? What would a Neanderthal have used an awl to do? What would a Neanderthal have used strips of animal tissue to do?

Large stone or bone versions of the sewing needle Poke holes in the animal hide Lace together a loose-fitting garment

What was Homo heidelbergensis the first early human species to do? How could it do this?

Live in colder climates Their short, wide bodies were likely an adaptation to conserving heat

What is there evidence that Homo neanderthalensis exploited in Gibraltar? What are four specific examples?

Marine resources 1. Mollusks 2. Seals 3. Dolphins 4. Fish

What is there evidence the Neanderthals were specialized in? What did they eat?

Seasonal hunting Animals that were available at the time

What was Homo heidelbergensis the first species to build? How?

Shelters Creating simple dwelling out of wood and rock

How did the bodies of Homo neanderthalensis compare to ours? What is this another adaptation to? How did their brains compare to ours? What is this proportional to?

Shorter and stockier Living in cold environments Just as large as ours and often larger Their brawnier bodies

Although Homo heidelbergensis took advantage of natural shelters, what was this species also the first to build? Where does evidence of this come from?

Simple shelters The site of Terra Amata, France

What is mitochondrial DNA?

Small, circular DNA molecule found in the mitochondria of our cells

What does the evidence of mitochondria's bacterial origin include? What is this structure like? Unlike?

The DNA molecule A small circle chromosome, like that of bacteria The much larger linear chromosomes in our nuclei

What is one of the exciting new areas of human origins research? How was this created?

The Neanderthal Genome Project DNA has been recovered from more than a dozen Neanderthal fossils

What is the sex determining chromosome? If you get a Y from your father, what are you? An X from your father? What do you always get from your mother?

The Y chromosome Male Female An X chromosome

What does genetic evidence indicate about Homo neanderthalensis? Despite interbreeding with who?

They are separate branches of the human family tree Non-African modern humans

What is a probable reason why the Neanderthal fossil record is so rich compared to some early human species?

They deliberately buried their dead and being buried greatly increased the chance of becoming a fossil