Problem Solving and Programming Concepts

Mathematical Operator.

1. + (Addition). 2. - (Subtraction). 3. * (Multiplication). 4. / (Division). 5. \ (Integer division). 6. MOD (Modulo division). 7. ^ (Power).

Relational Operator.

1. = (Equal to). 2. < (Less than). 3. > (Grater than). 4. <= (Less or equal to). 5. >= (Grater or equal to). 6. <> (Not equal to).

Software developing cycle steps.

1. Analysis of the problem. 2. Design of the solution. 3. Development of the solution. 4. Implementation of the solution. 5. Maintenance and review of the solution.

Flow chart symbols

1. Arrows (Shows the flow of the program). 2. Ovals (End and start of the program). 3. Rectangle (Processing such as calculations, etc). 4. Parallelogram (Input of data and output from the computer memory). 5. Diamond (indicates a decision, like true or false) 6. Rectangle with lines (process of modules read, calc, print) 7. Polygon (loop with a counter) 8. Connectors (Flowchart connectors like circle sections of the same page. Home base connects pages)

Name the 3 kinds of problems that are generally solved on computer?

1. Computational. 2. Logical. 3. Repetitive.

Other type of data.

1. Date data type. 2. User defined data type.

What are the 6 steps of problem solving?

1. Identify the problem. 2. Understand the problem. 3. Identify alternative ways to solve the problem. 4. Select the best way to solve the problem from the list of alternative solutions. 5. List instructions that enable you to solve the problem, using the selected solution. 6. evaluate the solution.

The IPO chart contains.

1. Input. 2. Processing. 3. Module reference. 4. Output.

Types of Operator.

1. Mathematical. 2. Relational. 3. Logical.

Types of functions.

1. Mathematical. Calculates square roots, absolute values or random numbers. 2. String functions. Manipulates string variables like copy strings to another variable, find length or number of characters, etc. 3. Conversion functions. Convert data from one data type to another. 4. Statistical functions. Calculates things such as max, min and so forth. 5. Utility functions. This class is for business programming.

Logical Operator.

1. NOT True = FALSE 2. True AND True = TRUE 3. True or False = TRUE

Rules to naming a variable

1. Name a variable according to what it represents. 2. Do not use spaces in a variable name. 3. Start a variable name with a letter. 4. Do not use dash or any other symbol that represents a mathematical operator. 5. After using a variable name that represents a specific data item, you can't change it. 6. Be consistent when using upper or lower cases. 7. use the naming convention specified by your company.

Data types.

1. Numeric. 2. Character. 3. Logical.

Types of files.

1. Program files. Instructions to tell the computer what to do. 2. Data files. Data required to execute the program files.

Rules for data type.

1. The data will most commonly be logical, numerical or character (including string). 2. The programmer designates the data type. the computer will associate variable names with assiganated data type. 3. Data type cannot be mixed. 4. Each of the data type uses what is called a data set. 5. Any numeric item that must be used in calculations resulting in numeric results, must be designated as numeric data type. All other numbers should be used as characters.

Analyzing the problem.

1. The given data. 2. The required results. 3. The processing that is required in the problem. 4. A list of solution alternatives.

Types of case diagrams.

1. Use case diagram. 2. Class diagrams. 3. Sequence diagrams. 4.State chart diagrams. 5. Activity diagrams.

Rules for Drawing a flowchart.

1. Write the instructions inside the blocks. 2. Annotated flowchart. 3. Always start at the top of the page and use connectors. 4. Use a computer program, a template or straghtedge to draw a flowchart. 5. Make block big to write instructions. 6. Put the module number and name from the interactivity chart in the upper right hand corner of the page for quick reference. 7. Have plenty of paper. 8. use a pencil with large eraser.

Why is important to maintain a naming convention within the company that is developing computer programs?

1.It helps that several programmers can work on the same project without the problem of conflicting variables and module names. 2. Allows programs to be easy to read. 3. It allows code to be easily maintained. 4. Helps the software to perform more efficient. 5. It increases

The ASCII # of characters?

256.

Problem analysis chart.

A beginning analysis of the problem.

What is an Identifier?

A variable.

String data.

All character data. two or more characters put together.

Numeric data.

All types of numbers. 1. Integers ( all numbers positive or negative that are whole) 2. Real numbers (whole numbers plus decimal numbers)

Testing a solution.

Check for an error until the program works correctly before coding the program.

Operator.

Data connectors within expressions and equations. They tell the computer how to process the data.

What is information.

Data that is returned to the user well organized processed by a program.

Data storage.

Data that is stored internally by the computer and is found by the variable names used by the program. Each variable is given a memory location and can only hold one value at the time. When the program ends all values are erased from memory.

Use case diagrams.

Describe how a system functions from user's stand of point.

Activity diagram.

Describes the flow of activities.

Statechart diagram.

Describes what happens to a given value of an object as it proceeds through the system.

Modules.

Each module should contain the task to accomplish one function. Like Entering data, printing or calculating results.

Bug.

Error.

Flowchart.

Graphic representation of the algorithms and pseudocode.

Sequence diagram.

Graphically present the interactivity between objects.

Files.

Information kept for future used and stored externally like the hard disk drive.

What is a variable?

Is a data. An specific alphabetical and/or numeric data, that its value is assigned by the computer and can be change during the process.

What is a constant?

Is a value. An specific alphabetical and/or numeric value, that never changes during the processing of all the instructions in a solution.

What is the repetitive problem?

Is the one involving repeating a set of mathematical and/or logical instructions.

What is the logical problem?

Is the one that involves logical processing that is used in a decision making on the computer.

What is the computational problem?

Is the one that involves some kind of mathematical process.

Data dictionary.

List all data variable names and their definitions.

Annotated flowchart.

Notes beside a block to help you remember things.

Operand and Resultant

Operand is the data the that the operator connects and processes. Resultant is the answer.

Hierarchy.

Order in which an operation will take place. 1. () 2. Functions. 3. Power. 4. \, MOD. 5. *, / 6. =, <, >, <=, >=, <> 7. NOT. 8. AND. 9. OR.

What is an algorithmic solution to a problem?

Problems that are solved following a series of actions.

Debugging.

Process of finding and correcting errors.

Expressions.

Processes data, the operands, through the use of operators.

Internal documentation.

Remarks written with the instructions to explain what is being done in the program.

Pseudocode.

Represents a language like solution.

Syntax.

Set of rules governing the computer OS.

IPO chart.

Shows the input, processing, output.

Coupling diagram.

Shows the relationship between the modules and the data needed for the modules.

Functions.

Small sets of instructions that perform specific tasks and return values.

What is a heuristic solution to a problem?

Solutions that can't be reached through a direct set of steps.

Equation.

Stores the resultant in a memory location in the computer through the (=) sign.

What does algorithm means?

The action steps to solve a problem.

Character data.

The alphanumeric data set. 1. Single digit numbers. 2. Letters. 3. Special characters available to the computer.

Parameter.

The data that is listed as part of the function.

What does solution means?

The instructions that must be followed to produce the best result.

What does result means?

The outcome or the completed computer-assisted answer.

Structure chart or interactivity chart..

The overall layout or structure of the solution.

Algorithms.

The sequence of instructions, comprising the solution. (Actions steps to solve a problem).

What does program means?

The set of instructions that make up the solution after they have been coded into a particular computer language.

Data set.

The set of values that are allowed in a particular data type.

Logical data

Two values in the data set. True or false, yes or no.

UML.

Unified modeling language. Diagrams that help produce a model and lead to better understanding of the requirements of the problem.

What is data?

Unorganized facts.

Concatenation.

When 2 pieces of character data are joined using the + sign to join. like 4 + 4 = 44

Coding a solution

Writing the solution of the problem into a computer language.

Class diagram.

graphically describes how a class functions, the data structure of the solution.

External documentation.

is made up for the manuals or menus written about the solution.