PSB ch 10

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?

pons

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep

shorter; REM

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep

stage 3

Slow, *large-amplitude waves* are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS)

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated *forebrain* animal is characterized by

sustained SWS

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep

2

Newborn infants spend _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep

50

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to

the consolidation of perceptual learning

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.

the initial half

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

*large-amplitude* delta waves

The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is

90‒110 minutes

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true?

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia

hormone that has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight

Melatonin

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep

REM

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening

REM

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation

REM

Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder

REM behavior

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm

when deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep

abolish

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion

abolishes

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the *tau mutation* will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha

The cortical EEG pattern of an *isolated brain* animal is characterized by

alternating periods of arousal and sleep

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity

basal forebrain

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will

become free-running

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

brain rest

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______

cataplexy; consciousness

Nocturnal animals sleep during

daytime

diurnal animal will likely feed during

daytime (diurnal=daytime)

process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day

entrainment

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

faster growth rates

When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be

free-running

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention

a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling

jet lag

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the

locus coeruleus

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match the donor's rhythm

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep

rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day

circadian (circle)

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift

In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording

stage 2

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep

stage 3

Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep

stage 3

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep

Hamsters carrying the _______ mutation show abnormally short free-running rhythms.

tau

external cue that animals use to discern the time of day

zeitgeber

Any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment

zeitgeber.

rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours

ultradian (ulta, makeup lasts 6 hrs)

The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display

unilateral sleep (one side of the brain)

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

vague visual imagery

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______

women; the later stages of life

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms

zeitgeber