Psy 1001 : INTELLIGENCE

What is an intellectual disability? What is genius? What is the Terman study?

An Intellectual Disability is an condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning Genius: Top 2% of IQ age range Terman study: followed child prodigies, child prodigies don't burn out and disputed the link between genius and madness

What are the two major factors of creative achievement?

Arts (visual arts, writing, music, theater etc.) and Sciences (inventions and engineering)

What does Behavior Genetics suggest about the heritability of personality? Of mental disorders?

Behavioral Genetics suggests that all personality traits and mental disorders are inherited, it plays directly to the concept of mental disorders.

What is creativity? How is creativity measured?

Creativity is novel (new, original) and appropriate (useful, effective); can describe a product, process or person; cognitive exploration (imagination, creativity, curiosity, innovation, artistic, and intellectual interests) Measured by ability to describe a product, process, or person

What are crystallized and fluid intelligence?

Crystallized Intelligence is accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time. Fluid Intelligence is the is the general ability to think abstractly, reason, identify patterns, solve problems.

What is the study of individual differences (also known as differential psychology) and what kinds of questions does it study?

Differential Psychology is the study of individual differences. Differnential Psychology strives to answer the based questions about human beings and why they differ from one another.

Who was Francis Galton? Who was Alfred Binet? What did each contribute to intelligence research?

Francis Galton was the cousin of Darwin and focused on measuring intelligence and believed in creating a master race of individuals and improving the human population through Eugenics by encouraging smart people to breed. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon wanted to create a test to test a child's "mental age" Binet believed that his test could measure intelligence but that intelligence was not a fixed thing and could be raised.

What is Howard Gardner's theory?

Howard Gardner's Theories for Intelligence focuses on 8 different types of intelligence.

Does high IQ matter after some threshold? What were the findings of Lubinski & Benbow?

IQ's higher than 120 don't really benefit. Lubinski and Benbow found that geniuses by their early 20s were individuals that were attending graduate school at a rate more than 50x higher than that in the general population and many had already published scientific or literary articles

How alike genetically are identical twins? How alike are fraternal twins? Siblings? Children who are adopted?

Identical Twins: 100% Fraternal Twins: 50% Siblings: 50% Adopted: 100%

What are outcomes that correlate with intelligence?

Intelligence has a positive correlation with extracurricular activities, health, sense of humor, income, leadership, occupational success, response to psychotherapy, talking speed; negative correlation: visual acuity, smoking, consumption of sugars and fats

How is intelligence defined? What does it mean to say that "intelligence" is a psychological construct? What is the difference between intelligence, g, and IQ?

Intelligence is a very general mental capability that among other things involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience Intelligence is a psychological construct as there are individual differences. Intelligence is the general mental capability, g is the intelligence itself (g-factor) and IQ is a measuere of intelligence

What is the Nature/Nurture controversy?

Its the battle over which is more important. Nature (Genetics): - Identical twins have more intelligent similarity - Fraternal are different - Identical Twins have "same brain" - Intelligence correlations rise over time. Genes MATTER! Nurture (Environment): Important in early childhood development

What was the evidence that lead Spearman to propose "g"? What is "g"? What is "s"?

Low positive correlation among different content on an intelligence test. G is general intelligence. S is specific ability.

What does MZ refer to? What is the correlation between IQ for MZ twins? DZ Twins? What does this correlation suggest about the IQ?

MZ is Monozygotic and their correlation is 82%, DZ is Dizogotic and their correlation is 51%

What is the evidence for "smart brains" in terms of efficiency, reaction time, size, development, location of activity in brain? What is the effect for total brain size on IQ? Which areas of the brain are associated with IQ?

efficiency: more efficient reaction time: slower reaction time size: small positive correlation development: thinner cerebral cortex location of activity: higher intelligence exhibited less brain activity in may areas that lower intelligence participants. density of connections branching from prefrontal cortex.

How stable is IQ over time? What were the findings in Deary's Scottish study?

Over short periods of time IQ is stable, over longer intervals, IQ for people changes little Deary's Scottish study looked at 101 Scottish schoolchildren followed over time, IQ scores obtained at age 11 correlated .73 with their IQ scores at age 77.

Does the shared environment make people more alike or less alike? Does the unshared environment make people more alike or less alike?

Shared enviroments make people more alike to one another, unshared enviroments make people less alike.

What is Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient, IQ? What does mental age mean? What is the deviation IQ.

Stern's formula for IQ: Mental age/chronological age Mental age is dependent on the score that is received from the Standford-Binet test Deviation IQ: Each person's IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group

What is the Flynn effect? What are the implications of the Flynn effect? What are some possible causes of the Flynn effect?

The Flynn effect is the phenomena of increasing IQ levels at a rate of 3 points per decade. It can be said that our IQs are 10-15 points larger than our grandparents. Causes of the Flynn effect include Increased Test sophistication, increased complexity of the modern world, better nutrition and changes at home and school.

What are validity and reliability? How does one evaluate how good a test is?

The test needs to be both valid and reliable, Valid meaning it needs o measure what it says it measures and reliable in the sense that it needs to deliver consistent results.

What are the characteristics of people who score high on verbal/linguistic, body kinesthetic and logical/mathematical intelligence? What are criticisms of Gardner?

Verbal/linguistic: speak and write well. Body kinesthetic: athletic Logical/mathematical: use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems such as scientific equations. Gardner's theories are limiting, and it can be argued some intelligence categories belong on the list, and some do not.

Describe the approach measured by the following commonly used IQ tests: the WAIS, the Ravens, the WISC. Why would you choose to use one or the other?

WAIS: 15 subtests to asses different types of mental abilities. verbal Ravens: culturally fair IQ, abstract reasoning items that don't depend on language WISC: younger version of WAIS for children