PSY 101: Chapter 9 & 11 Study Guidepersonality

Incentive Theory of Motivation

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Humanistic Theory of Motivation

theories of motivation which focus on human potential and the drive to be the best a person can be. people have strong cognitive reasons to do things ex: hierarchy of needs

Arousal Theory of Motivation

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal ( best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing motivation

Repression

(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious

Latency stage

- Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers

Genital stage

1 or freud's 5 psychosexual stages, time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure comes from someone outside the family

components of motivation

1) Activation 2) Persistence 3) Intensity

Id Ego SuperEgo

Id(it) pleasure. Ego (I) mediator. Superego(conscience) rules and regulations

Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)

In psychology, the Big Five personality traits are five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality, the five-factor model (The five factors are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Acronyms commonly used to refer to the five traits collectively are OCEAN, NEOAC, or CANOE.

People who see themselves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences have an _____________.

Internal locus of control

secondary sex characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Trait

(Allport) Similar to Eysenck, Biological. Expressing biologically influenced dispositions, such as extroversion or introversion.

Social Cognitive

(Bandura, Mischel) Reciprocal influences between people and their situations, colored by perceptions of control. People behave according to how they cope with social pressures and solve social problems.

Biological

(Eysenck) People exhibit consistent phycological traits such as extraversion or deceitfulness.

Psychoanalytic

(Freud, Neo-freudians) People are viewed as struggling between their animal instincts and the pressures of socialization.

Humanistic

(Rogers, Manslow) People are viewed as seeking personal growth and striving toward becoming their full selves.

Behaviorists

(Skinner)

the four goal orientations

1) Mastery or Performance: a) Approach or Avoidance. Achievement motivation depends on which of the following four goal orientations an individual adopts: 1) mastery/approach 2) mastery/avoidance 3) performance/avoidance 4) performance/approach

eating disorders

1) anorexia nervosa 2) bulimia nervosa

James-Lange theory

1880s; William James and Carl Lange; theory of emotion; stimuli in environment cause physiological change in bodies, then emotion comes; ex. I see a bear which cause my heart to race, then I become afraid

motivation

A character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act

Projection

A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group

Displacement

A defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative.

personality

A person's characteristics, patterns of behavior, thinking, feeling.

Neuroticism

A personality dimension describing people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness.

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Openness to experience

A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.

Agreeableness

A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.

Conscientiousness

A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

projective test

A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

Rorschach

A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure

Regression

A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.

emotion

A state involving psychological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation that produced the state, and an outward behavior expressing the state. A subjective response, usually accompanied by a physiological change, which is interpreted n a particular way by the individual and often leads to a change in behavior

archetypes

A very typical example of a certain person or thing. Good evil. Neo-Freudians Personality consists of 3 parts: Ego Personal unconscious Collective unconscious (archetypes)

unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Activation

Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class.

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

self-efficacy

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

temperament

An individual's characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

Rationalization

Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

Reaction formation

Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.

Sublimation

Defense mechanism by which people redirect socially unacceptable impulses toward acceptable goals.

Denial

Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Cannon-Bard theory

Emotion and physiological response happens in the same time. The theory that en emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal.(pg. 308)

intrinsic motivation

Engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

Anal stage

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination. Fixation in the anal stage is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

defense mechanisms

Freud's term for psychological forces which prevent undesirable or inappropriate impulses from entering consciousness and reduce anxiety

behavioral assessment

Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context.

projective methods

Methods that encourage respondents to reveal their own feelings, thoughts, and behaviors by shifting the focus away from the individual through the use of indirect tasks. use of word association, sentence completion--encourage respondents to reveal their own feelings through indirect tasks/questions.

Performance/avoidance

Motivated to avoid appearing incompetent or stupid in the eyes of others.

Performance/approach

Motivated to demonstrate that they have more ability or competence than others.

Mastery/avoidance

Motivated to seek to avoid misunderstanding given tasks

Mastery/approach

Motivated to truly master academic tasks.

social motives

Motives (such as the needs for affiliation and achievement) that are acquired through experience and interaction with others.

Freud's psychosexual stages

Oral (up to 1), Anal (up to 3), Phallic (up to 6), Latency (up to puberty), Genital (puberty+)

Persistence

Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist, such as taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy, and resources.

traits

Personality qualities or characteristics which are stable across situations, that are used to describe or explain personality. trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.[1] According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions.

Bandura's _____________ model explains how traits and situations interact.

Reciprocal determinism

________ is the direction of one's sexual interest.

Sexual orientation

Drive Theory of Motivation

people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs.

personality inventories

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Instinct Theory of Motivation

a view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses

__________ suggests that the muscular movements involved in certain facial expressions trigger corresponding emotions.

facial-feedback hypothesis

phallic stage

freud's concept for that period of life during which excitation or tension begins to be centered in the genitals and during which there is an attraction to the parent of the opposite sex.

primary drives

innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs

Intensity

intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. For example, one student might coast by without much effort, while another student will study regularly, participate in discussions and take advantage of research opportunities outside of class.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

is a projective psychological test. Proponents of this technique assert that a person's responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.

Holtzman Inkblot Test

not as popular as Rorschach, lots of color