PS1009 Applied Psychology
What occured in the field of sports psychology in 1897, 1925, 1938 and 1960s?
1897 - Improving effect of others noted in cycling performance (Triplett) 1925 - 1st sports psychology lab (Griffiths) 1938 - Griffiths works with Chicago Cubs 1960s - Birth of applied sports psychology (Ogilvie & Tutko)
What occurred in occupational psychology in the 1900s, 1915, 1921 and 1922?
1900s: Taylorism - decided workers were motivated by money 1915: HMWC (health of munitions workers committe) established to look at worker fatigue and health 1921: NIIP (National Institute of Industrial Psychology) founded, aiming to bring positive changes to organisations by looking after employees 1922: Rowntrees and Cadburys first to employ full time occupational psychologist which helped to increase employee satisfaction
When was the term health psychology first used?
1970s
What occured in the field of sports psychology in the 1970s and 1980s?
1970s - cognitive focus to research, interactionism paradigm gains favour (relationship between player, environment and performance) 1980s - focus on interventions to enhance performance, sports psychologists recognised as members of olympic teams
When did counselling psychology become a special group and then a division in the BPS?
1982 & 1994 (respectively)
What are the phases of General Adaptation syndrome?
1: Autonomic nervous system activated by stress 2: Resistance - Organism is damaged by or adapts to the stress 3: Exhaustion - organism dies or suffers irreversible damage if they have not adapted to the stress
What does the satisfaction with life scale consist of (Diener)?
5 statements rated with a maximum score of 35. Above 21 means you are at least slightly satisfied.
What is the prevalence of deliberate self-harm?
7% attempt, 22% self-harm thoughts in 15-16 year olds 10% attempts, 30% suicidal thoughts in life Higher in females in adolescence
How have historical DNA exonerations shown EWT can be faulty?
75% of first 250 cases had faulty EWT.
What are the characteristics of CBT?
8-12 sessions, 3-6 months Structured intervention rather than free talking Goals
What occurred in the field of sports psychology in the 90s and 00s?
90s - Growth in qualitative research e.g. diaries, increase in criteria for professionals 00s - difference recognised between exercise and sports psychology
What percentage of people in a Time poll in 2004 said their life was at least satisfactory?
98%
What are the rates of child mental health problems according to level of adversity?
>40% children who suffer from complex trauma >45% children in care 20% children living in disadvantage 10-12% general population
What are the characteristics of behavioural problems?
Often co-occur with emotional or learning problems Relationship difficulties Often continuity with criminal issues later in life
What are 3 types of brain measurement and what are their benefits and drawbacks?
Post mortem studies -anatomical info -limited functional info Living neurones in isolation (In vitro e.g. cultures, slices) - Show how neurones function -doesn't show behaviour Studies on living brains -shows effects of injury and drugs on behaviour -monitor brain activity during behaviour
What is health psychology?
stems from Study of psychosematic processes which later evolved into behavioural medicine It is the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health illness and healthcare
What are the key features of depression?
1.4% adolescents Pervasive depressed mood Loss of interest and enjoyment Feeling tired Poor concentration Thoughts of guilt, self-blame, hopelessness, self-harm Changes in sleep, appetite, weight Irritability
What do forensic psychologists do?
Assess and treat offenders Offender profiling Conduct applied research Develop policies to provide advice to parole boards and mental health institutes Called to court as expert witnesses
What is the prevalence of psychosis in adolescents?
0.1% 12-17 yr olds Usually onset from age 16 Gradual onset
What are the 3 rules of a therapeutic relationship in the psychodynamic perspective?
Abstinence - holding back from responding Anonymity - reveal nothing about yourself to the client. Neutrality - So the client learns to understand themself.
What was Loftus, Coan and Pickrell's planting false childhood memories study?
Asked people to recall childhood events that were supplied by a relative, a combo of false and true. During subsequent interviews, participants remembered false events. This suggests external influence can result in formation of memory for events that never occurred aka misinformation effect.
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?
Abnormal ideas (delusions of mood, grandioseness, hypochondriacal, persecution) Abnormal perceptions (hallucinations) Formal thought disorder (disorganised thought) Motor, volition and behavioural disorder (catatonia, abnormal posture, avolition, mutism) Emotional disorder (affective flattening, emotional withdrawal, anhedonia)
How does a functional MRI wprk?
Active areas of the brain require more oxygenated blood, which has magnetic properties that can be measured showing the BOLD signal
What are some factors which happiness may be believed to correlate with but there is a lack of evidence that they are related or there is a small relationship?
Age Physical attractiveness Money (once basic needs are met the difference between the rich and alright is negligible) Gender Education level Having children Moving to a sunnier climate Crime Housing Objective health
What region of the brain is consistently shown to be the origin of anxiety disorders and why?
Amygdala because it is the quick route from the sensory thalamus to the hippocampus and controls evaluation, physiological response and memory (conditioned response) of a fearful stimulus
What is a suggested neurological causes for anxiety disorders?
Amygdala pathways and connections - Hippocampus involved in contextual memories while amygdala involved in fear response
What is evidence-based practice?
An interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice where research ensures best forms of patient care.
What is choking in sports psychology?
Anxiety that effects their performance, symptoms include yips (sensation that they cannot complete fine motor actions to perform their sport) Treatment involves training in control of physiological and cognitive effects.
What is counselling psychology?
Application of psychological theory and research to therapeutic practice. Aims to improve well-being, reduce psychological distress and resolve crises.
What is applied psychology?
Applies psychological principles/theory and research findings to solve problems in real life and aim to produce a change in human behaviour or experience
What were some findings comparing the personality traits of athletes vs. non-athletes?
Athletes found to be more independent, objective, confident, extroverted and less anxious.
What are the requirements for becoming a counselling psychologist?
BPS degree Postgraduate training including therapy training, supervised practice, participate in personal therapy. HCPC registered BPS chartered
What is the cognitive behavioural perspective in therapy and who did it come from?
Beck, 1960s Links thinking patterns, behaviours and emotions.
What 2 health behaviours did Matarazzo introduce in 1984?
Behavioural pathogens such as smoking Health protective behaviours such as attending regular health checks
What are associated features with ADHD?
Behavioural problems Learning difficulties Social difficulties Developmental delays
What is the luck factor (Wiseman, 2003)?
Being lucky is about feeling optimistic which increases happiness.
Who introduced 7 basic health behaviours to reduce risk of death in 1972?
Belloc and Breslow
How does phencyclidine (similar to ketamine) affect the brain and what is its link to schizophrenia?
Blocks glutamate receptors Causes behaviours similar to positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
What is the BOLD signal?
Blood oxygen level dependancy measured by fMRIs.
What are examples of conduct problems in adolescent behavioural issues?
Bullying, fighting, antisocial behaviour, running away, cruelty to people and animals
What was the Hawthorne study, its reported findings and the actual result?
Carried out at the Hawthorne electrical plant and led by Mayo, it found that no matter how the conditions changed such as morale, working hours and rest periods, productivity would change according to feelings, social relations and attitudes. However, they actually found that the conditions they changed did have an effect, just not responsible alone. Interest and attention shown to workers was the principal reason for productivity as well as group process, dynamics and the power of social norms.
What is the ideal counselling room set-up?
Chairs at a right angle to each other maybe a small table in front quite close to the door = no confrontation and easy exit.
What is the aim of CBT?
Change thoughts to change behaviours
What factors are involved in the multi-factor aetiology of child mental health?
Child factors, social adversities, parenting, parental mental health, trauma
What are the levels in the ecological systems resiliance framework?
Child, family, school/community, services/society.
What are the limitations of applying cognitive developmental theories to educational psychology?
Children may struggle to apply learning to new situations
What is the cognitive approach to motivation and 2 of its theories?
Children naturally motivated to learn as if they don't make sense of something they will be driven to learn about it. Goal setting, based on personal understanding of intelligence Attribution theory - interpretation of past events will influence motivation to engage in similar events in the future
What does Bandura class learning as and what are his 4 central factors to learning, in relation to social learning theory?
Classed as a change in mental process which results in change in behaviour Attention - look at models' behaviour Retain info Reproduce info/behaviour Motivation to reproduce (reward/punishment)
What are some important aspects of training design?
Clear measurable objectives set. Take into account how people learn (behaviourism, social learning theory, cognitive approach)
What are examples of applied psychology?
Clinical Counselling Educational Forensic Health Occupational Sports & exercise Neuropsychology Environmental Psychology of happiness Consumer Psychotherapy Coaching Positive
What is the difference between clinical and counselling psychology?
Clinical - mental health Counselling - advice, attention given to meanings, beliefs, context and processes within and between people. However the lines have blurred.
What are suggested cognitive causes of anxiety disorders?
Conditioning Modelling Irrational beliefs Maladaptive assumptions Meta-worrying (worrying about worrying) Arousal Belief that worrying lowers arousal
What does ethical practice comprise of?
Consent Debriefing Withdrawal Confidentiality
What is the case of Laszlo Virag (1969)?
Convicted of stealing from parking metres while using a firearm and trying to escaped the case. Was identified by 8 EWT even though he was innocent. Pardoned after it was found out someone else committed the crime.
What has the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway got to do with anxiety disorders?
Cortisol travels along this path and has been linked with anxiety
What are the potential applications of cog. neuroscience & neuroimaging studies for EWT?
Could provide biomarkers of difference between true and false memories. Memory trace handled carefully in neuroimaging studies. They use picture and word stimuli and look at imagined and percieved memories of the stimuli. Can also use semantic relatedness paradigm and words with high semantic relatedness are difficult to determine if they have appeared before. EEG amplitudes increase for words that people believe they have been seen before. fMRIs show regions used for episodic memory also activated during false memory recall. People are more likely to believe fMRIs than polygraph test (McCabe et al)
What are the 2 types of psychometric tests?
Criterion referenced tests, achieving an objective not related to anyone else's performance, e.g. learning the alphabet. Norm referenced tests standardized normally age based e.g. IQ test
What did Shurr find in his research into the association between personality and player position?
Defensive players are more introverted than offensive players
What are the 5 steps of the training cycle?
Development plan Training needs analysis (conducted by occupational psychologist) Training design (conducted by occupational psychologist) Conduct training programme Evaluate training (conducted by occupational psychologist)
What are some CBT techniques?
Diary of events and associated thoughts Understanding source of cognitions associated with a distressing behaviour
What are the limitations of neuroimaging studies providing biomarkers of difference between true and false memories?
Difference between control lab stimuli and richness of autobiographical conditions Population difference between court and lab, such as healthy and young Delay between study and test not comparable to delay between event and statement Understanding models of memory hard to translate to court as can be complex Averaged across participants which is not meaninglful for single participants which would be required in court. It is a new field of study so may not yet be ready to be applied Participant may use strategies to disguise lies which may make it hard for fMRIs to detect right info.
What did Locke (1968) suggest about goal setting?
Difficult and more specific goals lead to higher performance Feedback on performance necessary Goals must be accepted by employees and achievable
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Discovered by Mayo, it is when the mere act of observation changes an individual's behaviour.
What has cognitive psychology shown about how emotion effects memory?
Doesn't always enhance it as previously believed.
What are 4 types of intervention for ADHD?
Educational Psychological Parenting strategies Medication
What is the evidence of psychodynamic therapy working?
Effective for some problems e.g. certain personality disorders, but not PTSD as you must just treat the trauma
What is achievement goal theory?
Ego goal orientations - beating others. Task goal orientations - enjoying the sport
What were the findings on personality differences between ameteur and elite athletes?
Elite athletes have less variability in traits
What are the 4 broad groups of mental health problems?
Emotional Behavioural Developmental Psychotic
What are the Eckman faces?
Faces that show the primary emotions
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Environmental stress + predisposition aka diathesis e.g. genetic susceptibility = anxiety disorder
What is the evidence for person-centred therapy working?
Equally as effective as other approaches
What are the 2 rational theories about what factors lead to high motivation at work?
Equity (Adams 1963) - Work to be equal with others. Calculate favourable ratio of input into work and output recieved. Expectancy (Vroom 1964)- Work harder if they think it will produce a reward
What did the Beeper study find about the stability of subjective wellbeing over time?
Everytime pager beeped, teenagers had to enter their mood. Found small changes in subjective wellbeing change but similar to adults, unlike the belief that teenagers have wild mood swings.
What are some features of eating disorders?
Excessive loss of weight, dietary restriction/exercise Self-induced vomiting, laxatives, binge eating Distorted body image Physical complications Usually teenage girls Socioeconomic bias/pressures
What is DSM-IV's criteria for generalised anxiety disorder?
Excessive/ongoing anxiety and worry for 6 months+ that is hard to control and very distressful/impairing Must have at least 3 of: restlessness, easily fatigued, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
What is the phenomenalogical model?
Focus on subjective internal experience and how the client understands their behaviour.
What is the health behaviour theory of planned behaviour?
Focuses on thought processes influencing behaviours Three key factors include attitudes - what we think about engaging in a behaviour; subjective norms - social pressure on people to behave in a certain way; percieved behavioural control - are we confident that we have the skills and resources to perform the behaviour Not specific to health but used successively to predict behaviours such as smoking and exercise
Who suggested in the early 20th century that mental health can effect physical?
Freud
What tasks are first degree relatives of schizophrenics also deficient in, suggesting there is a genetic link for schizophrenia?
Frontal lobe
What is suggested biological cause for anxiety disorders?
GABA, dopamine, Neuradrenaline and glutamate neurotransmitter disfunction GABA inhibits other neurotransmitters and so may cause anxiety, however it is unknown if GABA is faulty because of the disorder or if it causes it
What was Garry et al's study on imagination and memory?
Gave a list of possible childhood events and asked which happened. Asked 2 weeks later to imagine some of events. Given a list again and if they had imagined some events they were more likely to indicate the memory had occurred.
What is the golden spot, found by Princeton university and the Marist Institute for Public opinion?
Golden spot for happiness is between £35,000 and £52,000
What are some good things that have come from health psychology?
Good bedside manner SPIKES protocol reduces distress when delivering bad news (set up interview, assess patient's perception, obtain patients invitation, give knowledge to patient, address emotions with empathy, summarise) Training of professionals
What is the purpose of applied educational psychology?
Identify, develop and apply psychological theories and techniques to teaching and learning to enhance performance and personal growth of pupils and students. Look at assessment strategies, engaging students, enhancing the environment, behavioural problems
What are the key features of psychosis?
Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorder Negative symptoms including social withdrawal, fatigue, physical slowness
What are the 3 elements of subjective wellbeing?
Happiness Satisfaction with life Emotional stability
What is the case of Menzies?
He was killed by police as a terrorist suspect on his way to work. Media reports suggested he was suspicious and trying to escape however the EWT got it wrong and he was actually just walking through the barriers with a newspaper and running to catch his train.
What were the 3 types of behaviours Kasl and Cobb defined in 1966 (health psych)?
Health behaviour (aimed at preventing disease) Illness behaviour (Aimed at seeking remedy) Sick role behaviour (Aimed at getting well)
Does a counsellor help or direct the client?
Help - they don't force the client to do things
What are the 6 components of subjective wellbeing?
High self esteem - most important predictor, dependent on cultural values Sense of percieved control over most life events. Locus of control can be external or internal. Both can be useful. Extroversion Optimism Positive social relationships - strongest external source of subjective wellbeing Sense of meaning and purpose - belief your life is connected to a greater good and your life will make a difference.
What is the evidence for a genetic basis for anxiety disorders?
Higher concorderdance rates for mono than dizygotic twins 1st degree relatives likely to have same or connected anxiety disorders
What are 11 things occupational psychology looks at?
Human factors: Ergonomics (human-machine interactions) Design of environments and work (aka h&s) Personnel work: Recruitment Performance appraisal and career development Training How groups work differently from individuals Organisational psychology: Leadership Motivation Employee relations Organisational development and change
What are the 4 key frameworks that inform counselling psychology?
Humanistic Psychodynamic Systemic Cognitive-behavioural
What are some early examples of applications of psychology?
IQ tests to identify children with learning difficulties Attitude change during WW2 - government attempts to boost morale on the home front Bowlby's work with delinquent children & attachment theory
What is sports psychology?
Identifies, develops and applies psychological theories and techniques to sport and exercise to enhance the performance and personal growth of athletes and physical activity participants
What is the process of CBT?
Identify negative thoughts Explore alternative ways of thinking Homework
Why is it hard to use glutamate in drugs?
If you increase it too much it can cause seizures and brain damage.
What is the biosocial model?
Illness and health can be influenced by how we behave
What are the aims of occupational psychology?
Improve the effectiveness of organisations and work performed within organisations Improve the conditions and satisfaction of workers within organisations.
What are 3 interventions for anxiety problems?
In vivo exposure CBT Trauma focused (PTSD)
How does amphetamine affect the brain and what is its link to schizophrenia?
Increases dopamine Hallucinations and delusions, like positive schizophrenic
What are the risk factors for child mental health problems?
Individual attributes Exposure to violence Abuse and neglect Acute stressors e.g. accident (though children often respond well after) Sexual abuse Chronic Adversities Family conflict Parental mental illness and drug/alcohol abuse
What is the systemic perspective in counselling psychology?
Individual dysfunction due to family dysfunction, behaviour serves function within family or inter-generational transmission of dysfunctional behaviour.
What were some findings comparing the personality traits of athletes from team or individual sports?
Individual sport (tennis) athletes were more inclined to do their best, leadership, analysing others. Team sport (baseball) athletes were more extroverted, dependent and anxious
What are the 3 principles of practice in counselling psychology?
Insight - Promote client's insight into origin of problem Self-awareness - of client's thoughts and emotions Self-acceptance - of client's self
Why is it easy to call yourself a therapist?
It is not a protected title and you don't need accreditation to claim you are one.
What is an example of a temporal lobe task that positively symptomatic schizophrenic patients are deficient in?
Latent inhibition - learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli
What is contingency theory (Fiedler, 1967)?
Leadership style/behaviour contingent on situation Test for 'Least Preferred Co-Worker' in different situations - indirect measure of person/task orientation. Considered group atmosphere, task structure and leader's position power. The most and least favourable situations require task-orientation and in the middle require person.
What are the criteria for becoming an occupational psychologist?
Learning training and development Psychological assessment at work Work design, organisational change and development Wellbeing and work Leadership, engagement and motivation Research design and data analysis
How is the therapeutic relationship achieved in counselling psychology?
Leave judgements behind, empathy, counsellor posesses self-awareness, communication and interpersonal skills.
What were the implications of the State v. Henderson case (2011)?
Legal standard was set for assessing eye witness evidence in US as the amount of inconsistencies in the testimony in the Henderson trial wouldn't have happened if EWT handled properly. Also the legal standard helps juries better evaluate EWT evidence through instruction about how much weight should be applied to EWT.
What are examples of some general counselling skills?
Listening and observing Use and read non-verbal communication Paraphrasing - repeating summaries of what the client says back to them demonstrates listening and understanding Reflection of content and feeling of client - build trust
What is the biopsychosocial model?
Looks at explanations of health from the micro level (changes in body chemistry) to the macro level (culture someone lives in) and psychology
How has behaviourism been applied to educational psychology?
Managing behaviour, often used in relation to emotional behavioural disorders. Reinforcement strategies eg. early play time when work completed Scheduled reinforcement e.g. rewards for students with 5 good days behaviour in a row Extinction strategies e.g. Teacher will stop giving child attention for calling out in class Not useful for thinking and remembering
What is the psychodynamic perspective in counselling psychology?
Making links between past and present behaviours
What are the aims of sports psychology?
Manage competitive stress Control concentration Improve confidence Increase communication skills and team harmony
What are some interventions for depression?
Management of underlying problems CBT Psychotherapies Family interventions Antidepressants
Why is applied psychology a 2 way process?
Many areas of research were stimulated by problems encountered by psychologists working in the real world, but applied psychology also draws upon academic research
How is an interventional therapy chosen?
Match with what the client feels most comfortable with
What is the difference between maximising and satisficing?
Maximisers consider every option to determine which is best. They often feel doubt or regret. Satisficers are happier as they search for an outcome that can be deemed good enough.
What is the role of personality in sports?
May be given personality tests when being recruited for a team, to test if you are mentally tough for example.
What are some interventions for psychosis in adolescents?
Medication Social Family Supportive activities Education and employment
What is the family sculpting technique in family therapy?
Members place selves in postures symbolic of the family dynamics, then a member moves people to reflect how they want the relationship.
What are the 3 ways you can have OCD?
Obsessions and intrusive thoughts without overt compulsions Obsessions and intrusive thoughts with overt compulsions Overt compulsions without obsessive thoughts (tourrettes)
What do cognitive neuroscience studies suggest about memory and why may it be underused in court?
Memory trace malleable It is relatively new and there are less obvious real world applications.
What is Loftus and Wells' physical v memory trace theory?
Memory trace not treated well although it can be contaminated in the same way physical evidence can. Memory is susceptible to decay and change. Therefore, scientific paradigms for physical trace must also be used for memory.
What do cognitive developmental theories look at?
Mental processes used to arrive at conclusions for problems. Children learn through changes in these processes as they explore.
When do suicide rates peak?
Mid 20s
How does LSD affect the brain and what is its link to schizophrenia?
Mimics effects of serotonin Hallucinations and delusions, like positive schizophrenic
What are the 3 schools of family systems therapy?
Multigenerational - 3+ generations, intergenerational transmission. May use 2 members to stabilise a relationship. Structural - understand structure of family through interactions of its members. Strategic - Solving current family problems, family develops problem-solving and coping skills.
What are some physiological complaints associated with anxiety (especially in children)?
Muscle tension Tiredness Headache Breathlessness/dizziness Stomach ache
What are the details of the State v. Henderson case (2011)?
New Years Day shooting. Apparently Henderson held the gun on victim whilst another perpetrator murdered someone. Jury shown EWT but not initial photo array where Henderson wasn't identified. However, victim on drugs at time of crime. Appeal found Henderson not guilty.
What anxiety disorder is connected with the gene protein tyrosine phosphokinase?
OCD
What is the difference between old and new antipsychotic drugs?
Old drugs just agonists at dopamine receptors, new drugs also agonists at serotonin. However, the drugs are still quite uneffective
What are the 5 basic dimensions of personality?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
What are some correlators of happiness?
Optimism, extraversion, quality social connections, marriage, engaging work, religion/spirituality, leisure time, good sleep and exercise, social class, subjective opinion of your health.
What are the 3 levels of training needs analysis?
Organisational analysis Task analysis Person analysis
What are the 3 types of goals a sports psychologist might set?
Outcome Performance Process (day-to-day practice)
What is the evidence for CBT working?
Particularly good for depression and anxiety.
What is the difference between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive = a behaviour not normally present, such as hallucinations and delusions Negative = normal behaviour, thought pattern or emotion is missing.
What is a phobia described as?
Persistent and unreasonable fear/ Chronic internal fear in absence of external threat
How did Myers define happiness/subjective well being ?
Pervasive sense that life is good
What qualification do careers in applied psychology require?
PhD Undergraduate degree that confers Graduate Basis for Chartered Membership Member of professional body
What is the dual role of an applied psychologist?
Practitioner uses knowledge of psychology to solve problems and also use scientific skills to test hypotheses in the field
What are the characteristics of self-harm?
Precipitants include family, relationship or school stressors Some form of depression
How does amphetamine effect latent inhibition and how does this link to schizophrenia?
Prevents as it abolishes the effect of the preexposure of a stimulus (must be present during attempt to condition, not necessary during preexposure) Giving an antipsychotic drug can help schizophrenic patients as they experience this lack of latent inhibition
What results in latent inhibition (related to conditioning)?
Prexposure of a stimulus without consequence impairs the subsequent ability of the stimulus to gain a conditioned association. e.g. after hearing a fire alarm go off regularly with no fire you will stop leaving the building
What did Darwin suggest about emotions?
Primary emotions are universal not learned - they are biological processes intended to preserve our survival
Who employs forensic psychologists?
Prison Service Rehab units Secure hospitals Social services Unis
What do health psychologists do?
Promote behaviours to increase and maintain health such as providing information to try and reduce behaviours that lead to poor health, encourage people to attend screenings and psychological aspects of how people cope with illness
What are the key features of Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Restlessness, innattentiveness and impulsivity pervasive across situations. Normally diagnosed from age 6 to avoid over-diagnosing. 1.4% in general population
What is the difference between a psychotherapist and a counsellor?
Psychotherapist - severe disorders, in a hospital, long-term, foundation of the problem, highly trained and have specialisms but not necessarily a psychology background. Counsellor - voluntary agency, everyday problems but may be qualified to offer psychotherapy, short-term, supporting in everyday activities, health and care professions council approved training and qualifications.
Why is motivation important in education?
Pupils work independently a lot of the time, so achievement if dependent on effort. Also learning at school is decontextualised so it requres specific and conscious effort to maintain involvement
What are some factors that may effect EWT?
Race Weapon focus effect Experimenter bias effect - influence by police Source monitoring effors - discussing crime scene before making statement may mention items mentioned during discussions (Gabbert, Allan et al)
What is DSM-IV's criteria for OCD?
Recurrent obsessional thoughts/compulsive acts Recognise they are unreasonable or excessive Significant distress/impairment
What are some ways of managing self-harm?
Reduce or address maintaining factors Safety planned with adult Monitoring/follow-up Treat any underlying disorder Crisis intervention
How can neuroimaging studies show difference between when recalling false and true memories?
Regions involved in encoding/retrieving sensory-perceptual info tend to be more active during true retrieval, consistent with sensory reactivation hypothesis which states that true memory have greater sensory and perceptual detail. Also the anterior prefrontal cortex is preferential for false memories.
Is the relationship or actions more important in counselling?
Relationship
What are some difficulties that are associated with depression?
Relationships difficult Low self-esteem Anxiety Eating and behavioural disorders
What are the features of PTSD?
Repetitive images & thoughts Regular fear of recurrance Nightmares Upset by reminders Emotional numbing, detachment, avoidance Dose-effect (how severe the trauma is can predict the level of stress)
What did Easterlin say about the relationship between hapiness and wealth?
That there is a curvilinear relationship - social comparison model - absolute wealth matters little, what matters is social standing. If you are rich and live with people even richer than you you are likely to be unhappy.
What additional feature was introduced to social learning theory after Bandura's 4 factors?
Self management helps goal setting
What is the long route for an emotional stimulus to get to the hippocampus?
Sensory thalamus - Primary sensory cortex - unimodal association cortex - polymodal association cortex
What did Morgan et al's misidentification of person study show about how emotion effects memory?
Set up stressful mock POW training. Participants interrogated which was emotional. Misinformation fed such as a misleading photo present. There was then altered memory for events, suggesting emotional memory is paricularly susceptible to change.
What anxiety disorders are connectd to the short route to the hippocampus and what is connected to the long route?
Short - Phobia/generalised anxiety disorder Long - OCD
What is Bull's staged model of psychological support?
Shows how to form an intervention for sportspeople. Stage 1 - Form rapport with client Stage 2 - Assess athlete's needs Stage 3 - Design intervention Monitoring and adjustment Stage 4 - Evaluate what aspects of the intervention added value to performance
What are 3 ways interventions can occur for behavioural problems?
With child - behaviour modification, problem-solving or social skills training With family - parent training/behaviour modification Community and school-focused
What classical conditioning did Lazev demonstrate in health behaviours?
Smoking cues can trigger cravings for tobacco
What are the features of Austism spectrum disorder?
Social and communication impairment Struggle with abstract concepts Restricted and repetitive activities and interests Associated with learning disability 0.2% population Threshold now includes asperger's and high functioning autism
What is the taxonomy of memory model?
Splits memory into conscious and unconscious. Conscious memory is episodic (emotional or neutral) and semantic Unconscious memory is priming, procedural or conditioning.
How does WHO define health?
State of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, not simply the absence of illness
How can anxiety reduce your immunity to viral infections?
Stress reduces lymphocytes which fight disease
What are the limitations of applying social learning theory to educational psychology?
Students don't imitate all models Doesn't work with more complex types of learning.
What does a health psychologist do?
Study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare services
What is the health belief model, developed in the 50s?
Suggests attidues and beliefs can predict health behaviours
What is the behaviourist approach to motivation and what are the limitations of this?
Suggests reinforcers increase learning However, focuses on externeal forces so can't explain learning behaviour that has no observable reinforcer. Also, different people motivated by different things. Also, reinforcers can de-motivate children if over-used as they begin to expect rewards.
What were the limitations of the Hawthorne study?
Supervisors changed = social relations change. Feedback provided on performance which was not normally given. Participants changed as they were not cooperating with the experiment well
What is the link between frontal lobe damage and schizophrenia?
Symptoms similar to negative schizophrenic
What is the link between temporal lobe dysfunction and schizophrenia?
Symptoms similar to positive schizophrenic
What are examples of oppositional-defiant problems in childhood behavioural issues?
Tantrums, deliberately annoy, easily annoyed
How has social learning theory been applied to educational psychology?
Teachers model desired behaviour and reinforce those who exhibit the good behaviour. Setting own goals
How have cognitive developmental theories been applied to educational psychology?
Teaching strategies - active exploring, real problems, group work These work as they promote independent learning.
What are resiliance (protective) factors that promote wellbeing in children?
Temperament Attachment to caregiver Family and social stability Educational achievement Friendships Coping strategies
What is the purpose of psychometric tests?
Test for diagnoses Putting people into sets/streaming
What did physicians believe until 19th century about humours?
The balance of their levels influenced temperament and inluded yellow bile, black bile, blood and phlegm.
What is the process of a fear response?
The environment makes us feel which makes an adaptive behaviour happen and feedback is given after their behaviour occurs
What is the best way to evaluate training?
The experimental approach - control and experimental group with measures before and after.
When is a fear maladaptive?
Unrealistic and unfounded fears/ Chronic internal fear in the absence of external threat/ Fear triggered for too long or too frequently
What is self determination theory?
The idea that we are naturally motivated to take part in sport. Also considers extrinsic rewards.
What did Kraeplin, the first person to formally describe schizophrenia, say about patients and their ability to exclude irrelevant sensory info in 1913?
They are unable to exclude it
What did Danner, Snowdon and Friesen find about older nuns who were asked to write autobiographies?
Those who expressed positive themes had high subjective wellbeing at an advanced age and were more likely to live longer and had a low level of Alzheimer's.
What were Terman's geniuses?
Took a study about their regrets, especially related to their time at college. They measured regrets of action and regrets of inaction.
What are transference and counter-transferrence in counselling psychology?
Transference - client treats therapist as if they were someone else in their life (gives indication of how they treat other people) Counter-transference - as a result of transference, the therapist responds to the client as if they were the other person (provides insight into relationship between client and 'other person)
In counselling psychology, using the humanistic approach (person-centred therapy) how is self-actualisation achieved?
Unconditional positive regard for the client Genuiness - express self Emapthy from the counsellor and others
What are the skills of an applied psychologist?
Use of scientific method Being a practitioner-scientist Work within the framework of evidence-based practice and ethical codes
How were instructions from judge to jury about EWT improved in 2012?
Used cognitive neuroscience research. Says memory not like a video recording; people may have difficulty identifying members of a different race; even under best viewing conditions, high stress can reduce ability to recall and make accurate identification.
What are the limitations of psychometric tests?
Validity Reliability May have more cognitive ability that cannot be measured by IQ test
What is the paradox of choice (Schwartz, 2004)?
We have too much choice which leads to more regret due to trade-offs and missed opportunities.
Why is the studying of well-being currently flourishing?
We now have more affluence and want quality of life. Growing trend towards individualism = personal happiness more important than economic prosperity Valid and reliable measures to study it.
What are some interventions for eating disorders?
Weight restoration Behavioural strategies Family therapy Individual therapy
What is translational affective cognitive neuroscience?
When the understanding of the mechanisms in the brain that underly behaviour, using brain measuring techniques (cognitive psychology) is applied to emotional psychology for use in applied fields What parts of the brain are responsible for emotions
What are the 3 principles of evidence-based practice?
Whether and why a treatment works Risks and benefits of a treatment If the treatment agrees with the client's preferences and values
What is the question that motivation research aims to answer?
Why people take part and why they continue to take part.
What is an example of a frontal lobe task that negatively symptomatic schizophrenic patients are deficient in?
Wisconsin card sort Tower of Hanoi
What is therapeutic counselling?
Working with individuals and their relationships to provide crisis support, psychotherapeutic guiding or problem solving. Giving client opportunity to explore, discover and clarify ways of living more satisfyingly and resourcefully.
What is the evidence of systemic therapy working?
Works for number of issues but if family doesn't disclose everything, problems likely to re-occur
How can fMRIs help in the study of schizophrenia?
You can measure brain activity during latent inhibiton tasks to check the areas relevant (temporal and hippocampal).
What does membership of the Health and Care Professions Council mean?
You can treat the public as you know how to care for them.
What is the difference between the Duchenne smile and the pan American smile?
a 'real' smile Involves contraction of the zygomatic major muscle which raises the corners of the mouth and the orbicularis oculi which raises the cheeks. The pan American smile is not real. Those who displayed the Duchenne smile in 1971 college yearbook photos had happier lives, marriages and subjective wellbeing scores 30 years later.
What is the biomedical model of illness and when was it introduced? What showed that it is too simplistic?
mid 20th century All illness has a single underlying cause Large scale studies in the 50s/60s showed lifestyle and biological factors influence a disease