PSY-101 Chapter 4, 6, 7

_____ are responsible for conveying information about pain in the skin and muscles that is generally experienced as a stinging feeling in a specific location. Fast nerve fibers Opponent cells Hair cells Slow nerve fibers

Fast nerve fibers

Which statement about highly superior autobiographic memory is true? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. People with this often recall events that never occurred. People with this are able to retrieve information without the help of retrieval cues. People with this can remember almost every day of their lives. People with this are able to acquire material more quickly during subsequent exposures.

People with this can remember almost every day of their lives.

_____ draws from experience to organize and interpret sensory information, turning it into something meaningful. Sensation Perception Accommodation Synesthesia

Perception

What is being referred to by Sperling's (1960) statement, "More is seen than can be remembered"? Short-term memory has a large capacity. Sensory memory has a large capacity but a short duration. A whole report will exceed a partial report. Long-term memory has a limited capacity.

Sensory memory has a large capacity but a short duration.

_____ is a method of shaping a desired behavior that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior. Latent learning Successive approximations Instinctive drift Law of effect

Successive approximations

Which statement about the basilar membrane is true? It contains about 6 million cones. It houses the three tiny bones of the middle ear. It lines the entire length of the middle ear. The hair cells of the basilar membrane are the receptor cells for sound waves.

The hair cells of the basilar membrane are the receptor cells for sound waves.

Which statement is a characteristic of the opponent-process theory?

The opponent colors are pairs of colors that cannot be perceived simultaneously.

Which statement accurately describes photoreceptors?

They absorb light energy and turn it into chemical and electrical signals for the brain to process.

Jonah's cat Tigger wakes up and runs to her food bowl when he turns on the shower in the morning because she knows she will be fed soon. Tigger has learned this because of: experience. habituation. shaping. instinctive drift.

experience.

Research conducted by George Sperling suggests that the visual impressions in our _____ are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second. short-term memory iconic memory rich false memories encoding specificity

iconic memory

Juan is making a chart for a presentation he is giving next week. The topic is the trichromatic theory of color. In his chart, he plans to show which cones are excited by electromagnetic energy with different wavelength ranges. He has listed these ranges: 620-700 nm, 500-575 nm, and 450-490 nm. These correspond, respectively, with:

red cones, green cones, and blue cones.

Kira is working in very dim light because her partner is asleep on the couch. What makes it possible for Kira to read in dim light? rods papillae proprioceptors cones

rods

Lyla is sitting in a hospital waiting room, which is very quiet. From across the hall, she hears someone cough. The cough creates a _____ that reaches Lyla's ear, sweeping down her auditory canal to a delicate membrane called the eardrum. gamma wave convergence depth perception sound wave

sound wave

Mary is reading about an experiment that used classical conditioning. She correctly anticipates that she will be reading about: adaptive behavior and punishment. innate animal behavior. types of reinforcers. stimuli and responses.

stimuli and responses.

Dr. Lafferty studies gustation. Her research is on the receptors in the mouth and the five basic tastes to which they are sensitive. Which tastes does she study? sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami sweet, salty, spicy, bitter, and umami sweet, salty, savory, spicy, and umami sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

Amya is drawing a diagram to help her remember some information about gustation. One thing she notes on her drawing is that with gustation, signals are sent through sensory neurons to the _____, and then on to higher brain centers for processing. occipital lobe proprioceptors basilar membrane thalamus

thalamus

Every time Mauri hears her phone buzz, she stops what she is doing and locates the phone. What is the stimulus in this case? the buzz Mauri looking for her phone the phone Mauri finding her phone

the buzz

The consequences of _____ indicate that eyewitnesses should be questioned immediately after an incident to get as reliable an account as possible. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. episodic memory working memory the serial position effect the misinformation effect

the misinformation effect

If one were to examine a graph depicting the serial position effect, with probability of recall on the vertical line and the position of the item in the list on the horizontal line, the graph would be _____-shaped. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. M U W N

u

A _____ schedule is a schedule in which the number of desired responses that must occur before a reinforcer is given changes across trials and is based on an average number of responses to be reinforced. fixed-interval variable-ratio fixed-ratio variable-interval

variable-ratio

According to the curve of forgetting, when does most forgetting occur? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. within the first 30 seconds within the first hour of learning within a week of learning after the age of 65

within the first hour of learning

Achieving a deep level of processing requires: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensory adaptation. habituation. cognitive effort. visualization.

cognitive effort.

The _____ suggests that memory operates in a series of stages that represent a flow of information. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon levels of processing framework information-processing model encoding specificity principle

information-processing model

In Pavlov's experiments, the connection between food and salivating is _____ and universal, whereas the link between the sound of the footsteps and salivating is _____. natural; problematic innate; learned learned; innate positive; negative

innate; learned

Sounds can be differentiated by three main qualities: timbre, saturation, and loudness. loudness, pitch, and timbre. pitch, timbre, and saturation. loudness, pitch, and brightness.

loudness, pitch, and timbre.

For taste, the chemicals involved in the sensation are flavor _____ surfing on waves of saliva. glomeruli molecules endorphins papillae

molecules

Last night, Jaylen was sitting alone in his apartment when he smelled something delicious—someone was baking a cake in the apartment downstairs. Jaylen didn't realize it, but the chemicals involved when he smelled the cake were _____ riding currents of air. molecules rods inverted projections nociceptors

molecules

According to signal detection theory, we would expect that a person alone in a quiet environment would be _____ to hear a cell phone vibrating on a nearby surface compared with someone in a loud environment.

more likely

Confiscating a student's cell phone because the student is using it during class is an example of: negative reinforcement. positive punishment. positive reinforcement. negative punishment.

negative punishment.

The _____ is responsible for working with verbal information for brief periods of time. When exposed to verbal stimuli, a person "hears" an immediate corollary in his or her mind. central executive phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer

phonological loop

Receptor cells for taste are found in the _____ on the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and lining the cheeks. photoreceptors olfactory bulb proprioceptors taste buds

taste buds

This morning in class, Avery learned about one of the main differences between the olfactory system and the other sensory systems. While the other sensory systems relay data through the _____ before going to higher brain centers, the olfactory system does not. reticular formation occipital lobes thalamus retina

thalamus

Which pattern represents how stages are related in Atkinson and Shiffrin's information-processing model?A, then B, then C, then A, then B, then C A, then B or C, then D or E A, then B, then C A, then B, then A, then C

A, then B, then C

Hannah writes an essay arguing that working memory is a function of short-term memory. Whose work has she likely referenced in her essay? Atkinson and Shiffrin Baddeley and Hitch Craik and Tulving Loftus

Baddeley and Hitch

_____ is a model that suggests memories are distributed throughout the brain in a network of interlinked neurons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Levels of processing Connectionism The information-processing model The reconstructionist model of memory

Connectionism

Which statement characterizes the sensation of touch? It begins with the skin, which has a variety of receptors. It begins with an electromagnetic stimulus. It provides a sense of balance and equilibrium. It sends cycles of waves of high pressure and low pressure.

It begins with the skin, which has a variety of receptors.

How does the replenishment rate of taste receptors of young adults and older adults compare? The turnover rate is slower in older adults. The turnover rate is faster in older adults. The turnover rate slows to none in older adults. The turnover rate is roughly equal in young adults and older adults.

The turnover rate is slower in older adults.

A group of friends are talking about the change in the size of a candy bar. They are shocked to learn that the manufacturer had decreased the weight of the candy bar and they hadn't noticed. One person says, "The weight change was apparently less than 2%." What is this person referring to? volley principle opponent-process theory Weber's law top-down processing

Weber's law

Mark is paired with Allen, who acts aggressively toward a Bobo doll. Peter is paired with Norman, who ignores the Bobo doll and reads a book instead. Later, researchers will observe Mark and Peter with particular interest in which aspect of their behavior? fear sadness aggression empathy

aggression

The _____ directs attention, makes plans, and coordinates activities, including determining what information is important and helping organize and manipulate consciousness. phonological loop episodic buffer central executive visuospatial sketchpad

central executive

Chunking is useful because it: divides the information into more manageable pieces. assists with the encoding process. facilitates deeper-level processing. helps expand long-term memory capacity.

divides the information into more manageable pieces.

Which type of memory helps with speech perception? implicit memory eidetic imagery iconic memory echoic memory

echoic memory

The form of sensory memory that refers to exact copies of the sounds that are heard is called: procedural memory. echoic memory. iconic memory. implicit memory.

echoic memory.

Brooklyn is creating a poster presentation for class. It includes an image of visible light waves reaching an eye. She now has to show how that stimulus affects the brain through its translation into _____ signals. conscious and subliminal vestibular and semicircular thermoreceptor and transduction electrical and chemical

electrical and chemical

Information either enters the memory system through _____, so that it is stored for a longer period of time, or it slips away. procedural memory encoding sensory adaptation spatial activity

encoding

Memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval, which is called the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. information-processing model of memory. encoding specificity principle. testing effect. serial position effect.

encoding specificity principle.

Annette is interrupted when she is trying to learn the vocabulary for her French test. She later does poorly on the French test. Her poor performance likely resulted from an issue with: encoding. long-term potentiation. priming. implicit memory.

encoding.

A _____ schedule is a schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before a reinforcer is given. fixed-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval variable-ratio

fixed-ratio

Wei's dog used to drool when he heard Wei go to the food cupboard. Recently, Wei has begun to take a plate from the plate cupboard before going to get the food from the food cupboard. His dog now drools when he goes to the plate cupboard. This is an example of: operant conditioning. positive reinforcement. higher order conditioning. stimulus discrimination.

higher order conditioning.

Nadine has recently been diagnosed with HSAM. Which symptom(s) has her physician told her that she might have? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. progressive memory issues and increased impulsivity, insomnia, and depression an inability to access memories encoded prior to brain damage a buildup of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain intense recollections interfering with other cognitive tasks

intense recollections interfering with other cognitive tasks

A researcher is conducting an experiment and uses a stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response prior to conditioning. This is called a(n): neutral stimulus. generalized stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. response.

neutral stimulus.

Dr. Jiménez shows participants four numbers and then asks them to cite the alphabet backward for 30 seconds. If Dr. Jiménez conducts 100 trials, how many participants does he suspect will correctly report all three letters? none 80 20 50

none

Layla sees Royce skipping rocks across a lake. Having never skipped rocks before, she picks up a rock and skips it across the lake. Layla likely learned how to do this through: observational learning. operant conditioning. spontaneous recovery. classical conditioning.

observational learning.

Terry is changing her exercise routine to maximize how good she feels afterward. What sort of learning does this reflect? latent learning operant conditioning observational learning classical conditioning

operant conditioning

When an animal learns to associate a behavior with its consequence, the animal is engaging in the _____ process. reinforcement instinct operant conditioning habituation

operant conditioning

Suzanne was looking a picture that had what she thought were a mother and her daughter posing for a graduation picture. She could see the family resemblance and thought they looked alike until someone told her they were not related. Her tendency to perceive the photograph in a specific manner based on her past experiences and expectations is called: convergence. continuity. perceptual organization. perceptual set.

perceptual set.

Saying "No!" loudly to a dog when it jumps on the counter is an example of: positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. positive punishment. negative punishment.

positive punishment.

A person who claims to have an eidetic memory is claiming to have the ability to: recall long lists of words. recall exact scenes with perfect accuracy. recall long lists of digits. remember conversations word for word.

recall exact scenes with perfect accuracy.

Mae runs into a childhood friend at the grocery store. She immediately says, "Hi, Petra! It's great to see you." Mae used the _____ process of memory to recall her friend's name. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. retrieval retroactive interference flashbulb encoding

retrieval

According to the information-processing model, _____ is deemed necessary for information to enter the memory system. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory implicit memory

sensory memory

Nils is studying what happens to information immediately after sensory memory processing. What type of memory is Nils studying? implicit memory short-term memory long-term memory iconic memory

short-term memory

Darren is studying in his bedroom late at night. The house is quiet. Suddenly the cat jumps up on the desk and knocks a bottle over. Since Darren is taking a psychology course on sensation and perception, he knows that his sense of hearing allowed him to detect _____ resulting from that little accident. reversible figures proximity sound waves sensory thresholds

sound waves

Alexis extinguished her dog's conditioned salivation response to a bell, but after one pairing of the original bell and food, the dog again begins to salivate at the sound of a bell. This is an example of: acquisition. discrimination. habituation. spontaneous recovery.

spontaneous recovery.

Yvette has just put an orange wedge in her mouth. The orange juice mixes with her saliva and bathes the receptor cells for taste, found in the _____ on her tongue, the roof of her mouth, and lining her cheeks. proprioceptors auditory canal taste buds amygdala

taste buds

Dr. Mammadov studies human taste buds. She knows that jutting from each taste bud are 50 to 100 _____, and it is onto these that taste molecules bind. taste receptor cells Meissner's corpuscles hair cells Pacinian corpuscles

taste receptor cells

The other sensory systems relay data through the _____ before going to higher brain centers, but the olfactory system does not. hypothalamus brain's major artery thalamus reticular formation

thalamus

Janine performed an experiment that showed that rats were more likely to press a lever again when they were given a reward on a previous trial than when they were given a shock. This was an example of: the law of effect. epigenetics. biological preparedness. cognitive mapping.

the law of effect.

The innate startle reaction is an example of a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. neutral stimulus. conditioned response. unconditioned response. unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response.

Professor Siegfried is conducting an experiment on human audition. Which frequency range should he use to make sure the experiment's participants can detect the full range of sounds? 50 to 35,000 Hz 20 to 20,000 Hz 20 to 5,000 Hz 10 to 20,000 Hz

20 to 20,000 Hz

How can the 350 different types of odor receptors distinguish among so many different odors? A given scent creates a telltale pattern of electrical activity that the brain recognizes. The brain identifies a precise hue by calculating patterns of excitement among the three cone populations. The brain uses the relative activity of the three cone types. The brain judges where along the basilar membrane neural signals originate.

A given scent creates a telltale pattern of electrical activity that the brain recognizes.

George Miller is presenting a paper at a conference on memory. Which is a potential title for his paper? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Working Memory and Active Short-Term Processing Chunking and the Limits of Short-Term Memory Levels of Processing: A Hierarchy Maintenance Rehearsal and Memory Duration

Chunking and the Limits of Short-Term Memory

Holly is writing a research paper on the most widely studied person with severe memory impairment from the twentieth century. Who is the topic of her paper? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Henry Molaison Endel Tulving Clive Wearing George Sperling

Henry Molaison

_____ is a form of sensory memory that includes visual impressions that are photograph-like in their accuracy but dissolve in less than a second. Semantic memory Implicit memory Echoic memory Iconic memory

Iconic memory

What happens if information is NOT encoded? It moves into long-term storage. It is forgotten. It stays in short-term memory. It fades away.

It fades away.

Erris has a son who is preschool age. His son loves to watch shows on TV. Based on the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, what is the maximum amount of time Erris should allow his son to watch TV each day? 1 hour 3 hours 5 hours 7 hours

1 hour

Dr. Pryat shows participants three letters and then asks them to count backward from 5,000 by fours for 3 seconds. How long does she expect participants to be able to correctly report all three letters? 5 seconds 60 seconds 18 seconds 30 seconds

18 seconds

During a tour of an old lighthouse near his home, Lucas was informed by the tour guide how the lighthouse was used to guide ships to port. According to the guide, on a clear night even a single candle flame from the lighthouse could be seen 50% of the time from as far as _____ out to sea. 5 miles 10 miles 20 miles 30 miles

30 miles

Which statement encapsulates the figure-ground principle? Objects that are connected are seen as a group. Objects close to each other are perceived as a group. As attention is focused on one object, all other features drop or recede into the background. Objects similar in shape or color are perceived as a group.

As attention is focused on one object, all other features drop or recede into the background.

How do perceptual systems adapt to constantly changing environments? Because of perceptual constancy, even when angle, lighting, and distance change, experience tells humans that the objects themselves remain the same. They are well below absolute thresholds, such as light that is too dim to see and sounds too faint to hear. They are responsible for conveying information about pain that is generally experienced as a stinging feeling in a specific location. They are how the brain takes basic sensory information and processes the incoming stimuli.

Because of perceptual constancy, even when angle, lighting, and distance change, experience tells humans that the objects themselves remain the same.

_____ describes how the brain takes basic sensory information and prepares it for further interpretation.

Bottom-up processing

Which person is using bottom-up processing? Brayden sees someone walking toward him; based on the person's hair and clothing, he classifies the person as a woman. Marcus knows his wife is home when he pulls up to the house because he sees the porch light is on. Fiona sees a shirt with ad followed by a paw print, followed by pt printed on it; she reads it as adopt. Jirya sees a yellow candle and expects it to smell like vanilla.

Brayden sees someone walking toward him; based on the person's hair and clothing, he classifies the person as a woman.

_____ is a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness. Conditioned emotional response Latent learning Conditioned taste aversion Extinction

Conditioned taste aversion

_____ is a schedule of reinforcement in which every target behavior is reinforced. Continuous reinforcement Positive reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed-interval reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

Which student will likely do BEST on a test? Wyatt, who studied for 2 hours before the test and a total of 34 hours in the preceding two days Ethan, who studied for 6 hours before the test, and who studied a total of 30 hours last week Kris, who studied for 18 hours before the test and 18 hours the day before that Hunter, who studied for 36 straight hours before the test

Ethan, who studied for 6 hours before the test, and who studied a total of 30 hours last week

A professor wants to give students every opportunity to do well in the course. Which rule might have the BIGGEST impact on student performance based on research discussed in your book? Have shallow processing of exercises when learning new ideas. Give students a lot of high-stakes tests. Forbid texting in class. Have students share notes in case one student misses what the professor said.

Forbid texting in class.

Why is short-term memory considered more than just a temporary holding place for information? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Maintenance rehearsal increases the duration of information in short-term memory Grouping information into chunks expands short-term memory. As the amount of time from encoding increases, recall decreases. Multitasking has been shown to improve short-term memory.

Grouping information into chunks expands short-term memory.

Which statement correctly describes the storage process? It is the lowest level in the processing framework hierarchy. It is how information enters the memory system. It is how stored information is accessed. It is how information is preserved for future use.

It is how information is preserved for future use.

Which statement characterizes sensation? It is the tendency to perceive stimuli in a specific manner based on past experiences and expectations. It is the purported ability to obtain information about the world without any sensory stimuli. It is the ability of the brain to heal, grow, and make do with what's available. It is the process by which receptors in sensory organs and the nervous system receive and detect stimuli.

It is the process by which receptors in sensory organs and the nervous system receive and detect stimuli.

Which statement accurately describes accommodation? It is the effect of sensory receptors becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli. It is the process of the lens changing shape to focus on near and then faraway objects, and vice versa. It is the process by which gaps are filled in if something isn't complete. It is the constricting of the lens in bright light to limit the amount of light entering the eye.

It is the process of the lens changing shape to focus on near and then faraway objects, and vice versa.

Which statement is a characteristic of the auditory nerve? It is triggered by the bending of hair cells. It separates the middle ear from the inner ear. It is a fluid-filled organ lined with the basilar membrane. It contains about 16,000 hair cells.

It is triggered by the bending of hair cells.

How does sound emanate from an amplified speaker? It transforms stimuli into the electrical and chemical signals of neurons. Receptor neurons stimulate the olfactory bulb. It sends cycles of waves of high pressure and low pressure. It results from the wavelengths reflecting off an object.

It sends cycles of waves of high pressure and low pressure.

Purdil ate at his favorite restaurant. The next day he got a terrible flu that caused him to throw up. Now Purdil does not like to eat at that same restaurant even though it was the flu and not the food that got him sick. _____ published research on conditioned taste aversions that explains why this restaurant is no longer Purdil's favorite. Albert Bandura John Garcia B. F. Skinner John Watson

John Garcia

_____ are located in the skin, and they sense touch. Ganglion cells Meissner's corpuscles Rods and cones Basilar membranes

Meissner's corpuscles

Critics cite which argument against the "pipeline" aspect of Atkinson and Shiffrin's model? Short-term memory can follow long-term memory. Long-term memory is capacity limited. Long-term memories can develop without sensory memories. Memory may not go in a straight line.

Memory may not go in a straight line.

_____ help to translate information into a form that is easier to remember. Engrams Memory traces Retrieval cues Mnemonics

Mnemonics

Which statement about color is false?

Most colors in the environment are highly saturated.

_____ respond to painful stimuli of heat, cold, chemicals, and pressure. Feature detectors Nociceptors Proprioceptors Bipolar cells

Nociceptors

Which statement about observational learning is true? Children struggle to pick up prosocial behaviors by observing models. Observational learning works best if the observer is attentive and motivated to learn. People are more likely to model undesirable behavior than desirable behavior. People are more likely to mimic undesirable behavior than desirable behavior.

Observational learning works best if the observer is attentive and motivated to learn.

Which statement is true about olfaction? Information is relayed through the thalamus before going to higher brain centers. It is determined by the wavelength reflecting off an object. Odor molecules make their way into the nose or through the mouth. Molecules ride on waves of saliva to taste receptors.

Odor molecules make their way into the nose or through the mouth.

_____ is the sense of smell. Olfaction Transduction Saturation Gustation

Olfaction

Why are memories triggered by smell often filled with emotions? Poisonous plants and rancid foods are often bitter or sour. Olfactory information is communicated directly to the limbic system. Specialized nerve endings are called proprioceptors. It is due to perceptual constancy.

Olfactory information is communicated directly to the limbic system.

_____ are located in the skin, and they detect vibrations. Binocular cues Decibels Pacinian corpuscles Meissner's corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

_____ protects humans from minor bangs and bruises as well as serious bodily harm. Connectedness Synesthesia Anosmia Pain

Pain

Which statement accurately describes olfaction? The absolute threshold is being able to smell a drop of perfume throughout a room. People with the rare condition of anosmia are unable to perceive odors. It describes how the brain takes basic sensory information and processes the incoming stimuli. It is the sense of taste.

People with the rare condition of anosmia are unable to perceive odors.

Which statement correctly summarizes place theory? Pitch is determined by the vibrating frequency of the sound wave, basilar membrane, and associated neural impulses. Neurons fire at the same rate as vibrations, sending signals through the auditory nerve at this rate. Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea. Perception of pitch is made possible by neurons working together to fire in volleys.

Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea.

Which statement about place theory is false? Pitch corresponds to the location of the vibrating hair cells along the cochlea. Place theory is better at explaining higher-pitch than lower-pitch sounds. Pitch is determined by the vibrating frequency of the sound wave, basilar membrane, and associated neural impulses. Hair cells near the oval window vibrate more to higher-frequency sounds.

Pitch is determined by the vibrating frequency of the sound wave, basilar membrane, and associated neural impulses.

_____ is caused by damage to the hair cells or the auditory nerve. Conduction hearing impairment Anosmia Presbyopia Sensorineural deafness

Sensorineural deafness

_____ is a stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information. Echoic memory Retrieval Flashbulb memory Short-term memory

Short-term memory

_____ is also apparent in operant conditioning, because organisms can learn when to respond to stimuli that do result in reinforcement and when not respond to stimuli that do not result in reinforcement. Instinctive drift Stimulus discrimination Latent learning Stimulus generalization

Stimulus discrimination

Which statement accurately characterizes the receptor cells for gustation? They are made up of large myelinated neurons. They are extremely sensitive, firing in response to even a single photon. They are found in the taste buds on the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and lining the cheeks. They allow the detection of infrared waves radiating off the bodies of prey.

They are found in the taste buds on the tongue, the roof of the mouth, and lining the cheeks.

Which statement describes a characteristic of slow nerve fibers? They are made up of smaller, unmyelinated neurons. They convey information to the reticular formation, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. They are responsible for conveying information about pain in the skin and muscles. They convey information about pain that is in a specific location.

They are made up of smaller, unmyelinated neurons.

Which statement accurately characterizes human sensory organs? They are one of the few types of neurons that regenerate. They are prone to interferences from outside and within. They are made up of large myelinated neurons. They are specialized nerve endings primarily located in the muscles and joints.

They are prone to interferences from outside and within.

Which statement about fast nerve fibers is false? They convey information to the reticular formation, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. They communicate information about pain that is more like a dull ache, and not necessarily in a specific region. They quickly convey information about pain in the skin and muscles. The information they convey is generally experienced as a stinging feeling in a specific location.

They communicate information about pain that is more like a dull ache, and not necessarily in a specific region.

Why is the computer metaphor of memory problematic? Neurons are less complicated than electrical circuits. When people encode information, they save it in a pattern, not in one place. When we retrieve information, it isn't exactly the same as the way we encoded it. Computers have one type of memory, but humans have multiple types.

When we retrieve information, it isn't exactly the same as the way we encoded it.

Dr. Menon uses scans in his research to generate pictures of the inside of the participants' bodies. Dr. Menon warns his participants that they will be exposed to a type of electromagnetic energy called: gamma waves. ultraviolet light. microwaves. X-rays.

X-rays.

Todd has a motorcycle that he enjoys riding for hours at a time in good weather. He recently learned that noise from a motorcycle can register at 80-90 dB. Is his hearing at risk? No; Todd does not ride every day and therefore is not at risk. No; noise at this level is not considered dangerous. Yes; continual exposure to noise at this loudness can cause permanent hearing damage. Yes; noise above 80 dB can cause instant hearing damage.

Yes; continual exposure to noise at this loudness can cause permanent hearing damage.

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's information-processing model, movement through stages is like: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a log moving down a river. a fire burning a piece of wood into ash. rain falling and then evaporating back into clouds. an artist carving a sculpture from a piece of marble.

a log moving down a river.

Dr. Kavish wants to test the gestalt principle of closure with her class. She draws an image on the board and asks the students what they see. Which image should she use for this activity? a series of unconnected horizontal lines that resemble the letter H a series of spaced-out X's that follow a wave-like pattern from left to right a series of vertical lines following the pattern of two lines close together, a large gap, two more lines, and so on a series of squares that are laid out in a 5 x 5 grid fashion; the first row is red squares; the rest are gray

a series of unconnected horizontal lines that resemble the letter H

Which of these is a good analogy for a memory of an event? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a picture carved in stone a wiki page a photograph a sculpture carved in marble

a wiki page

A researcher conducted a study to determine the weakest stimulus that participants could detect 50% of the time. This researcher was studying: interposition. false alarms. substance P levels. absolute threshold.

absolute threshold.

Dr. Hanauer is conducting an experiment related to the loudness of sounds. He will be examining the _____ of the waves they generate. wavelength amplitude saturation timbre

amplitude

Which of these is an example of a reinforcer? anything that makes a specific behavior less likely to be repeated anything that makes a specific behavior more likely to be repeated anything that changes future behavior anything that produces classical conditioning

anything that makes a specific behavior more likely to be repeated

Key to the formation of conditioned taste aversion is: a fixed-interval schedule. modeling. reinforcement. association.

association.

Observational learning is highly dependent on: attention. prosocial behaviors. empathy. punishment.

attention.

Signals from the auditory nerve pass through various hubs in the brain, including the thalamus, and eventually wind up in the _____, where sounds are given meaning. limbic system amygdala auditory cortex peripheral nervous system

auditory cortex

The _____ contains about 16,000 hair cells, which are the receptor cells for the sound waves that have been transformed into liquid waves. basilar membrane oval window pinna eardrum

basilar membrane

Neal's cat runs to him whenever he opens a can of food, expecting to be fed. We can conclude that the cat has: has experienced spontaneous recovery. learned to act affectionate in order to get fed. become habituated to the sound of cans opening. been conditioned to link the sound of a can opening with being fed.

been conditioned to link the sound of a can opening with being fed.

Eduardo completes an entire jigsaw puzzle without ever referring to the image on the box. Rather, he looks for specific shape patterns related to the tabs and slots on each piece, looking for pairs that go together. Eduardo is able to do this thanks to: bottom-up processing. audition. convergence. top-down processing.

bottom-up processing.

Felicity is lying in bed listening to the sounds coming from outside her window. What she doesn't realize is that her brain is always taking in all types of basic sensory information and processing the incoming stimuli through: top-down processing. sensory thresholds. bottom-up processing. sensory adaptation.

bottom-up processing.

Slow nerve fibers convey information to the: brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system. reticular formation, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. occipital lobe, reticular formation, and limbic system. spinal cord, occipital lobe, and hypothalamus.

brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system.

Abhinav is designing an experiment to research microwaves. What electronic devices might he include in his research? night vision goggles tanning beds cell phones communication satellites

cell phones

Dr. Haskins is doing a memory experiment. One group is given a list of 15 words, while the other is given the same words, divided into smaller groups based on similarities. This second group could be labeled a(n) _____ group. elaborative rehearsal automatic processing maintenance rehearsal chunking

chunking

Draymond has trouble remembering his friends' phone numbers. He notices most of his friends have the same area code and first three digits for their number. What technique has he used to help his memory? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. chunking rehearsal correlation recency effect

chunking

Diana is looking at a diagram of the human ear. She sees a snail-shaped organ in the inner ear. This is the: auditory nerve. pinna. cochlea. eardrum.

cochlea.

A _____ is a mental representation of our physical surroundings. successive approximation reinforcer cognitive map Skinner box

cognitive map

As a child, Benicio was not afraid on bridges, but now he experiences intense fear on bridges because he witnessed someone falling off a bridge when he was younger. Benicio has a(n) _____ to bridges. conditioned tasted aversion conditioned emotional response stimulus generalization instinctive drift

conditioned emotional response

Alina's girlfriend always lights a certain candle when they are alone together. Alina finds the scent of the candle very arousing because it is a(n): conditioned response. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response. primary reinforcer.

conditioned stimulus.

Ahmad drank some green tea and shortly after became sick, vomiting multiple times over the next several hours. It is possible that _____ will develop. conditioned taste aversion spontaneous recovery higher order conditioning negative punishment

conditioned taste aversion

Eloise won't eat carrots because she once became very sick after eating them at a picnic. This is an example of: conditioned emotional response. conditioned taste aversion. latent learning. extinction

conditioned taste aversion.

Which term is associated with operant conditioning? neutral stimuli unconditioned responses involuntary response consequence

consequence

A professor gives students poor grades when they submit poorly written essays. In this example, the poor grades are considered: a type of higher order conditioning. neutral stimuli. consequences. prosocial behaviors.

consequences.

Cassie is explaining the gestalt organizational principles to her brother. On a piece of paper, she draws a bunch of dots with arrows from each of them pointing in various directions. She tells her brother that those heading in the same direction are seen as members of a group based on the principle of: closure. continuity. figure-ground. similarity.

continuity

The gestalt principle of _____ states that parts tend to be perceived as members of a group if they head in the same direction. closure figure-ground proximity continuity

continuity

If someone were interested in replicating Pavlov's original conditioning experiments, it would be important for the stimulus they link with the food to be: controlled. something that causes salivation. highly pleasurable. loud.

controlled

Armando was riding his scooter when something flew into his eye. He is now on his way to the eye doctor. What part of his eye was potentially injured? lens fovea cornea optic disc

cornea

Dr. Rubenstein is listening to one of her students ask a question from the back of the lecture hall. The student's voice creates a sound wave that reaches Dr. Rubenstein's ear, and it sweeps down her auditory canal. What structure does it hit next? cornea eardrum cochlea oval window

eardrum

The outer layer of the skin is called the: epidermis. olfactory bulb. papilla. fovea.

epidermis

Professor Griffith studies sensory abilities. She always asks participants in her studies to get a good night's sleep and to eat breakfast before coming to the lab. She does this because she knows the state of a person's body and mind can influence their ability to detect _____ stimuli such as subliminal stimuli. familiar faint new/novel strong

faint

Professor Zhào is a researcher at a large university. She has a busy lab that involves participants coming in to see what types of tastes they can detect. Professor Zhào studies: gustation. synesthesia. proprioception. olfaction.

gustation

Rae is trying to remember the difference between the loudness and pitch of a sound. She writes down on a notecard that loudness is based on the _____ of the wave it generates, while pitch is based on the _____ of its waves. amplitude; height saturation; frequency height; saturation height; frequency

height; frequency

The stages related to memory are explicitly described in the: levels of processing framework. encoding specificity principle. information-processing model. Digit Span Test.

information-processing model.

The vestibular system comprises fluid-filled organs located in the: middle ear. inner ear. olfactory bulb. limbic system.

inner ear.

Studies show that retrieval can be influenced by information learned before or after a memory was made. This is referred to as: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. primacy. procedural memory. interference. retention.

interference.

Fidel is a painter who specializes in realistic landscape paintings. When he paints one object in front of another, the object that is partially blocked appears more distant. What visual cue is he using? interposition retinal disparity linear perspective convergence

interposition

Rogelio doesn't eat any vegetables, greatly dislikes dark chocolate, and has a strong negative reaction to coffee. One possible reason for this is that he: has Pacinian corpuscles. is a synesthete. has a deficiency of cones. is a supertaster.

is a supertaster.

Claudia has a clogged toilet in her apartment. She has never used a plunger before but feels like she "instinctively" knows what to do with it and successfully unclogs the toilet. This is an example of: the partial reinforcement effect. operant conditioning. latent learning. instinctive drift.

latent learning.

Judith burned her hand on the stove when she was 6 years old, and for the past 12 years she has always used oven mitts. This shows evidence of: learning. instinct. spontaneous recovery. extinction.

learning.

Shayla is classifying different types of energy. How should she classify electromagnetic energy? pressure sound smell light

light

Which stage of memory would be LEAST disrupted by having to count out loud backward from 100? iconic memory sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory

long-term memory

The stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity that stores enduring information about facts and experiences is called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sensory memory. long-term memory. the central executive. long-term potentiation.

long-term memory.

Due to a bad case of encephalitis several years ago, Steve is unable to create long-term memories and is unable to keep new information for more than a few seconds at a time. This suggests a problem with: memory storage. mood congruence. implicit memory. working memory.

memory storage.

Kylie has to remember the life stages of a frog for an upcoming biology exam. She studies by imagining herself walking through her home encountering a frog at each successive life stage in different parts of her house. Which memory technique is Kylie using? engrams method method of loci episodic buffer phonological loop

method of loci

Hamisi is a traffic court judge. To decrease drunk driving behavior, Judge Hamisi often revokes the driver's licenses of people caught driving drunk in her county. This is known as: negative reinforcement. classical conditioning. positive punishment. negative punishment.

negative punishment.

Ted watches Alexis do a "cannonball" into the pool, and then Ted does one himself. Ted likely learned how to do a "cannonball" through: observational learning. operant conditioning. latent learning. classical conditioning.

observational learning.

Leilani is reading her psychology textbook in preparation for class tomorrow. Her instructor stated that they would be discussing the sense of smell, which is called: saturation. gustation. olfaction. transduction.

olfaction

Naomi hears a high-pitched squeal when she applies the brakes in her car. As the pitch gets higher and higher, the hair cells toward the end of the basilar membrane near her _____ vibrate more. incus pinna oval window eardrum

oval window

Celeste is sitting in her bedroom late at night. She hears a loud crashing sound coming from the garage. When the sound wave reaches her middle ear, the hammer pushes the anvil, the anvil moves the stirrup, and the stirrup presses on a membrane called the: myelin. oval window. epithelium. eardrum.

oval window.

Makayla is learning about the process of organizing, interpreting, and transforming information about sensory stimuli into something meaningful. She is learning about: transduction. accommodation. sensation. perception.

perception

A person who is unable to repeat words that they hear might have a problem with which aspect of working memory? visuospatial sketchpad phonological loop central executive episodic buffer

phonological loop

Gabriel is listening to a duet that includes a flute and a tuba. When the flute plays its highest note and the tuba plays its lowest note, Gabriel is hearing a difference in: saturation. brightness. timbre. pitch.

pitch

According to _____, the location of neural activity along the cochlea allows humans to sense the different pitches of high-frequency sounds. volley principle frequency theory place theory gate-control theory

place theory

Brajesh is learning about different theories for how the brain processes pitch. One of them, the _____, proposes that the location of neural activity along the cochlea allows humans to sense the different pitches of high-frequency sounds. frequency theory place theory gate-control theory volley principle

place theory

Someone interested in implicit memory would be interested in _____ memory. working semantic procedural episodic

procedural

Which type of memory would be LEAST vulnerable to reconstruction? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. flashbulb memory explicit memory episodic memory procedural memory

procedural memory

Ginny is kind and generous, just like her parents. Ginny displays: antisocial behaviors. empathy. aggressive behaviors. prosocial behaviors.

prosocial behaviors.

Tyreese was at the dentist's office yesterday. He didn't know it, but his dentist was conducting his own experiment. He had read that diffusing a lavender scent through the waiting room of a plastic surgeon's waiting room had _____, so he was trying this in his waiting room, as well. decreased internal factors increased anxiety increased internal factors reduced anxiety

reduced anxiety

Consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring are called: reinforcers. models. punishments. conditioned responses.

reinforcers.

If two objects are similar in actual size but one is farther away, the farther-away object appears to be smaller. This _____ is a monocular cue that interprets the larger object as being closer. continuity convergence relative size retinal disparity

relative size

The modifications of behavior and thinking that occur as a result of learning are: relatively enduring but not always permanent. lifelong and result in permanent changes. short lived unless "relearned" every day. extremely difficult to change.

relatively enduring but not always permanent.

Stimuli that help in the retrieval of stored information that is difficult to access are called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. flashbulb memories. sensations. engrams. retrieval cues.

retrieval cues.

Alana is thinking of examples for her presentation in class tomorrow. She is going to draw a man almost touching a red burner on a stove to provide an example of _____. She is then going to draw a picture of a man with a thought bubble that says, "Hot!" to provide an example of _____. sensation; perception perception; sensation psychology; parapsychology nociceptors; synapses

sensation; perception

Joppan is preparing a presentation for class. He plans to describe _____, which helps explain how humans survive from an evolutionary perspective. By ignoring unchanging stimuli, humans are better prepared to detect changes in the environment. sensory adaptation signal detection theory opponent-process theory trichromatic theory

sensory adaptation

The _____ indicates that the ability to recall items in a list depends on where they are in the series. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon serial position effect testing effect phonological loop

serial position effect

Some critics of the information-processing model doubt that a clear boundary exists between: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. short-term and long-term memory. retrograde and anterograde amnesia. retroactive and proactive interference. sensory memory and sensory adaptation.

short-term and long-term memory.

Amber had a bad encounter with a German Shepherd and also fears Huskies, although she has never met one. This is an example of: stimulus generalization. operant conditioning. stimulus discrimination. habituation.

stimulus generalization.

Dr. Acosta explains that, unlike other sensory systems, olfactory information is communicated directly to the limbic system. Because of this, odor-induced memories: tend to fade quicker than other memories. tend to be tied to an emotion. are often associated with specific visual images. are often linked to an auditory memory.

tend to be tied to an emotion.

Jasmine is creating a presentation about evolutionary advantages. Which example is appropriate for her to include? the fact the absolute threshold for bitter is lower than that for sweet the range of electromagnetic energy that is not visible to humans the fact that color deficiency occurs more often in those of Japanese descent than in those of European decent the fact that images appear inverted on the retina

the fact the absolute threshold for bitter is lower than that for sweet

A person decides to start a new activity, but she experiences negative outcomes on the first attempt. She avoids that activity in the future. This is representative of: the law of effect. habituation. stimulus discrimination. latent learning.

the law of effect.

Which factor distinguishes recall from recognition? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the presence or absence of retrieval cues the retrieval of explicit or implicit memories the stage of the information-processing model involved the use of shallow- or deep-level processing

the presence or absence of retrieval cues

Dr. Yeza conducts research on the reliability of memory. Her work has demonstrated that, because memories are permeable and fade over time, various influences since an incident occurred can revise the memory of that event. Which model of memory does her research support? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the working memory model the information-processing model the levels of processing framework the reconstructionist model

the reconstructionist model

Someone studying sensation would focus on: how various factors influence the ability to detect weak signals in the environment. how information about sensory stimuli is organized, interpreted, and transformed into something meaningful. the way in which eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and other tissues receive and detect stimuli. humans' ability to obtain information about the world without any sensory stimuli.

the way in which eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and other tissues receive and detect stimuli.

Professor Zivojinovich studies the sense of smell. She understands that _____ occurs in the chemical sense of olfaction when enough odor molecules attach to an olfactory receptor neuron, causing an action potential. anosmia priming transduction synesthesia

transduction

Professor Deva is explaining color perception to her class. She says, "The key component of this theory is the idea that individual cones in the eye are sensitive to one color, either red, green, or blue." Which theory is she describing? gate-control theory frequency theory trichromatic theory opponent-process theory

trichromatic theory

Last night, Marta had a steak with a mushroom sauce. The predominate flavor Marta experienced was: anosmia. sour. spicy. umami.

umami.

In an episode of The Office, Jim adds nickels to Dwight's phone headset over the course of days. Dwight doesn't notice the change in weight. If we assume Jim pushed the limit on weight he could add without the weight being detected, we can conclude that the nickels Jim added weighed just less than _____ of the weight of the headset. 3% 1% 0.5% 2%

2%

Chakrit is staying up late while babysitting for a neighbor. Chakrit is tired, hungry, and bored and doesn't notice the sound of a car door closing outside. This provides support for which theory/concept? signal detection theory size constancy Weber's law illusory correlations

signal detection theory

Paola has her ear pressed up against the door of her room. She is trying to hear who is up talking so late at night. When Paola hears her brother's and father's voices through the door, she is detecting the _____ from their voices. subliminal stimuli sound waves photoreceptors short wavelengths

sound waves

Dr. Rodriguez is discussing sensation with his class today. He is explaining that a light that is too dim to see or a sound that is to faint to hear would be considered: sensory abilities. parapsychology. reversible figures. subliminal stimuli.

subliminal stimuli.

Endorphins reduce pain by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain and spinal cord, possibly through the inhibition of: proprioception. synesthesia. substance P. sensory thresholds.

substance P.

Kendrick is talking to his sister about rainbows. He explains that the colors we see are determined by: anosmia. retinal disparity. bottom-up processing. the wavelength of the light.

the wavelength of the light.

Someone eating sautéed mushrooms would experience what basic taste? bitter umami sour sweet

umami