proteins and nucleic acids

Jons Jacob Berezelius officially names this macromolecule.

And protein comes from the greek root meaing of first importance.

up to thousands of amino acids can joing to form proteins

'complex and sometimes large folding structure function determined by structure, shape, and amino acid sequence Some proteins are extremely large, and the folding can be very complex. The three features of the protein, amino acid sequence, the structure that creates, and the folding pattern is what it gives the protein its shape, determines the kind of tool it is, and therefore what function it performs. Amino acids are monomers that combine to form polymers called proteins.

amino acids in living organisms

20 amino acids that make up the protein in living organisms 10 essential and 10 non-essential amino acids. the essentials means your body can't synthesize it so you need it from the diet. proteins are not stored for later use. ssential means that your body cannot synthesize it. Your body cannot make it, so you have to get it in your diet. Now arginine is not as essential as was once thought. There are some people who have a metabolic deficiency. You know their body chemistry is such that they can't make it, but for most people arginine is also one that can be synthesized. Since you can't store proteins, you have to have an adequate supply of all the amino acids on a regular basis. Not necessarily daily, but frequently. And you can get those amino acids from animal sources. You can get them from meats, from dairy products, from cheese. But if you're not someone who eats meat, you can get them from plant sources like nuts, beans, grains. And not all of the amino acids are in all plant foods, but if you keep them in combination-- for instance, if you eat rice together with beans or if you have a bowl of pea soup, peas like beans with a chunk of bread, bread made from wheat which is a grain, you can get all the amino acids you need in a single meal.

Building blocks of Proteis

Amino acids (monomers) are the building blocks of proteins (polymers). An amino acid has some characteristic features, it's got some parts that occur in every kind of amino acid. On the right you see COOH, that's a carboxyl group. That carboxyl group makes this molecule a carboxylic acid. It also has this NH2, which is an amino or an amine group, so that an amino group makes this an amino acid. They also have a hydrogen up top, and they've got an R group. The R group, which is also called a side chain, is what gives an amino acid its identity. All amino acids have the amine group, have the carboxyl group, have the hydrogen, but what makes an amino acid different from another amino acid is this side chain. And depending on which amino acid follows which other amino acid, the molecule will twist and bend and curl and have a particular structure, and that will also determine how it folds, how which folds back on itself. Amino acids can number in the thousands. Some proteins are extremely large, and the folding can be very complex. The three features of the protein, amino acid sequence, the structure that creates, and the folding pattern is what it gives the protein its shape, determines the kind of tool it is, and therefore what function it performs.

Functions of Nucleic Acids

DNA: blueprint for life -basis of heredity RNA creates proteins by linig amino acids together using instructions from DNA

RNA is fromed with a single strand of nucelotides. polymer made up of monomers that are nucleotides -the sugar is ribose. -phosphates -sugar phosphate backbone holds the molecule together. The backbone is connected by bonds between the phosphate groups and the sugars of different nucleotides. -the rungs are nitrogenous bases - it looks like a ladder.

Dna is fored with two standrs of nucleotides It's been called a twisted ladder. It's another way of saying that it's a double helix. -dioxyrobise sugar - The sugar is not ribose, it's deoxyribose, which is the same as ribose except it's missing one atom of oxygen. -similar backbone an rung structure as RNA -joined by complementary nitrogenous base pairs. nitrogenous bases have a very specific way of matching. So guanine always matches with cytosine, and adenine always matches with thymine. hat this is DNA, so it contains thymine. If it were RNA, it would contain uracil. -So after you have all these complimentary bases making base pairs and matching up according to this very specific rule, along the molecule you have a long, twisted ladder or a double helix structure.

componenets of nucelotides

Five-carbon sugar -ribose: rna -deoxyribose: DNA -every nucleic acid has phostphate groups -Nitrogenous bases -RNA: uracil -DNA: THYMINE both have adenine, guanine, and cytosine as nitrogenous bases.

RNA nad DNA

RNA: -ribose sugar -single strand -uracil DNA: -Deoxyribose sugar -double helix -Thymine both: -nucleic acid -nuceotide is monomer -five carbon sugar -phosphate group -nitrogenous base

proteis are made of amino acids, while nucleic acids are formed with a phosphate group, sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

So what are the structures and functions of proteins and nucleic acids? Remember that proteins are polymers, they're long chain molecules made of monomers, made of building blocks. And the building blocks of proteins are amino acids. But the building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides, which are made of the sugar, the phosphate, and the nitrogenous base. 00:00:32And when you link those nucleotides together, if you're linking them into RNA you get a single strand, if you link them into DNA you get the double strand in the image that you see on the right.

-peptide bond -dehydration synthesis

Two amino acids make a bond between the two monomers, called a peptide bond. That's water that just got formed. And the two amino acids, the two monomers, the two monopeptides, are now a dipeptide. You know when you don't have enough water in you someone can warn you about becoming dehydrated. This process is called a dehydration synthesis. Dehydration because a molecule of water is lost in the process, and synthesis because that means making. So two amino acids made a dipeptide on the way to making a protein. What is the name of the bond that is created when two amino acids join? hydrogen bond nitrogen bond -peptide bond ionic bond

fight disease

antibodies attack foreign invaders

regulate cell processes

enzymes speed up chemical reactions

Discovery of Proteins

dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder discovered the chemical composition of proteins. interested in finding out the chemical composition of something that he called animal substance. And he would use different materials, like for instance egg white, and he would heat it in the lab. egg clumps and becomes solid. So Mulder analyzed that clump, and he found that it was made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, principally. There was a little variation, depending on which substance

send messages

insulin helps maintain blood sugar levels in the body

fiedrich miesher identified nucleic acids. Phoebus levene discovered the monomer of nucleic acids, nucelotides. watson, circk, and franklin discovered the double helix structure of DNA

nucleic acids are monomers that build poylmers known as nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. Nucleotides have three components. They are a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. In this case, the five carbon sugar is ribos. That means that this is a monomer. This is a structural unit of RNA. RNA stands for riboneucleic acid. The other kind that you're probably more familiar with is DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid, and what does that mean? Instead of ribos, it's made with a sugar that's missing one oxygen, so it's called deoxyribos. This is kind of a zoomed out view of DNA. And you see that it's got two strands, whereas RNA has only a single strand. So every nucleic acid, whether it's DNA or RNA has a five carbon sugar. In the case of RNA, it's ribos. In the case of DNA, it's deoxyribos. Every nucleic acid has phosphate groups, and RNA has a nitrogenous base called uracil. DNA has a nitrogenous base called thymine. Very different names, but almost identical molecules. And both DNA and RNA contain three other nitrogenous bases, guanine, adenine, and cytocine. -there are two important variations of nucleic acids -RNA:ribonucleic acid -DNA: dEOXYRIBONUCLECI ACID

leopar's spots

proteins and nucleic acids work together to form a leopard's spots -the spots are made of proteins -the presence and pattern are determine by nucleic acids. The proteins are the molecules that create the body of the Leopard. The instructions for making those proteins are in the nucleic acids. So the spots are made of skin, they're made of hair, they're made of color, all those things are proteins. The instructions for making those proteins is in the leopard's DNA. Proteins have a lot of different functions in an organism's body. We've said a lot about creating the structure of the organism's body, muscle, bone, ligaments, hair. Pretty much any molecule that's going to make an organism have a distinctive body is due to proteins.

many amino acids bond to form proteins with a complex folding structure. The function is determined by structure, shape, and amino acids

proteins, which are the principal structural molecule in your body that you need for growth and repair, being made of amino acids, the protein's function depends on its shape, and its shape comes from the sequence of amino acids, the structure that that sequence creates, and then the folding that the structure allows. Now we're going to talk about nucleic acids.

create movement

they contract muscles as well as bend and extend jonts

they provide structure

they create muslc,e bone, liagments, and hair

transport susbtance

they move molecules around cells and thrugh living things

amino acids

three parts: -amino group -carboxyl group -R group