Principals of Sociology Ch. 5 - 8

The _______________ census was the first census in U.S. history that allowed people to claim more than one official racial category.

2000

_________ is/are a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without.

Absolute poverty

Under the U.S. system of racial classification, people with ancestors from Kazakhstan and Vietnam are expected to identify themselves as

Asian

Which one of the following groups has the best chance of living a long life in the United States?

Asian females

__________ ask "What can be done to make trouble, to produce and sustain bewilderment and confusion?"

Ethnomethodologists

_____________ constitute what sociologist Ashley Doane terms a dominant ethnic group in the United States.

European Americans

Which one of the following is not one of the six official racial categories in the United States?

Hispanic

In explaining social inequality, functionalists ask which one of the following questions?

How does society use inequality to affect social interaction?

________ described financial speculation as the "the plague of society."

Karl Marx

The writings of ____________ and ____________ represent "two of the most important traditions of class analysis in sociological theory."​

Karl Marx; Max Weber

"The whole conception of ethnic groups is so complex and so vague that it might be good to abandon it all together." These words of advice are from which one of the following sociologists?

Max Weber

Which one of the following statements about minority status is false?

Minority status is a sociological term that applies exclusively to racial and ethnic groups.

Race cannot be a biological fact. This conclusion is supported by which one of the following statements?

Parents considered different racial categories can produce offspring.

Which one of the following statements is most closely associated with differential association theory?

People learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities.

Which one of the following is true about reference groups?

People use the standards of a reference group to evaluate themselves.

"The Functions of Poverty" helps us to understand which one of the following ideas?

Poverty contributes to the stability of the overall system.

_____________ is defined as ideas people hold in common about race that are believed to be so obvious that their validity need not be questioned.

Racial common sense

Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick testified that when at the Abu Ghraib prison, "I questioned some of the things that I saw... such as leaving inmates in their cells with no clothes or in female underpants — and the answer I got was, 'This is how military intelligence wants it done.'" The dynamics Frederick described best correspond with

Stanley Milgram's Obediance to Authority

___________ seek to understand the experience of inequality - how it is communicated and how that inequality is conveyed.

Symbolic interactionists

Which one of the following applies to groupthink?

The group gives no thought to a contingency plan.

Which of the following is not among the economic transformations that have occurred since the 1970s?

The migration of people from suburbs to rural communities.

_______________ are mental frameworks that allow people to anticipate what will occur in social encounters and to make broad simplistic generalizations.

Typificatory schemes

Vietnam is a land of motorbikes. This mode of transportation is dominant, because

Vietnam places high tariffs on imported cars and trucks.

Under which circumstance does the presence of an outgroup unify an ingroup and create an us-versus-them dynamic?

When the ingroup perceives an outgroup as a threat

Jane realizes that her salary ($10.00 per hour) is significantly less than her two colleagues doing the same job. Those friends constitute

a comparison reference group.

Historically Brazil has conceptualized race as

a continuum of color

The panopticon is a metaphor for

a disciplinary society

A self-fulfilling prophecy begins with

a false definition of a situation

Brazil's system of racial classification is undergoing change -moving to a categorical system after supporting multiracial identities for hundreds of years. The change is an attempt to

acknowledge and remedy discrimination against those with the darkest skin shades.

An achieved status is an attribute that people

acquire through some combination of choice, effort, and ability.

Intersectionality is a concept that considers interconnections

among race, class, gender, and other socially constructed categories.

The fact that there are no sharp dividing lines specifying the physical boundaries that distinguish one race from another suggests that race is

an illusion

Structural strain induces a state of culture chaos known as

anomie

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers, he found that teenagers were recruited because

as minors they could not be sent to prison

When speaking to a group of college students, a politician mentions her efforts to increase access to college loans and grants. In this case students are the

audience reference group

Group think is likely to occur when people in a group with decision-making power

believe in the absolute rightness of their cause.

Which one of the following groups has the greatest likelihood of going to prison?

black males

For which one of the following official racial categories does the U.S. definition omit the words original peoples?

black or African-American

In the back stage, people

can let their guard down.

A __________ is a social arrangement in which society largely abandons physical and public punishment and replaces it with surveillance.

carceral culture

A person's ascribed statuses are the result of

chance

A student earns a 68 on a chemistry test and feels terrible until he learns that the class average was a 48. In this case the class is a(an)

comparison reference group

Which one of the four sociological perspectives alerts us to the way language can be used to camouflage exploitation?​

conflict

Each of us derives varying amounts of penalty and privilege from the multiple systems of oppression that frame our lives. Here "penalty" means

constraints on opportunities and choices.

On the 2000 census, for the first time in the history of the United States, people

could identify themselves as belonging to more than one official racial category.

_________ is a behavior that violates a law.

crime

The normalization of a dominant ethnic culture promotes the belief that those in the dominant ethnicity are

cultureless

From a sociological point of view, deviance is any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it

departs from the norms and expectations of some group.

From a dramaturgical perspective, the presentation of self

depends on a supporting cast.

Durkheim argued that, even among groups considered exemplary, some seemingly insignificant act or appearance will be treated as deviant,. This argument explains why Durkheim believed that

deviance is present in all societies.

Stigmas are ____________ because they break the claims of all other attributes a person possesses.​

discrediting

Ethnomethodologists insist that the only way to really penetrate reality is to

disrupt it

In the United States, the official definition of Hispanic

divides the U.S. population into two ethnic categories: Hispanic and non-Hispanic.

Javier suppresses feelings of envy at an award ceremony upon losing and makes himself walk over to congratulate the winner. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild called this

emotion work

Phrases like "I psyched myself up," "I tried hard not to feel disappointed," and "I let myself feel sad" get at the effort involved in

emotion work

From a functionalist perspective, social inequality

ensures that the best-qualified people will fill the most demanding positions.

In the United States Hispanic and non-Hispanic are the two official _____________ categories.

ethnic

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild makes the case that _________ are under the most pressure to manage their emotions on the job.

females

Class systems of stratification are characterized as

fluid.

Once racial labels and categories are in place it is easy to reify them. Reify means to

forget that they were made up.

The __________ is the region visible to an "audience" where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways.

front stage

A group distinguishes itself through symbolic or physical boundaries. An example of a physical boundary is a

gate or fence

For someone to embezzle money, another person has to have entrusted a would-be embezzler with a large sum of money. This fact speaks to dynamics underlying

illegitimate opportunity structure

The position of pharmacist offers the opportunity to steal prescription drugs. This possibility speaks to

illegitimate opportunity structure

A woman discloses that "no one knows I have a husband." To pull this "reality" off, that woman has to engage in

impression management

When taken together, the interlocking categories people occupy "cultivate profound differences in our personal biography" and in our experiences with others as we move through the world. This statement applies to

intersectionality

Intragenerational mobility is mobility that

is upward or downward over the course of a person's life.

To call an addiction a moral problem is to locate its cause in the goodness or badness of human action and to suggest that a solution depends on changing evil ways. To call it a medical problem is to locate its cause in the biological workings of the mind or body and to suggest that a solution rests with a drug, a vaccine, or surgery. This contrast in viewpoint suggests

labels are important because they tend to evoke a particular cause and a particular solution.

The term ________ applies to everything from the chance to stay alive during the first year of life to the chance to complete college.

life chances

​Compared to 2008 Americans are significantly more likely to identify as

lower or lower middle class.

Most Brazilians see themselves as

multiracial

According to racial formation theory, for race to exist in its present form, people

must learn to see race.

Under the new racial policy in Brazil, applicants who apply to public universities must apply as

one of two racial categories - Negro or Blanco.

When the U.S. government lumped all who come from Central and South American countries as one broad category called Hispanic it created what sociologists call a _____________ category.

panethnic

The ___________ was designed to create inmates who disciplined themselves.

panopticon

Stanley Milgram's study on obedience to authority offers insights as to how

people in positions of authority manage to get others to accept their definitions of deviance.

A _____________ is a special or unearned advantage.

privilege

From a functionalist perspective laws exist to ​

protect society

__________ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders.

pure deviants

A U.S. Bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 50 percent of violent crimes go unreported. This fact suggests that there are large numbers of __________ in U.S. society.

secret deviants

__________________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed.

secret deviants

The statement "If people define their situations as real, they are, in fact, real in their consequences" best describes the

self-fulfilling prophecy

The compensation guidelines for the September 11, 2001 attacks assigned least value to which category?

single, childless persons age 65 and older with an annual income of $10,000

Don does poorly on a test. He attributes his failure to his heavy work schedule. Don's explanation emphasizes

situational factors

The systemic process by which people are categorized and ranked on a scale of social worth is

social stratification

The only characteristic common to all forms of deviance is the fact that

some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant.

For Marx, the key variable in determining social class is

source of income

The visible markers of economic position and social rank are considered

status symbols

Electronic monitoring is an example of

surveillance

In thinking about language, the ______________ perspective is the perspective most likely to place emphasis on people as active agents in using language to challenge meaning. ​

symbolic interactionist

The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on

the context

Impression management is a concept that is part of

the dramaturgical model.

Income inequality is least pronounced in Japan. This relative equality is reflected in

the relatively low salaries of CEOs who run the largest 100 corporations.

Ethnomethodology focuses on

the ways in which people work to uphold social order.

Goffman uses the analogy of _________ to describe the work of impression management.

theatre

Brazilian public universities have instituted affirmative action policies that now require applicants to identify with one of two racial categories—white or black ("Negro"). This system of racial classification is being pushed by

those in Brazil's consciousness movement

For the UN Millennium Declaration to be successful the world's richest countries must agree

to make foreign aid .7 percent of GDP.

Children learn the codes of society from those around them.

true

According to the U.S. system of racial classification, people of Middle Eastern and Arab ancestries are classified as

white

In the case of ________, offenders occupy positions in the organization that permit them to carry out illegal activities discreetly.

white-collar crime