Pscholigy unit 1

Which of the following is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables? A. a correlation coefficient B. SQ3R C. an independent variable D. a random sample

A

Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? A. random sampling B. the case study C. naturalistic observation D. operational definitions

A

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? A. behavioral B. evolutionary C. behavior genetics D. neuroscience

A

Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors? A. social-cultural B. psychodynamic C. evolutionary D. neuroscience

A

Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness? A. the experiment B. the case study C. the survey D. naturalistic observation

A

Which scientific method of research would be used if a college student running for student body president was trying to determine whether to emphasize campus security, improved parking facilities, or increased health services in their campaign? A. a survey B. naturalistic observation C. a case study D. an experiment

A

According to the humanistic perspective, human behavior is determined by ________ causes. A. objective B. Psychoanalytic C. voluntary D. external

C

Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol dependence because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. A. social-cultural B. neuroscience C. psychodynamic D. evolutionary

A

If you wanted to study someone with a rare disorder such as photophobia (the fear of light), your BEST research option would be a/an _____. A. case study B. experimental study C. correlational study D. survey

A

In a naturalistic observation, a researcher would be most likely to do which of the following? A. observe and systematically record behavior in a participant's natural state or habitat B. conduct an in-depth study of a single subject C. determine cause and effect D. observe participants as they behave naturally in the laboratory

A

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process? A. experimentation B. the survey C. naturalistic observation D. the case study

A

Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression. A. neuroscience B. psychodynamic C. cognitive D. behavior genetics

A

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between A. causes and effects. B. random samples and representative samples. C. case studies and surveys. D. facts and theories.

A

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it A. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. B. is based on naturalistic observation. C. leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events. D. overestimates the importance of operational definitions.

A

The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father. The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective. A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. evolutionary D. behavior genetics

A

The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s that stressed free will and self-actualization was the __________ perspective. A. Humanistic B. Behavioral C. Cognitive D. Psychodynamic

A

What is an advantage of survey research? A. Surveys can be used on larger samples than other research methods. B. Surveys can identify causes of behavior. C. Surveys can identify subject bias. D. Surveys can provide more in-depth information than other research methods.

A

Why can experiments determine causal relationships when no other research method can? A. Experiments isolate the effects of independent variables on dependent varibles B. Experiments take place in more realistic, real-life settings C. Experiments typically involve more participants than other research methods D. Experiments are more precise than the other research methods E. Experiements involve precise descriptive and inferential statistical methods

A

A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that A. children's height has no causal impact on their popularity. B. higher levels of popularity among your peers is associated with greater physical height in children. C. being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity. D. there is no statistically significant relationship between children's height and their popularity.

B

A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that A. work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness. B. higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress. C. marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress. D. marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress.

B

A researcher was interested in determining whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom. So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position. This study is an example of A. naturalistic observation. B. correlational research. C. a survey. D. experimentation.

B

Cause and effect conclusions can be drawn from _____ studies. A. case B. experimental C. correlational D. descriptive

B

During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ________, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes ________. A. overt behaviors; covert behaviors B. conscious processes; observable responses C. introspection; experimentation D. unconscious processes; conscious processes

B

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that A. we often exaggerate the extent to which others share our opinions. B. correlation does not prove causation. C. events often seem more probable in hindsight. D. random sequences of events often don't look random.

B

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about A. the experimental hypothesis being tested. B. which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving. C. how the dependent variable is measured. D. whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.

B

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on homosexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective. A. psychodynamic B. behavior genetics C. cognitive D. behavioral

B

Sample bias occurs when _____. A. an experimenter biases a sample by providing unintentional cues about correct responses B. the sample of participants in a research study are not representative of the larger population C. participants exhibit behaviors that are considered typical in their own culture D. the subjects are provided unintentional information about the experiment

B

The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of A. conscious and unconscious motives. B. nature and nurture. C. behavior and mental processes. D. naturalistic observation and introspection.

B

The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group. A. control B. experimental C. standardized D. baseline

B

To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of A. the double-blind procedure. B. random assignment. C. naturalistic observations. D. operational definitions.

B

To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use A. naturalistic observation. B. correlational measures. C. the case study approach. D. experimental research.

B

To learn about the TV-viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) A. control condition. B. population. C. representative sample. D. independent variable.

B

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? A. neuroscience B. cognitive C. behavior genetics D. behavioral

B

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A. behavioral B. neuroscience C. evolutionary D. psychodynamic

B

_____ are factors that are not being directly manipulated or measured, which could affect research results if they are not held constant. A. Placebos B. Extraneous variables C. Replicators D. Random variables

B

_____ research observes and records behaviors without manipulating variables or producing causal explanations. A. Independent B. Descriptive C. Dependent D. Empirical

B

Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned A. in a fashion that ensures that the independent variable will have a strong effect on the dependent variable. B. to the group in which participants are all very similar in personality characteristics. C. to that group by chance. D. to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.

C

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two variables A. are dependent variables. B. are random samples. C. vary together. D. influence each other.

C

Experimenter bias refers to _____. A. the experimenter's belief that his or her study results are more accurate than any other study's results B. intentional subtle cues given by a researcher that lead a subject to guess what the correct response should be C. experimenters that unintentionally let their beliefs and expectations influence the results of a study D. the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally report their results in a manner which always supports their hypotheses

C

If height and body weight are positively correlated, which of the following is true? A. There is a cause-effect relationship between height and weight. B. As height increases, weight decreases. C. Knowing a person's height, one can predict his or her weight. D. All of these statements are true.

C

Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in A. experimentation. B. replication. C. naturalistic observation. D. survey research.

C

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how: A. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. B. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. C. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. D. people try to understand their own unconscious motives

C

The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by A. cognitive neuroscience. B. Freudian psychology. C. humanistic psychology. D. behavior genetics.

C

The main advantage of naturalistic observation is that it _____. A. is less time-consuming and expensive than other research methods B. eliminates extraneous variables C. allows researchers to obtain data about natural behavior D. can determine cause and effect

C

To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate? A. the double-blind procedure B. the survey C. naturalistic observation D. the case study

C

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems working together; other participants were told to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group. A. survey B. correlational C. control D. experimental

C

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group? A. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior. B. The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments. C. The experimental treatment is absent. D. The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.

C

Which research method would most likely be used to test the following hypothesis? People who conserve energy by buying hybrid cars are more likely to spend more money on organic foods. A. Experiment B. Naturalistic observation C. Correlation D. Ethnography E. Case study

C

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of: A. explanation. B. control. C. replication. D. prediction.

D

In a case study, a researcher is most likely to _____. A. choose and investigate a single topic B. use any of these options, which describe different types of case studies C. interview many research subjects who have a single problem or disorder D. conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant

D

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that A. the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions. B. the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values. C. there will be a large number of participants in the research study. D. the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.

D

In an experiment studying whether eating sugar influences children's ability to focus their attention on a problem-solving task, the group of children given sugar is referred to as the______________. A. independent variable B. control group C. random sample D. experimental group

D

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes? A. naturalistic observation B. the case study C. experimentation D. the survey

D

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. A. psychodynamic B. cognitive C. social-cultural D. evolutionary

D

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population. A. similarities; differences B. differences; similarities C. similarities; similarities D. differences; differences

D

Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to A. increase the likelihood that research participants are representative of people in general. B. reduce the likelihood that participants within any group know each other. C. increase the likelihood that the different groups have the same number of participants. D. reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants

D

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? A. social-cultural B. behavioral C. cognitive D. evolutionary

D