PSY 111 Chapter 8 Memory

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde and anterograde

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

Encoding information occurs through_________.

Automatic processing and effortful processing

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have __________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention.

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

What is the tendency for an individual to have a better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

What should be changed to the following sentence to make it true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory?

Change the word "long-term" to the word declarative

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass though three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people believed would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be lectern president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ____________ bias.

Hindsight

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school