Prostate, Penis, & Scrotum
What is the appendix testis?
A remnant of mullerian duct and is a small ovoid structure near the head of the epididymis
An 85 year old patient presents with intermittent scrotal swelling. He states the swelling "comes and goes" On the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic finding is most suspicious for:
Scortal hernia
What is the most common malignancy of the testicles that presents itself as a germ cell tumor, hypoechoic, painless, and elevated HcG level?
Seminoma
The thickened portion of the tunica albuginea is termed the:
mediastinum testis
The scrotum is divided into two seperate compartments by the:
medium raphe
A hypervascular enlarged and hypoechoic testis is most suspicious for:
orchitis
Fever, scrotal pain, swelling, nausea, and vomiting are all symptoms of:
orchitis
Venous drainage of the scrotum occurs through the veins of _____________plexus.
pampiniform
Carcinoma of the prostate gland most commonly develops in the:
peripheral zone
What part of the prostate comprises approximately 70% of the glandular tissue?
peripheral zone
Where is the most common place for pancreatic cancer to metastasize to in the male pelvis?
peripheral zone
What is Peyronie's Disease?
plaque in the penile erectile tissues. This can be seen on ultrasound and x-ray
What is polyorchidism?
prescence of more than two testes
What is the endocrine function of the testes?
produce testosterone
The epididymis connects to the testis by which of the following structures?
rete testis
The seminiferous tubules converge at the apex of each lobule and anastomose to form the __________ in the mediastinum.
rete testis
The testes are symmetric, oval-shaped glands residing in the ___________
scrotum
What is the responsibility of the prostate gland?
secretion of alkaline fluid aiding the transportation of sperm, production of ejaculation fluid, and production of PSA
The vas deferens dilates at the terminal portion near _____________
seminal vesicle
Power doppler is often used as a way to quickly get to a sensitive setting that will demonstrate _________ flow.
slow
Which of the following structures supports the posterior border of the testis?
spermatic cord
An anechoic structure arising from the rete testes describes which of the following structures?
spermatocele
What is bell clapper?
term used to describe testicular torsion
Sudden onset of severe scrotal pain in an adolescent is most suspicious for:
testicular torsion
Twisting of the spermatic cord upon itself is a predisposing factor of which of the following abnormalities?
testicular torsion
What is the exocrine function of the testes?
to produce sperm
"blue dot sign" is indicative of what?
torsion of the testicular appendage
Where is the most common location for BPH hypertrophy?
transitional zone
The testis is completely covered by a dense, fibrous tissue termed the _________.
tunica albuginea
What is the fibrous sheath enclosing the testis called?
tunica albuginea
What is cryptochidism?
undescended testis, (80% of these cases are in the inguinal canal)
The ductus epididymis becomes the _________and continues in the spermatic cord.
vas deferens
The epididymis carries sperm from the testis to the:
vas deferens
The _______________is a continuation of the ductus ___________.
vas deferns, epididymis
Which of the following is considered a function of the seminal vesicles?
The seminal vesicles are responsible for storing sperm. Ducts of the seminal vesicles enter the central zone and juoin the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts.
A spermatic vein is considered dilated once the diameter exceeds:
2mm
At what age will testes normally descend by?
6 months of age
Which of the following regionis in the prostate most commonly develops bph?
BPH is a noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate usually occurring in the transitional zone of the gland. The majority of carcinoma occurs in the peripheral zone.
An enlarged hypoechoic epididymis is identified posterior and inferior to the left testis. What is this most likely?
Epididymitis, most common cause of acute scrotal pain.
Dilated tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus posterior to testis caused by incompetent valves; more common on the left and is distended with valsalva:
Varicocele
Right and left testicular arteries arise from the ____________ just below the level of the renal arteries.
abdominal aorta
Which artery gives rise to the testicular arteries?
abdominal aorta inferior to the main renal arteries
What is a hydrocele?
abnormal fluid collection between the two layers of tunica vaginalis
What is the prostate specific antigen produced by?
acinar cells. It rises with age, bph, and cancer will have a significant increase.
The inferior border of the prostate gland is the __________ and provides an exit for the _________.
apex, urethra
What is the detachment of the efferent duct referred to?
appendix epididymis
Epididymities is most commonly caused by which of the following conditions?
bladder infection
The echogenic structure superior to the testis most likely respresents the:
epididymal head
The largest part of the epididymis is the _________. Measuring 6-15 mm in width.
head
A patient presents with a history of scrotal swelling and tenderness. He denies any scrotal trauma. On the basis of this clinical history, the sonographic findings are most consistent with:
hydrocele
The space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis is where ____________can form.
hydrocele
What complication is varicocele associated with?
infertility, varicoceles are the most common cause of infertility