PSY 053: Ch. 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

APA 5 Principles

1. Beneficence 2. Fidelity and responsibility 3. Integrity 4. Justice 5. Respoct of rights and dignity

Respect for persons

1. Participant can leave whenever 2. Informed consent

3 Parts of Belmont Report

1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice

Beneficence

Researcher must insure the SAFETY/well being of the partcipant and community - must predict risk

When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do?

explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

Deception (S 8.07)

the withholding of some details of a study from participants (deception through omission) or the act of actively lying to them (deception through commission)

Principle of Justice

Balance of participants and benificiaries

Milgram Obedience Study

Pushed ethics

Animal care guidelines (3 R's)

1. replacement (find alternatives) 2. refinement (modify experiment) 3. reduction (use few)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. - 5 ppl of different background

What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment?

Debrief after

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study?

The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.

In Milgram's (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study?

psychological distress

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics?

8

The ethical principles that govern psychological research and the code of conduct for how to protect human and nonhuman participants in research are published by the

American Psychological Association

Animal Research (S 8.09)

Care for animals humanely, use as few as possible, show valid need

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

Debriefing (S 8.08)

Convo/ sharing info after study especially when deception occurs

Plagiarism & Self-plagiarizim(S 8.11)

Copying others and past work

Data fabrication and falsification

Creating false or manipulating results

Anonymous and Confidential study

Don't collect (anonymous) or disclose (confidential) personal info

APA Standard 8.02 (Informed Conssent)

Explain experiment to participants before

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing?

Fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that

IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

Justice

What fraud violates

Openness & Transperency

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member?

Prisoner Advocate

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean?

Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?

The principle of respect for persons

Which statement would an animal researcher most likely agree with?

The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Unethical - used minorities - tricking them - and harming the participants

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

Violates APA standard