PSY 001 Ch 4 Human Development Practice Questions

A group of 8-month-olds was first assessed for developmental milestones in 1990. Participants were invited back for follow-up assessments over the next 18 years. A longitudinal research B cross-sectional research

A

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child who shows no concern when the mother leaves, and who shows no interest in her later return, is displaying a. an avoidant attachment. b. a secure attachment. c. a resistant attachment. d. disorganized attachment.

A

Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional research design? A Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th¸ 6th¸ and 8th grades? B What strategies do 2nd graders use to solve a difficult math problem?

A

Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional research design? A How do the characteristics of romantic relationships differ in adolescents¸ college students¸ and young adults? B How does memory develop from infancy to early childhood?

A

Eight-year-old Charlotte thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took her temperature and pulse in the hospital. The change in Charlotte's understanding of nurses illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. object permanence. d. centration.

A

In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schema is called ________ and the process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called _________. A assimilation; accommodation B accommodation; assimilation C conservation; accommodation D assimilation; conservation

A

In one elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. Why are they not introduced in the fifth grade? Question options: a) Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variable. b) According to Piaget, preoperational children cannot reason with variables.

A

In the 1960s, even though all her friends had tried various drugs, Anita refused to experiment with drugs because she was afraid she would get caught and end up in jail. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Anita's reasons for not experimenting with drugs reflect: A preconventional moral reasoning B conventional moral reasoning C autonomous moral reasoning D postconventional moral reasoning

A

Longitudinal research designs allow researchers the opportunity to study stability or change over time in the same group of individuals as they age. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a longitudinal research design? A) Is maternal diet during pregnancy associated with cognitive and social development across the lifespan? B) What strategies do 5th graders use to solve challenging math problems?

A

Newly encountered information is integrated with previously existing knowledge structures A assimilation B accommodation

A

The level of moral reasoning where the individual focuses on societal consequences and the "letter of the law" in making a moral decision is: a. the conventional level of moral reasoning b. the preconventional level of moral reasoning c. the postconventional level of moral reasoning d. the heteronomous level of moral reasoning

A

The sort of rationale that would make the most sense to a person at the conventional level of moral reasoning would be: "Don't hit Alex, because a. it's against the rules." b. he'll probably hit you back." c. you'll have to stay after school." d. Alex is my friend."

A

Using language to stand for complex thoughts and ideas is A symbolic thinking B animism C egocentrism D mental representation E conservation

A

A child thinking that her teddy bear misses her when she goes to preschool is an example of A symbolic thinking B animism C egocentrism D mental representation E conservation

B

A group of 1-year-olds¸ 5-year-olds¸ 10-year-olds¸ and 18-year-olds were all assessed for developmental milestones at the same time. A longitudinal research B cross-sectional research

B

An individual who defines education abstractly as "an organized system designed to foster the acquisition of useful skills and abilities," would likely be in Piaget's: a. sensorimotor stage of development b. formal operational stage of development c. preoperational stage of development d. concrete operational stage of development

B

Consider the moral dilemma faced by the husband who is trying to decide to steal a drug he cannot afford, but which will save his wife's life. The person who reasons that it would be all right to steal the drug because the right to life is more important than property rights has reached the _____stage of moral development. a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. humanistic

B

Dawn is a newborn. Ellis is 5. Fritzi is 9. Girard is 15. Which individual is correctly matched with his or her Piagetian stage? Question options: a) Ellis - concrete operational b) Dawn - sensorimotor c) Girard - postoperational d) Fritzi - formal operational

B

During the Viet Nam War Michael moved from the United States to Canada, to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect a. conventional moral reasoning. b. preconventional moral reasoning. c. postconventional moral reasoning. d. autonomous moral reasoning.

B

Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a kitty-cat until she noticed it hopped instead of walked and it didn't purr at all. The change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's new pet illustrates Piaget's process of A assimilation B accommodation C conservation D reversibility

B

Four-year-old Tom gets upset because he believes his sister has more juice than him. They actually have the same amount but Tom is confused by the fact that his sister's glass is taller and thinner than his. Tom is in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations

B

Longitudinal research designs allow researchers the opportunity to study stability or change over time in the same group of individuals as they age. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a longitudinal research design? A What are the benefits of having close friendships at school¸ particularly comparing between four groups of children who are currently enrolled in 2nd grade¸ 4th grade¸ 6th grade¸ and 8th grade? B Is being reared in an orphanage or institution early in life associated with more negative cognitive and social development (relative to control children who were reared by their parents in the community) as children age?

B

Newly encountered information that is quite dissimilar from anything seen previously is placed in a newly-created knowledge structure A assimilation B accommodation

B

Rachel is visiting her friend Edith. Edith's mom gives each of the children a can of juice and a glass. Rachel's glass is a short, fat glass, and when she pours her juice into the glass she is convinced that Edith has more juice. Rachel would clearly be in Piaget's: a. concrete operational stage of development b. preoperational stage of development c. formal operational stage of development d. juice stage of development

B

Rebecca is taking her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program that she is hoping to enroll him in. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When she returns, Adam stays close to Rebecca, holding onto her pant leg, but makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. This is the type of incident you might observe with a child and parent who share an attachment relationship that Ainsworth labeled as: A a secure attachment B a resistant attachment C an avoidant attachment D disorganized attachment

B

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Which term best describes Derek's attachment style? A disorganized B resistant C secure D avoidant

C

An individual who defined education as "going to school and passing tests," would likely be in Piaget's a. sensorimotor period of development. b. preoperational stage of development. c. concrete operational stage of development. d. formal operational stage of development.

C

At the conventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions a. are based on external consequences. b. are based on abstract principles. c. are based on internalized rules. d. reflect the morality of self-interest

C

Giving another child a present that the gift giver would've liked to receive is an example of A symbolic thinking B animism C egocentrism D mental representation E conservation

C

Harry Harlowe completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial "mothers." One of the "mothers" was make of wire and delivered food, the other was make of cloth and provided no food. Harlowe found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, a. they preferred the wire surrogate that provided food. b. they avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner. c. they preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. d. they showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer.

C

In which of the following examples are children constructing, or actively working toward, developing their own understanding of the world? A A child watches his mother as she tries to complete a difficult puzzle. B A peer shows a child how to tie her shoe. C A child bangs on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds. D A child watches her sister drop different toys off the side of her high chair.

C

Object permanence is required for infants to be successful in which of the following scenarios? A An infant sees her mother walk into an adjacent room and starts playing with a new toy. B An infant sees her toy peeking out from under a rug and crawls over to grab it. C An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it. D An infant sees a toy on top of her blanket and reaches over to grab it.

C

Tasha was a participant in the Strange Situation with her mother. During the experiment, she showed sadness when her mother left the room and was easily comforted when her mother returned. What attachment style is Tasha likely to have? A insecure-avoidant B disorganized C secure D insecure-resistant

C

The Strange Situation was developed by whom and to study what aspect of development? A Bowby; attachment style B Bowby; sociocultural theory C Ainsworth; attachment style D Ainsworth; sociocultural theory

C

The level of moral reasoning where the individual focuses on abstract principles in making a moral decision is a. the conventional level of moral reasoning. b. the preconventional level of moral reasoning. c. the postconventional level of moral reasoning. d. the heteronomous level of moral reasoning.

C

The level of moral reasoning where the individual focuses on immediate, individual consequences in making a moral decision is a. the conventional level of moral reasoning. b. the postconventional level or moral reasoning. c. the preconventional level of moral reasoning. d. the autonomous level of moral reasoning.

C

When an infant recognizes that an object continues to exist even when it is no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget termed A conservation B formal operations C object permanence D reversibility

C

Which of the following topics would not be studied by a developmental psychologist? A How infants and children react to familiar individuals and strangers from the time they are born until they are five years old B Whether sleep habits are associated with academic achievement in university students C Whether changes in cognitive functioning are observed from adulthood into old age D Whether three-year-olds engage in different types of play than five-year-olds or seven-year-olds

C

You're at a family picnic with your infant son. You want to grab some more food, so you ask your uncle - someone with whom your infant has almost no experience - to hold your son while you get some food. Your son seems reluctant to be handed over, clinging to your shorts and starting to cry. Which of the following attachment styles best describes your son's behavior? A Securely attached B Insecure-avoidant C Insecure-resistant D Disorganized

C

A 4-year-old looks at a picture of a dragon while on the telephone with her grandfather. If Piaget's claims of egocentrism are correct, the child is likely to: a) describe the dragon picture to her grandfather. b) ignore her grandfather when he asks her about her day. c) ask her grandfather if he would like to see the picture the next time they are together. d) tell her grandfather to look at the dragon.

D

A child throwing a tantrum similar to the one the child saw a cousin engage in a month prior is A symbolic thinking B animism C egocentrism D mental representation E conservation

D

A college student at Ohio University is a huge Beatles fan, and thus assumes that every other student at OU likes the Beatles. This particular student is displaying: a. object permanence b. attachment c. foreclosure d. egocentrism

D

A young child is fascinated with animals and, as a result, enjoys going to the zoo. While at the zoo, she encounters the duck-billed platypus, an interesting mammal that bears some physical similarity to a duck and also lays eggs. The child includes this new animal in her existing schema for ducks. Which of the following cognitive processes did this child use to classify the platypus? A Equilibration B Accommodation C Disequilibration D Assimilation

D

An individual who defined education as "an organized system designed to foster the acquisition of useful skills and abilities," would likely be in Piaget's a. sensorimotor period of development. b. preoperational stage of development. c. concrete operational stage of development. d. formal operational stage of development.

D

Bob realizes that a glass of milk poured into a bottle can be poured back into the glass and remain unchanged. This understanding is an example of the principle of A conservation B assimilation C mental representation D reversibility

D

Follow-up research designed to evaluate specific components of Piaget's theory of cognitive development has shown that a. symbolic thought emerges later than Piaget had suggested. b. children do not have the unique internal schemata that Piaget had suggested. c. children's schemata do not changed systematically over time. d. object permanence emerges earlier than Piaget had suggested.

D

Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Colin asks her to keep it in one piece, because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. Colin's answer suggests that he: A cannot assimilate changes into his sandwhich B has mastered the concept of conservation C cannot accommodate changes into his sandwich D does not yet understand conservation

D

One of the criticisms that has been raised concerning Piaget's theory is a. his focus on social context as the primary force behind cognitive development. b. his focus on schooling as one of the primary factors underlying cognitive development. c. the fact his theory describes the cognitive development of males more accurately than the cognitive development of females. d. his notion of sharp, distinct transitions between different stages of cognitive development.

D

When Ed's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists, and he makes no attempt to look for it. Ed would clearly be in the period of development that Piaget referred to as the: A concrete operational period of development B formal operational period of development C preoperational period of development D sensorimotor period of development

D

Which is NOT a reason that habituation paradigms useful? A They can be used to understand infant preferences for different stimuli. B They can be used with young participants. C They can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy. D They tell researcher why infants show novelty preferences.

D

Which of the following statements is not true about Piagetian theory? A Recent research confirms all of Piaget's findings B Piaget's theory describes cognitive development in ways that are easily accessible and observable C Children must progress through each stage in order D Everyone does not reach the highest level of cognitive functioning

D

Thinking that taller, skinnier glass has more volume than a proportionally shorter, fatter glass is an example of struggling with A symbolic thinking B animism C egocentrism D mental representation E conservation

E