Protein Synthesis/Genetics
What does it mean to be a CARRIER of a gene?
A CARRIER is someone who has a certain gene but does not express the trait controlled by that gene.
What is GENETICS?
GENETICS is the study of the passing of GENES from GENERATION to GENERATION.
How is a Punnett Square created?
A Punnett Square consists of FOUR squares. The parents' genotypes are placed on two sides and the letters are carried down or across to fill in the possible outcomes for the baby.
What is a Punnett Square?
A Punnett square is a tool (diagram) used by scientists to predict the probability of inheritance. It was developed by Reginald Punnett.
What is an anticodon?
A anticodon is the special name for the sequence of THREE TRANSFER (tRNA) BASES. An anticodon is attached to a specific amino acid.
How is a baby GENETICALLY created?
A baby is genetically created when a SPERM containing 23 chromosomes from the FATHER fuses with an EGG containing 23 chromosomes from the MOTHER, creating 46 chromosomes, that will develop into a baby.
What does the term CODOMINANT mean?
A co-dominant gene is neither dominant or recessive, as offspring (babies) fully express two traits that are coded for by the genes.
What is the a CODON?
A codon is the special name for the sequence of THREE MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) BASES. A codon is the RECIPE for a specific amino acid.
What is PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
The process by which cells make proteins.
What is an allosome?
An allosome is a sex chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior.
What is an autosome?
An autosome is a chromosome that appears in pairs. It is NOT a sex chromosome. It is NOT an allosome.
What is an example of a CODOMINANT gene?
An example of a codominant gene is if a cow with brown and white hair was born to a mother with brown hair and a father with white hair. Codominant genes are NOT common in humans.
What is an example of a recessive gene pattern?
Attached earlobes are RECESSIVE trait.
What is the typical chromosome pattern for boys?
Boys inherit ONE X and ONE Y chromosome during reproduction.
What are MUTATIONS?
A mutation sometimes occurs in genetics. A mutation is when changes occur in the DNA. A mutation happens when the proteins that are coded for specific genes are affected, which would cause the baby to be affected.
What are ALLELES?
ALLELES are when genes come from the SAME trait but in different forms. (Example: The gene for eye color could be brown or blue.)
What happens after transcription and translation?
After transcription and translation, BOTH forms of RNA enter the RIBOSOME, where PROTEIN is CREATED.
What is an example of a mutation in genetics?
Albinism, or when a person is referred to as an albino is an example of a genetic mutation. The person has been affected by a mutation, so they produce little or no melanin, so their skin, hair, and eyes have little or no pigment.
How are DOMINANT traits expressed on a Punnett Square?
DOMINANT traits are expressed on a Punnett Square using CAPTIAL letters.
What is an example of a dominant gene pattern?
Detached earlobes are a DOMINANT trait.
What are DOMINANT genes?
Dominant genes are able to overpower recessive genes, so long as you inherit one of these genes, you will express the dominant trait.
What occurs during TRANSCRIPTION?
During the FIRST stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, known as TRANSCRIPTION, the mRNA READS and COPIES the DNA molecule in the nucleus, and then carries its message to the cytoplasm.
What happens during TRANSLATION?
During the SECOND stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, known as TRANSLATION, the tRNA translates the NITROGEN BASE code into AMINO ACIDS.
What is genotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, organism or an individual. A genotype is the set of genes carried by a cell, an organism, or an individual. The types of genes you inherit determines your genotype.
What is the typical chromosome pattern for girls?
Girls inherit TWO X chromosomes during reproduction.
What is an important PROTEIN found in our BLOOD?
HEMOGLOBIN is an important protein found in our RED BLOOD CELLS.
HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes contains genes from the SAME traits, ONE from MOM and ONE from DAD.
HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes contains genes from the SAME traits, ONE from MOM and ONE from DAD.
What does HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT mean?
Homozygous dominant means you inherited two DOMINANT genes and will express the DOMINANT trait.
What does HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE mean?
Homozygous recessive means you inherited two RECESSIVE genes and will express the RECESSIVE trait.
If both parents are HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT, what percentage of their babies created will express the DOMINANT trait?
If both parents are HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT, then 100 percent of their babies created will express the DOMINANT trait.
If one parent is HETEROZYGOUS and one parent is HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE, what is the percentage chance that their baby will express the DOMINANT trait and RECESSIVE trait?
If one parent is HETEROZYGOUS and one parent is HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE, there is a 50 percent that their baby will express the DOMINANT traits and a 50 percent chance that their baby will express the RECESSIVE trait.
What occurs if one parent is HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and the other is HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE?
If one parent is HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT and the other is HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE, all of the babies will be HETEROZYGOUS, and will express the DOMINANT trait.
What does HETEROZYGOUS RECESSIVE mean?
If you inherit ONE DOMINANT gene and ONE RECESSIVE gene, you are said to be HETEROZYGOUS, and will express the DOMINANT trait.
Does it really matter whether you inherit dominant or recessive genes?
In most cases, whether you inherit dominant or recessive genes will not matter, unless those genes are associated with certain types of diseases or medical conditions.
What are RECESSIVE genes?
In order to express the RECESSIVE trait, you must inherit TWO of that type of gene.
What is INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE?
Incomplete dominance sometimes occurs in genes during which offspring (babies) express a combination of two traits; An example of this would be if a red flower reproduced with a yellow flower and created an orange flower.
What is KERATIN?
KERATIN is PROTEIN that is produced by our cells, which gives our hair its texture.
Many diseases and medical conditions are carried on RECESSIVE genes, so parents with a HETEROZYGOUS genotype will NOT express the disease but may pass it along to their children.
Many women are tested for genetic disorders early in their pregnancies to determine if certain diseases or medical conditions have been genetically passed along to the baby.
Are mutations harmful or harmless?
Mutations can be either harmful or harmless. Albinism is an example of a harmless mutation. Some mutations do NOT affect the ability to SURVIVE and REPRODUCE.
What is necessary in our body to make certain genetic TRAITS?
PROTEINS are produced by important chemicals needed in our body which are responsible for our TRAITS.
What is a phenotype?
Phenotype is all of the observable characteristics of a cell, an organism, or an individual. A phenotype is a description of your actual physical characteristics.The trait you express is your phenotype. (Example: Height, eye color, behavior)
How are RECESSIVE traits expressed on a Punnett Square?
RECESSIVE traits are expressed on a Punnett Square using LOWER CASE letters.
What are RIBOSOMES?
RIBSOMES assemble the proteins by linking together AMINO ACIDS to form a chain.
What type of molecule is RNA?
RNA is a SINGLE-STRANDED molecule that has a NITROGEN base of URACIL. (It does NOT have Thymine as it nitrogen base.)
What is RNA?
RNA or Ribonucleic ACID is an important chemical that is used to transport the instructions on how to make the proteins out into the cytoplasm.
How do single bases on both forms of RNA attract their partner?
Single bases on both forms of RNA attract their partner according to the BASE PAIRING RULE.
The FIRST cell inherits chromosomes from EACH PARENT, it contains TWO copies of each gene, although we only EXPRESS ONE trait; the pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes.
The FIRST cell inherits chromosomes from EACH PARENT, it contains TWO copies of each gene, although we only EXPRESS ONE trait; the pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes.
What is the FIRST stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
The FIRST stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is called TRANSCRIPTION.
What is the SECOND stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
The SECOND stage of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is called TRANSLATION.
What important information is contained within 46 chromosomes?
The combined 46 chromosomes contain GENES, or SEQUENCES of NITROGEN BASES that are CODE (RECIPES) for specific PROTEINS.
What is an example of allsomes?
The human sex chromosomes are a typical pair of allosomes. These chromosomes determine the gender/sex of an individual during reproduction.
Where in the cell is the information on how to make proteins?
The information on how to make proteins is located on the DNA in the form of GENES.
What information is actually responsible for which amino acids are found in the protein that is created?
The information on the mRNA is what is actually responsible for which amino acids are found in the protein that is created.
What is the ONLY way to expressive a RECESSIVE trait?
The only way to express a RECESSIVE trait is to inherit TWO copies of the RECESSIVE gene.
What is the ONLY way to guarantee that all children from the same parents will express the recessive trait?
The only way to guarantee that all children from the same parents will express the recessive trait is to have BOTH parents be HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE.
The type of genes we inherit determines our traits.
The type of genes we inherit determines our traits.
What determines our gender?
There are 22 pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes which determine our gender.
How many types of RNA molecules exist?
There are TWO types of RNA molecules that exist. The two are MESSENGER RNA, (mRNA) and TRANSFER RNA (tRNA).
How many types of genes exist?
There are TWO types of genes: DOMINANT and RECESSIVE genes.
What are TRAITS?
Traits are IMPORTANT CHEMICALS made up of PROTEINS needed by our bodies to create genetically determined characteristics (Example: EYE COLOR)
We can only express ONE TRAIT for EACH GENE.
We can only express ONE TRAIT for EACH GENE.