Problem Set 2

Why are Tanya's cells starved for sugar (glucose) if there is so much glucose in the blood?

Tanya's cells don't recognize the messages telling them to let the glucose inside

What is the primary role of G protein in the cell?

The G protein aids in the activation of a second messenger.

Lisa is most likely suffering from hyperactivity in

The sympathetic division of her ANS

Which type of hormone is associated with an increase in ATP production?

Thyroid hormones

All of Mary's symptoms were related to cranial nerve functions associated with the head and neck region. Which is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen?

X (vagus)

As part of the neurological exam, the physician placed her hands on the side of Mary's head and asked her to rotate her head against resistance. The neurologist then pressed down on Mary's shoulders while Mary was asked to shrug. Which of Mary's cranial nerves is being evaluated with this exam?

XI (accessory)

Mary has experienced symptoms and effects associated with many parts of the human nervous system. Which of the following parts of her nervous system DOES NOT appear to show any effects?

autonomic nervous system (ANS) within the motor division

Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasma membrane is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by

facilitated diffusion.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur?

feeling of euphoria and increased energy

Which of the following correctly pairs the peripheral nerve with its nerve plexus?

fibular (peroneal) nerve ( sacral plexus

Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show?

high thyroid hormone, high TSH

If the doctor prescribed a different drug that blocked all alpha receptors, what additional side effect might Lisa experience?

increased digestive activity

The type of receptor activated in Sarah's skin to initiate the sensation of pain is a _______.

nociceceptor

Which of the following cell types are responsible for the improvement that you see in Mary's MRI following one of her episodes?

oligodendrocytes

Based on the anatomical location of the blisters, which of Sarah's peripheral nerves is affected by this disease process?

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

The virus causing Sarah's health problems lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglion of cranial and spinal nerves. What cellular structure of the neuron would be found in the ganglion?

soma (cell body)

What type of interneuron is receiving the feeling of paresthesia from Sarah's thigh?

somatic sensory

The diagram shows the steps in the homeostasis pathway that occur when blood glucose levels fall. Low blood glucose

stimulus: low blood glucose endocrine cells: cells in pancreas hormone: glucagon target cells: liver cells response: glycogen breakdown; glucose released into blood

What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista's neck?

t is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive.

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid?

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH?

TSH will increase.

The items below indicate characteristic steps involved in each of the three main types of hormone-cell interaction. Place each label into the appropriate bin. Each label will be used only once.

Catecholamines: -diagram that has hormone attached to protein receptor & g protein is activated -cAMP < ATP -calmodulin Ca2+ Steroid hormones: -binding of hormone to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors -diffusion through membrane lipids Thyroid hormones: -picture of receptor attached to a thing that looks like a bandaid -increased ATP production -transport across plasma membrane

What other symptom is Tanya likely experiencing as a result of diabetes that accounts for her high level of thirst?

Increased urination

Which side effect below is most likely to result when taking Prazosin?

Low heart rate

Which of the following is the best evidence that Tanya has Type 2 (not Type 1) diabetes mellitus?

She is 50-years old and out of shape

Why is the plasma membrane a barrier for thyroid hormone to enter a cell, but steroid hormones pass through easily?

Steroid hormones are hydrophobic and can pass through the lipid bilayer.

Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______.

a decrease in TSH levels

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Where is the thyroid gland located?

adjacent to the trachea in the neck

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

beta-1 adrenergic

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose

In which region of the brain do cranial nerves III-X originate?

brain stem

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

dilate the right pupil.