PSY 101 Exam 3
A sensitive person who reacts with anxiety to loud noises or unexpected experiences would be described as having a high level of reactivity. Toward which end of the continuum of the Big Five traits would this person likely fall? A. Introversion and neuroticism B. Extroversion and openness C. Leadership and emotional stability D. Strength and disagreeability
A
A trait is _____. A. a stable personality characteristic B. an aspect of your personality that you suppress C. the personality characteristic that people like about you D. an unconscious desire
A
According to a large meta-analysis involving thousands of participants (Kling, Hyde, Showers & Buswell, 1999), ____. A. males have a very small self-esteem advantage over females B. males have a large self-esteem advantage over females C. females have increasingly lower self-esteem relative to males D. females have significantly lower self-esteem than males
A
An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____. A. procedural memory B. eidetic memory C. declarative memory D. retrograde memory
A
Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to assess their sensory capabilities? A. Measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements B. Traditional hearing and vision exams C. Interviews with parents and other caring relatives D. Sign language with the baby
A
Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include __. A. semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information B. explicit and implicit memories C. semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories D. nondeclarative and implicit aspects
A
During adolescence, which of the following reach(es) adult levels? A. Working memory and reaction time B. Problem-solving abilities C. Ability to use executive processes D. Analytical thinking
A
During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents? A. Placenta B. Ovaries C. Uterus D. Endoderm
A
Ethan is just 2 weeks old. When his mother strokes his cheek he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the ____ reflex. A. rooting B. sucking C. Moro D. palmar
A
Genetics accounts for ______ of the variability seen in the population's personality. A. about half B. none C. about two-thirds D. all
A
How do most people respond when they talk about themselves, look at themselves in a mirror, watch a video of themselves, or "stand out from the crowd" in some way? A. With heightened self-awareness and an unpleasant feeling B. With feelings of selflessness and pride C. With feelings of selflessness and discomfort D. With heightened self-awareness and feelings of pride
A
It is thought that sleep-related processing helps to reorganize existing memories to accommodate new information. A. True B. False
A
Learning changes neural structure in that neurons have _____ axon terminals following sensitization. A. larger numbers of B. habituated C. charged D. simpler
A
Long-term memory is characterized by ____. A. unlimited duration and unlimited capacity B. limited duration and unlimited capacity C. limited duration and limited capacity D. unlimited duration and limited capacity
A
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____. A. mnemonics B. elaborative rehearsals C. chunks D. recitations
A
Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite ____. A. the high energy costs B. the social pressure against it C. their inability to recall the memories easily D. the time it takes to form the memories
A
Mr. Langley's former high school Latin students are holding a 25-year reunion. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____. A. have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school B. have forgotten much of what they knew due to the passage of time C. remembered about 35% of the vocabulary D. found that they could not remember a thing
A
People with high self-esteem tend to have both greater happiness and persistence because they ____. A. are better able to weather bad news relative to those with low self-esteem B. have a reduced need for social relationships C. believe they will never be socially rejected D. have fewer "storms" in life
A
People with low self-esteem tend to respond to failure in one area by __________. A. overgeneralizing or assuming that they will fail in other areas too B. telling others that they are great at something else C. comparing themselves to people who did worse D. assuming that they will not fail in other areas
A
Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be ____. A. essay B. true-false C. matching D. multiple choice
A
Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____. A. patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants B. taxicab drivers in London, Chicago, and New York C. infants D. pigeons and rats, both of whom were born with only half of their cerebral cortex
A
Students who pull all-nighters tend to perform _____ on tests the next day. A. poorly B. expertly C. quickly D. better than if they had gotten sleep
A
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the ____. A. capacity of short-term memory B. duration of short-term memory C. duration of semantic memory D. capacity of semantic memory
A
The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____. A. can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable B. can exist but is unlikely to affect current attitudes or actions C. has not been substantiated by research studies D. is primarily one of mild distortion, like a ripple in a pond
A
The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is ____. A. authoritarian B. indulgent C. authoritative D. uninvolved
A
The science of personality _____. A. explores the extent to which personality is truly unique or overlaps with others B. allows you to predict others' behavior in different situations C. provides data to judge right and wrong ways to be D. proves that Freud's perspectives were all correct
A
The self does not exist in a vacuum. It both shapes and is shaped by ____. A. our social environment B. our temperament C. the id D. our genes
A
The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____. A. their personal experiences B. predetermined hierarchies C. semantic similarities D. existing cultural norms
A
To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to ____. A. standardized tests of personality B. individualized tests of personality C. participant observation D. long-term qualitative studies
A
Twin studies like the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart are commonly used to explore __________. A. how genetics affects personality B. Freudian theory C. behavioral techniques D. operant conditioning
A
Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and _____. A. stress B. cues C. sensations D. semantics
A
What "self" do we play in the presence of other people? A. Interpersonal self B. Societal self C. Individualistic self D. Collectivistic self
A
What does the early appearance of temperament in a person's life suggest? A. A possible genetic origin for personality B. A definite genetic origin for personality C. A lack of environmental influence on personality D. Personality is fixed at birth
A
What is object permanence? A. The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present B. The ability to understand the concept of "me" and "it" C. The ability to incorporate new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema D. The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its essence
A
What is one potential limitation of personality inventories that are based on self-reporting? A. The responses might be influenced by the test-taker's need to appear socially appropriate. B. Self-reporting can be very time-consuming. C. Results based on self-reporting are rarely valid. D. Self-reported responses may be overly objective.
A
What is self-esteem? A. A judgment of the value of the self B. A person's description of his or her own positive characteristics C. A person's optimal patterns of thought, feelings, and actions D. A person's knowledge of his or her roles and memories
A
When referring to humans, which of the following terms describes a developing organism from 3 weeks to 8 weeks after conception? A. Embryo B. Fetus C. Zygote D. Ovum
A
When we interact with family members, friends, coworkers, and other significant people, we experience the _________ self. A. relational B. collective C. social D. personal
A
Which of the following is an accurate statement? A. Epigenetic tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience throughout the life span. B. Epigenetic tags are formed in the early life span but deteriorate in old age. C. Epigenetic tags replace internal signals in driving physical growth after birth. D. Epigenetic tags only form during prenatal development due to external influences such as the mother's diet.
A
Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood? A. It emerges gradually in industrialized countries. B. It takes place from age 18 to age 25. C. In developing countries, it is typically marked by gaining the right to vote. D. It is a phase determined by biology.
A
Which of the following psychologists was a humanist, interested particularly in human motivation? A. Maslow B. Freud C. Bandura D. Allport
A
Which of the following statements is true about the heritability ratio of personality traits in humans? A. The heritability ratio does not tell us how an individual's personality actually develops. B. Approximately 50% of the personality traits within a family are produced by genes. C. The heritability ratio incorporates the effects of shared and nonshared environments on the production of particular outcomes. D. Approximately 50% of a person's personality traits are produced by genes.
A
____ memory is organized like a timeline. A. Episodic B. Semantic C. Classical D. Nondeclarative
A
_____ is a confusion between imagined and true memories. A. Confabulation B. Habituation C. Repression D. Recitation
A
_____ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory. A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Information processing
A
A mother's use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or cocaine during pregnancy can significantly reduce ____. A. the development of the amygdala in her child's brain B. the volume of gray matter in her child's brain C. the development of the hippocampus in her child's brain D. the volume of white matter in her child's brain
B
Aaron is studying for his sensation and perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and providing self-referential examples. This is called ____. A. mnemonics B. recitation C. distributive practice D. the method of loci
B
According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model? A. Sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term rehearsal B. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory C. Short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory D. Sensory memory, short-term rehearsal, and long-term memory
B
Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory? A. He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock. B. He brushes his teeth. C. He reminds himself to pack a lunch for work. D. He forgets his keys.
B
Bree is HIV-positive and is managing her infection with antiretroviral drugs. She just learned that she is pregnant. To avoid passing the virus to her baby, her doctor may advise her to ________. A. deliver the baby vaginally if at all possible B. deliver the baby by cesarean section if possible C. avoid use of HIV medications while pregnant D. take extra iron and calcium while pregnant
B
Chemical tags are another term for _____. A. zygotes B. epigenomes C. embryos D. newborns
B
Development is believed to ____. A. proceed gradually and smoothly over time B. be continuous in some aspects and more abrupt in others C. be discontinuous in underlying processes and continuous in their observable aspect D. proceed somewhat abruptly from one stage to the next
B
Dylan is 16. He is finally taller than his sister and is experiencing muscular development, growth of facial hair, and enlargement of the larynx, which has caused his voice to deepen. These are called ____ sex characteristics. A. primary B. secondary C. static D. dynamic
B
Human beings are somewhat unusual among primates in the length of their life span beyond their productive years. This may have provided an adaptive advantage over the course of evolution and is known as ____. A. the wisdom of elders B. the grandmother effect C. survival of the fittest D. the grandfather effect
B
In Freud's model of the structure of personality, which of the following would be an example of the superego? A. The part of our personality that operates according to the pleasure principle B. The part of our personality that functions as a conscience C. The component of the personality that is readily seen by others, acting as the person's "self" D. The primitive drives that serve as a source of energy for the personality
B
In cognitive-social learning theories of personality, the cognitive expectancy related to the source of individual outcomes is known as ________. A. reciprocal determinism B. locus of control C. response tendencies D. defense mechanisms
B
In humans, zygote is the correct term for a developing organism during which period of time? A. Between 8 and 40 weeks after conception B. During the first 2 weeks after conception C. During the period of greatest growth and maturation D. Between 3 and 8 weeks after conception
B
Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts to gain India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created by humans. These actions reflect Kohlberg's stage of ____ morality. A. conventional B. postconventional C. anticonventional D. preconventional
B
Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four years old, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____. A. Down syndrome B. fetal alcohol syndrome C. hydrocephalus D. spina bifida
B
Most men experience ____ in testosterone over the course of the midlife years. A. a major drop B. little to no decrease C. an increase D. strange changes
B
Most types of memories appear stronger after _____. A. eating B. sleep C. sex D. hearing classical music
B
One thing that doesn't change during our journey through the life span is the need for _____. A. sex B. social connection C. accomplishment D. establishing our own identity
B
Procedural memories are easy to describe in words. A. True B. False
B
Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate? A. Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved. B. Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize. C. Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming. D. Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories.
B
Psychologists approach the study of the self by examining the ABCs. What are these? A. Awareness, behavior, and concept B. Affect, behavior, and cognition C. Appearance, beliefs, and cognition D. Actions, beliefs, and confidence
B
Psychologists taking an ecological view ask questions about the impact of ____ on development. A. behaviors B. culture and environment C. relationships D. chemicals
B
Research has shown that _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories. A. lack of interference B. sleep C. intelligence D. age
B
Researchers have identified structural correlates in the brains of adults for four of the Big Five personality traits. Which Big Five personality trait has not yet been correlated with a structure of the brain? A. Agreeableness B. Openness C. Neuroticism D. Conscientiousness
B
Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed that children learn about the world by _______. A. actively exploring it B. interacting with parents, teachers, and other community members C. doing experiments D. observation
B
Superior recall for the first items on a list is known as the ____. A. nondeclarative effect B. primacy effect C. recency effect D. declarative effect
B
Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to ____. A. a sense of stagnation and a midlife crisis B. role confusion and problems with subsequent stages C. the potential for feelings of despair and an unhappy dying process D. feelings of loneliness and isolation and an inability to create a relationship
B
Teens tend to spend more time with peers and less with family. Research has indicated that teens have a lower risk for substance abuse when they ____ (Fulkerson et al., 2006). A. have older siblings B. eat dinners regularly with family C. spend substantial time with peers D. have a number of friendships
B
The ____ gives rise to muscle and bone. A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm D. forebrain
B
The _____ approach views development as a staircase to be climbed. A. continuity B. discontinuity C. gradual D. transition
B
The average age at which each motor milestone is met ____. A. applies equally to almost all children B. falls within a wide range of normal development C. varies greatly depending on culture D. is a fairly precise measure of how each child is likely to develop
B
The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart was that identical twins raised apart and together were ____. A. very similar to one another on nonreligious social attitudes but quite far apart on occupational interests B. very similar to one another whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak C. very different from each other, depending on the families within which they were raised D. generally similar to each other on physical characteristics but not on social characteristics
B
The ectoderm develops into ____. A. muscle and skeleton B. nerve tissue and skin C. endocrine and respiratory organs D. reproductive and excretory organs
B
The hippocampus ____. A. serves as a storage location for long-term memories B. participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory C. plays a role in procedural memory D. is unrelated to the formation of spatial memories
B
The obvious evolutionary purpose of puberty is to prepare an individual for ____. A. adulthood B. sex C. parenthood D. leadership
B
The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____. A. forgetting B. decay C. motivated forgetting D. interference
B
The relationship between brain structure and the Big Five personality traits is ______, meaning we do not know if they are responsible for personality, the result of personality, or the result of other unknown variables. A. causal B. correlational C. logical D. reasonable
B
The temperament traits of children, which are visible within the first few months of life, have been described along three dimensions (Mary Rothbart et al., 2007): surgency or extroversion, negative affect or mood, and ____. A. innate resilience B. effortful control C. empathy D. agreeableness
B
The tendency to overestimate how much attention other people pay to our behavior is known as _________. A. self-regulation B. the spotlight effect C. adolescence D. self-awareness
B
Throughout the remaining life span of a person after birth, _____ tags continue to accumulate in response to ongoing experience. A. cognitive B. epigenetic C. sensory D. physical
B
Trait theorists use _____ to support their theories. A. MRIs B. statistical methods of correlation and factor analysis C. the results of talk therapy D. motivation
B
What is one limitation of using an interview to conduct a personality assessment? A. It's too objective. B. The person being interviewed can easily hide some aspects of his or her personality. C. It lacks consistency over time. D. It's too specific.
B
What is the self? A. A personal database of memories and motivations from our entire life B. The patterns of thought, feelings, and actions we perceive in our own minds C. The characteristics we retain from our genetic history and share with our family members D. The cognitive organization of our brains and the structural layers of our nervous systems
B
Which of the following describes Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development? A. The stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years and characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning B. The stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment C. The stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood and characterized by mature reasoning capabilities D. The stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years and characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically
B
Which of the following is a projective personality test? A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. Rorschach Inkblot Test C. NEO-PI-R D. Likert scale
B
Which of the following is an example of an ethical concern related to a standardized personality inventory? A. The results are controversial at best. B. Who gets to see the private and potentially sensitive data produced by the test? C. Such a test may be a civil rights violation. D. It is too objective.
B
Which of these psychologists is/are associated with the psychodynamic theory of personality? A. Maslow and Rogers B. Freud C. Bandura D. Cattell and Allport
B
Which of these statements about long term memory is NOT true? A. Telling someone else about an experience strengthens your ability to recall the experience later. B. Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are. C. Thinking about the meaning of a word helps you remember better than thinking about how a word looks visually (e.g., size, font). D. There is no limit to how much long-term memory we have.
B
Why do some evolutionary psychologists believe characteristics such as the Big Five show up in a variety of cultures? A. Because modern technology means cultures have much more exposure to one another than in the past. B. Because these characteristics affect survival in our social species. C. Because they are solely the result of brain structure, and all brains share the same structure. D. Because humans evolved from primates, and primates exhibit the same characteristics.
B
____ codes are used to process touch and other body senses. A. Visual B. Haptic C. Acoustic D. Echoic
B
_____ refers to development that proceeds gradually and smoothly over time. A. Conservation B. Continuity C. Discontinuity D. Egocentrism
B
_____ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future reconstruction. A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Information processing
B
_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material. A. Introspective B. Maintenance C. Functional D. Elaborative
B
A 40-year-old woman has a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman. This is because the 40-year-old woman is more likely to ___________. A. have poorer health generally, which influences the development of the fetus B. have eggs that suffer genetic mutations, leading to recessive illnesses C. have had more exposure to harmful environmental influences, leading to faulty cell division D. fail to produce eggs rapidly enough, leading to eggs that are not fully developed at the time of ovulation
C
A spurt in myelination occurs between the ages of 6 and 13 years in parts of the brain associated with ____. A. visual acuity B. emotional functioning C. language and spatial relations D. memory
C
According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time? A. Fraternal twins B. Two brothers C. Identical twins D. Two sisters
C
At the onset of puberty, ____. A. the brain has completed its adult development B. the risk of schizophrenia decreases C. there is substantial gray matter growth D. brain development is virtually complete
C
Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend most of her day doing? A. Crying B. Eating C. Sleeping D. Defecating and urinating
C
Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because of ____. A. of the nature of rehearsal within working memory B. of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory C. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time D. working memory processes information as visuospatial memories
C
Chris and Ivan are 14 years old. Chris dares Ivan by saying, "Let's take a bottle of wine from your grandmother's house. It's OK because she'll never notice." According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____. A. postconventional morality B. semiconventional morality C. preconventional morality D. anticonventional morality
C
Critical-thinking exercises encourage young adults to develop what type of cognitive functioning? A. Formal thought B. Ability to use executive processes C. Postformal thought D. Heuristics
C
DNA stands for _____. A. declarative nature authority B. deindividuation C. eoxyribonucleic acid D. decayed nurture ability
C
During prenatal development the ______ begins to differentiate into the cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. A. placenta B. fetus C. zygote D. embryo
C
Encoding is the process of acquiring information and _____ it into memory. A. recovering B. retrieving C. transferring D. salvaging
C
Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____. A. basal ganglia B. visual cortex C. prefrontal cortex D. amygdala
C
Gabriel is 25 years old, 6 foot 3 inches tall, and 185 pounds. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and continues to play in a competitive league. Gabriel ____. A. can expect to make enormous gains in his muscle strength and speed B. does not yet need to worry about lifestyle factors C. is most likely at the pinnacle of his physical fitness D. is well beyond the peak of his physical fitness
C
In Freudian theory, projection is ____. A. part of the Oedipus complex B. a psychosexual stage of development C. a defense mechanism D. a function of the superego
C
In some cultures, children are encouraged to walk earlier or later than what would be considered the average age in the United States. Which of the following statements describes how this kind of encouragement is likely to affect the developmental timeline? A. Changes in the developmental timeline are virtually imperceptible because motor milestones are genetic. B. Changes in the developmental timeline are generally quite dramatic depending on the culture. C. Changes in the developmental timeline are usually slight because myelination of motor nerves usually just precedes the achievement of a new skill. D. Changes in the developmental timeline can take place only during the spurt of myelination that occurs between ages 6 and 13.
C
Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children, without pushing him hard enough to be uncomfortable. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of ____. A. egocentrism B. avoidant attachment C. goodness of fit D. theory of mind
C
Like other adaptations, forming memories requires _____. A. skill B. intelligence C. energy D. knowledge of the process
C
Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other's company, along with ____ (O'Rourke & Cappeliez, 2005). A. an accurate assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of their relationship B. a decrease of the opportunity of other relationships C. a lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits D. a healthy engagement in conflict when necessary
C
Most efforts to study how genetics affects personality use ____. A. factor analysis B. qualitative methods C. the twin study method D. the study of extended families
C
Observation remains one of the most reliable means of making judgments about other people, but it ____. A. is rarely valid B. requires subjectivity from the participant C. can be time consuming and biased D. lacks consistency over time
C
People who differ in neuroticism show different volumes of areas of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, areas that have been implicated in ____. A. planning and achieving goals B. voluntary control of behavior C. sensitivity to threat and stress D. executive functions
C
People with different levels of ________ have different volumes in areas of the prefrontal cortex that are involved with planning and the voluntary control of behavior. A. neuroticism B. openness C. conscientiousness D. extroversion
C
Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because of ____. A. they are based on personal experience B. they provide fewer cues C. they provide more cues D. they provide widely accepted cues
C
Research suggests that African American and Hispanic youth who identify with an ethnic group during adolescence and young adulthood have ____ (Erol & Orth, 2011). A. higher grade point averages B. more encounters with law enforcement C. higher overall self-esteem D. greater generative capacity
C
Schizophrenia, ADHD, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are all characterized by deficits of _________. A. self-esteem B. self-awareness C. self-regulation D. self-consciousness
C
The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologist ____. A. Alan Baddeley B. George Sperling C. George Miller D. Richard Atkinson
C
The complete cessation of a woman's menstrual cycles is called ____. A. menarche B. hormonal death C. menopause D. perimenopause
C
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____. A. declarative memory B. short-term memory C. sensory memory D. explicit memory
C
The majority of people ____. A. judge themselves more negatively and less positively than they judge others B. judge themselves and others with complete fairness C. judge themselves more positively and less negatively than they judge others D. judge themselves and others very accurately
C
The text notes that Professor Jennifer Mather tested 44 octopuses systematically for their responses to stimuli such as being touched with a brush. What did she find? A. Some responded "cheerfully," others with "anger," some went to sleep, and the last group appeared to have a nervous breakdown. B. Most were identified as being agreeable and conscientious. C. The octopuses seemed to have unique and stable responses, similar to having a "personality." D. The octopuses could be categorized along the continuum of all five of the Big Five traits.
C
The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and _____. A. processing B. cueing C. retrieval D. translation
C
We use _____ to help us achieve goals like eating more healthily or completing a frustrating task. A. self-awareness B. self-esteem C. self-regulation D. self-consciousness
C
What are the two basic requirements of a good test? A. Specificity and sensitivity B. Specificity and generalizability C. Validity and reliability D. Reliability and sensitivity
C
What is memory? A. The transformation of information from one form to another B. The ability to learn from environmental stimuli C. The ability to retain knowledge D. The ability to pay attention during an event
C
What theory of personality says that operant conditioning leads, over time, to the development of "response tendencies" in individuals? A. Psychodynamic theory B. Trait theory C. Behaviorism D. Social-cognitive learning theory
C
What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units? A. Constructivist theory B. Computational theory C. Connectionist theory D. Correlational theory
C
What two categories of people influence the interpersonal self? A. A person's family and friends B. Those toward whom a person has positive feelings and those toward whom a person has negative feelings C. A person's significant others and the social groups to which the person belongs D. The older members of a person's family and family members of the same generation
C
What two dimensions of temperament appear to be particularly important for adult personality? A. Introversion and neuroticism B. Conscientiousness and self-regulation C. Reactivity and self-regulation D. Reactivity and extroversion
C
Which external environmental factor is NOT mentioned in the text as a factor that can chemically "tag" our DNA? A. Diet B. Nurture C. Behavior D. Stress
C
Which of the following describes a behaviorist approach to the study of psychology? A. Behaviorists emphasized the significance of abnormal behaviors. B. Behaviorists relied heavily on animal research for their findings. C. Behaviorists emphasized learning as an important influence on personality. D. Behaviorists advocated studying exceptional people to see why they succeeded.
C
Which of the following is an accurate definition of assimilation? A. The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema B. The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity C. The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema D. The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
C
Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories? A. They are strong in reliability though weak in validity. B. Testing is more expensive but valid and reliable. C. Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively. D. They are very nuanced and subjective.
C
Which of the following is not a common teratogen? A. SSRI antidepressant medications B. Alcohol C. Folic acid D. HIV infection
C
Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development? A. Elias first walked on his own around the time of his first birthday. B. Rowena was born at 40 weeks and weighed 7½ pounds. C. Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community. D. As a newborn, Angelina would grasp her father's finger when he placed it in her hand.
C
Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in sea slugs? A. Frederic Bartlett B. Elizabeth Loftus C. Eric Kandel D. Henry Molaison
C
Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization. A. procedural B. episodic C. semantic D. explicit
C
_____ refers to development that changes abruptly from one stage to the other. A. Conservation B. Continuity C. Discontinuity D. Egocentrism
C
_____ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory. A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Information processing
C
fMRIs have shown that prefrontal areas of the brain appear to actively ____ memories that are used less frequently. A. adapt to B. encode C. suppress D. retrieve
C
A child's ________, which is linked to later personality, is defined as a pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness. A. self-esteem B. self-concept C. character D. temperament
D
A classic method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____. A. conduct MRI scans of the brain at annual or biennial intervals B. measure levels of cortisol, noradrenaline, and other hormones C. test and retest regarding the same material at regular intervals D. compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time
D
A cue is ____. A. the transformation of information from one form to another B. the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together C. a memory aid that links new information to well-known information D. any stimulus that helps you access target information
D
A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called ____. A. an implicit memory B. a personal history memory C. a procedural memory D. an explicit memory
D
A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood that an item will be recalled is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a ____. A. J-shaped curve B. line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right C. line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right D. U-shaped curve
D
A projective personality test provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on ____. A. social-cognitive learning theory B. the humanistic theory of personality C. the Big Five theory D. Freudian theory
D
According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of the ____ approach. A. assimilation B. conservation C. ecological D. discontinuity
D
Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an open-door policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains from drinking and is the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____. A. authoritative B. uninvolved C. authoritarian D. indulgent
D
Assessing other people's personalities by listening to them and watching their behavior is called __________. A. introspection B. inventory C. projection D. observation
D
Conscious efforts to manage the self are referred to as _______. A. self-concept B. self-esteem C. self-awareness D. self-regulation
D
Eduardo's father died fairly young. Eduardo looks at his small children and wants to lead a long and healthy life. What is one step he can take that has been shown to add years to life? A. Take aspirin daily B. Stop drinking alcohol altogether C. Wear sunscreen D. Eat fruits and vegetables
D
Humanists advocate studying exceptional people to see _____. A. why they are abnormal B. how they communicate with others C. which memories they can recall under hypnosis D. why they succeeded
D
In Erikson's work (1968), a consistent, unified sense of self is called ____. A. self-esteem B. moral experience C. individualism D. identity
D
In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____. A. chunking B. mnemonics C. the method of loci D. rehearsal
D
Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life. These traits ____. A. will likely be substantially modified by adulthood B. are not valid indicators of later psychological disorders C. are affected very little by environmental factors D. most likely represent genetic differences
D
Justin is 19 years old. In the past, he drove at an abnormally high speed if no police cars were in sight. Now he believes it is in everybody's best interests to obey speed limits and other traffic rules. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, this represents ____ morality. A. postconventional B. semiconventional C. preconventional D. conventional
D
Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced 20 years ago. It annoys him greatly, and he finds that he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____. A. retroactive interference B. suppressed memory C. repressed memory D. motivated forgetting
D
Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding? A. From toe to head B. From his waist to his head and feet at the same time C. From his fingers to his hands and from his toes to his feet D. From his midline to his extremities
D
Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory. A. episodic B. procedural C. autobiographical D. semantic
D
Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, an adolescent's white matter is more susceptible than an adult's to damage from ____. A. schizophrenia B. unprotected sex C. marijuana use D. binge drinking
D
One's knowledge of personal traits, feelings, roles, and memories is called ____. A. self-esteem B. self-concept C. self-schema D. self-awareness
D
People are more likely to see themselves as unique in _______ cultures. A. collectivistic B. interpersonal C. interdependent D. individualistic
D
Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment ____. A. are fundamental to a functioning society B. are well received by all concerned C. have been found to be civil rights violations D. raise important ethical concerns
D
Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____. A. subliminal message B. stimulus above the subjective threshold C. stimulus below the objective threshold D. previous stimulus
D
Psychologists taking the universal approach to development look for ___ that are found across the entire human species. A. stimuli B. abnormalities in physiological development C. conditions D. age-related behaviors
D
Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is ____. A. indulgent B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. uninvolved
D
The ________ dimension of temperament predicts a person's response to novel or challenging stimuli. A. self-regulation B. introversion C. conscientiousness D. reactivity
D
The brain reaches maturity around age____. A. 30 B. 45 C. 21 D. 25
D
To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably? A. Bitter B. Sour C. Salty D. Sweet
D
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart show about the similarity of identical twins? A. They were similar only if they had been raised together. B. They were different if they had been raised apart. C. They were less similar if they were raised with additional siblings. D. They were similar whether or not they were raised together.
D
What does it mean that a particular personality trait, such as shyness or extroversion, has a heritability factor of .50? A. Half the children of a person with that personality trait will also have the trait. B. A child of two parents with that personality trait has a 100% chance of having the trait. C. If a person has that personality trait, it's half the result of genes and half the result of environmental influences. D. Across the human population, the variations in that personality trait are influenced about equally by genetics and environmental f
D
What does the science of personality explore? A. Global patterns of identification, socialization, and adaptation B. Distinctive patterns of morals, desires, and behaviors C. Unique patterns of being, perceiving, and sensing D. Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
D
What is Piaget's name for the stage of development that begins at the age of 2 years, ends at the age of 6 years, and is characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically? A. Formal operational stage B. Concrete operational stage C. Sensorimotor stage D. Preoperational stage
D
What is a teratogen? A. A stimulus that results in heightened reflexes in the fetus B. An abnormality in physiological development C. A condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy D. Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
D
What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory? A. It provides animals with a way to connect more deeply with one another. B. It gives animals the ability to react to each predator as a new experience. C. It allows animals to communicate better. D. It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges.
D
What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby's sensory capacities? A. When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she has likely learned to distinguish between them. B. When the baby cries while looking at a familiar stimulus, he or she likely is not yet habituated to it. C. When the baby cries while looking at an unfamiliar stimulus, he or she has likely become habituated to it. D. When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he or she likely cannot tell the difference between them.
D
What theory of personality considers cognition and learning, especially from the social environment, to be important sources of individual differences in personality? A. Psychodynamic theory B. Trait theory C. Behaviorism D. Social-cognitive learning theory
D
Which of the following best describes the relationships of older adults? A. Older adults have more friendships than younger adults. B. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to form new friendships. C. Older adults do not gain significant benefits from their friendships. D. Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful.
D
Which of the following is an accurate definition of accommodation? A. The ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present B. The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema, without the need to revise the schema C. The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity D. The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
D
Which of the following is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously? A. Restorative memory B. Declarative memory C. Autobiographical memory D. Working memory
D
Which of the following is the best description of interference? A. A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory B. The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time C. A failure to retrieve negative or traumatic memories D. Competition between newer and older information in memory
D
Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging? A. Crystallized intelligence B. Emotional intelligence C. General intelligence D. Fluid intelligence
D
Which term describes a developing organism between 8 and approximately 40 weeks after conception in humans? A. Zygote B. Ovum C. Embryo D. Fetus
D
_____ enhances communication between two neurons. A. Synchronous activation B. Short-term potentiation C. Biochemistry D. Long-term potentiation
D
Can I do things by myself?
autonomy vs shame/doubt
Omar recalls his trip to Washington DC
declarative, episodic
Tamara remembers her 1st date
declarative, episodic
Cari can name all of the former presidents of the US
declarative, semantic
Kristen knows a poem by heart
declarative, semantic
Little Salma can recite her phone number
declarative, semantic
What does psychosocial mean?
development of the social self
Joe is often disturbed to see signs of inequality
formal operations
Pat reasons "If I press all elevator floor buttons, then people will get mad"
formal operations
Have I produced something worthwhile in my life?
generatively vs self absorption
Who am I and where am I going in life?
identity vs confusion
Am I competent; do I measure up to my peers?
industry vs inferiority
Am I a good kid (or am I a bad kid)?
initiative vs guilt
Have I lived a full life?
integrity vs despair
Am I capable of having a meaningful, intimate relationship with another?
intimacy vs isolation
A snakebite at the age of 3 left Peter afraid of snakes
non declarative, classical conditioning
Tom remembers his girlfriend as less attractive after thinking of models
non declarative, priming
Cori remembers how to ride a bike
non declarative, procedural
Manuel remembers how to play piano
non declarative, procedural
Jose thinks there's more play dough if it's squished down wider
preoperational
Juan assumes everyone likes ice cream because he likes ice cream
preoperational
Sue is proud to show that she can use a map to get around the corner to the water cooler in the zoo, but still needs the map to get back
preoperational
Tina loves the peek-a-boo game because she thinks you actually disappear
sensorimotor
Order of cognitive stages with ages
sensorimotor (0-2 years), preoperational (2-6 years), concrete operations (6-12 years), formal operations (12 years and up)
What does cognitive mean?
thought processes
Are my basic needs taken care of?
trust vs mistrust
order of psychosocial development with ages
trust vs mistrust (0-1.5 years), autonomy vs shame/doubt (1.5-3 years), initiative vs guilt (3-6 years), industry vs inferiority (6-puberty), identity vs confusion (adolescents), intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood), generatively vs self absorption (middle adulthood), integrity vs despair (late adulthood)
