pro

According to the _____, after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes.

James-Lange theory

Monica has had a very emotionally draining day, but she cannot really describe her emotions. After taking a quiet moment to herself, she starts to cry and after observing this bodily reaction, she realizes that she must be sad. This example of emotional recognition is most consistent with the

James-Lange theory of emotion.

Which of the following statements about gender differences in sexual attitudes and behavior is FALSE?

Men show more changes in their sexual patterns and desires over their lifetime than women do.

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?

No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal.

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government, and a polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he isn't. Tom's friend Cameron assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is Cameron right?

No; heart rate and breathing can increase for reasons other than lying and this effect can make it difficult to interpret the physiological indicators of arousal.

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

Which of the following is a problem associated with using polygraph results as an indicator of whether or not a person is lying?

Presence of drugs in the body influences the accuracy of the polygraph.

At age 33, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects

competence.

In the context of emotion, thinking about being in love with someone is an example of

conscious experience.

A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.

drive

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

drive.

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state.

drive/need

Motivated behavior is

energized, directed, and sustained.

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

esteem

Ethology describes motivation from a(n)

evolutionary perspective.

The beginning of the process of erotic responsiveness occurs during the _____ of the human sexual-response pattern.

excitement phase

What is the correct order of the human sexual-response pattern?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person wil

experience physical and emotional reactions simultaneously.

Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating _____ motivation

extrinsic

When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of

extrinsic motivation.

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of

motivation.

A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.

need

You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will produce a(n) _____ for water, which will lead to a(n) _____ to get water.

need; drive; motivation

The _____ calms the body

parasympathetic nervous system

A major criticism of drive reduction theory is that

people often behave in ways that increase drives.

According to Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors. They are

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?

physiological needs

Males experience a refractory period during the _____ phase of the human sexual-response pattern.

resolution

Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?

reward

Identify the true statement about cholecystokinin (CCK).

It typically signals a person to stop eating.

According to the _____, emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Cannon-Bard theory

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

It prepares the individual for fighting or running away.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

causes rapid breathing.

Professor Miguel surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation?

"I'm in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."

According to research on the human sexual-response pattern, orgasm lasts for about _____.

3 to 15 seconds

The _____ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.

A. ventromedial hypothalamus

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?

An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied.

Jacob notices a snake slithering up the river bank while he is fishing. The thalamus of Jacob's brain immediately stimulates his autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, increases the rate of his breathing and heartbeat. At the same time, Jacob's brain sends signals to his cerebral cortex which causes Jacob to perceive the emotional experience of fear. Consequently, Jacob experiences both fear and the physiological changes in his body at the same time. This scenario complies with the

Cannon-Bard theory

Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking. What does this mean?

Cognitive activity is a precondition for emotion.

Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?

Drives do not always follow from needs.

_____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. _____ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males.

Estrogens/Androgens

Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally, and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough and that he wanted to quit. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?

Extrinsic motivation has replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play basketball.

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better?

Georgia is most likely to perform better.

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

In the context of human sexual-response pattern, which of the following is true of the resolution phase?

In this phase, males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.

_____ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas _____ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence.

Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures

Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?

Instincts are learned behavioral responses.

Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.

Identify the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

It aids in relaxing and healing the body.

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store. Upon meeting his monthly sales target, he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management. Despite the recognition, Jared is not very happy. He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

Safety needs

Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?

The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions

Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?

The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.

Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?

When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.

Jenna is a talented singer. Her singing is commendable when she is well rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group. In such situations, she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed. However, when Jenna's friends are around, she gets overly aroused and anxious. In such situations, she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes. Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance?

Yerkes-Dodson law

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the

Yerkes-Dodson law.

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity. She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control. Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

Yes, leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss.

According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible

after needs relating to esteem, safety, physiology, and love have been met.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness

after our basic physiological and safety needs are met.

When individuals engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid a punishment, they

are extrinsically motivated.

When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they

are intrinsically motivated.

When the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is activated

blood pressure drops.

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?

financial insecurity

Soon after a car accident, Sally was rushed to the hospital. The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident. In the context of the biology of hunger, the doctor should expect that Sally will

gain weight rapidly.

Danielle is a woman of normal weight, whereas Ron is an obese man. Whenever they go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that

he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled

A person's daily mood gives him feedback on the effectiveness of his self-regulation. This means that

he will feel good or bad depending on how he is doing in the areas of life he values.

According to drive reduction theory, the goal of drive reduction is

homeostasis.

As a person exercises, the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop. Hence, the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells. This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore

homeostasis.

Dan walks out of an air-conditioned room into the heat of a summer day, and after sometime his body releases excess heat by sweating. This is due to the body's tendency to maintain

homeostasis.

The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as

homeostasis.

From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of

humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.

Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the

hypothalamus.

Which of the following plays an important role in glucose control?

insulin

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of

intrinsic motivation.

Courtney reads psychology books because these subjects fascinate her. She really enjoys learning about new approaches to psychology. Courtney is being driven by

intrinsic motivation.

When a corporate employee takes up art out of self-interest and derives huge satisfaction while making a work of art, the corporate employee is most likely stimulated by

intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?

james-Lange theory

The _____ is involved in stimulating eating.

lateral hypothalamus

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea. Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches," she drives right in and orders a sweet tea. This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

learned associations

In humans, _____ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.

leptin

The chemical substance _____, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.

leptin

Which of the following chemical substances plays an important role in the state of feeling full?

leptin

Don places a great deal of value on money, prestige, and his physical appearance. According to your textbook, compared to someone who values the organismic needs, Don will be more likely to experience

lowered self-actualization and physical illness.

According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States

marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior.

Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, the couple will

run and experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

safety

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to

satisfy his physiological needs.

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is

self-actualization.

According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves

self-efficacy and mastery.

Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of

self-regulation.

An individual's _____ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

sexual orientation

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in

sorrow because you are crying.

Which of the following brain structures plays a central role in the experience of fear?

the amygdala

Self-efficacy refers to

the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task.

If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates

the effect of learned associations on eating behavior.

Relatedness refers to

the need to engage in warm relations with other people.

Autonomy refers to

the sense that one is in control of one's own life.

After Bungee jumping, David's nervous system signals the production of large amounts of epinephrine which causes high arousal. During this time, he notices a beautiful woman and cognitively interprets his excitement as attraction toward the woman. This exemplifies the concept of the

two-factor theory.

When Cannon and Washburn measured stomach contractions with a balloon, they found that

when subjects report hunger, their stomach is contracting.