PSY 132 Unit 3: Chapter 7

In normal conversations the distance between two conversational partners is usually about _______________.

1 1⁄2 feet

North American Orientations to communication patterns:

1. Outcome orientation. Communication is perceived as the transference of messages. 2. Less differentiated linguistic codes. Linguistic codes are not as exten-sively differentiated as in East Asia. 3. Direct communication emphasis. Direct communication is a norm despite the extensive use of indirect communication. 4. Sender-centered. Meaning is in the messages created by the sender. Emphasis is on how to formulate the best messages, how to improve source credibility, and how to improve delivery skills.

East Asian Orientations

1. Process orientation. Communica-tion is perceived as a process of infinite interpretation. 2. Differentiated linguistic codes. Different linguistic codes are used depending upon persons involved and situations. 3. Indirect communication empha-sis. The use of indirect communi-cation is prevalent and accepted as normative. 4. Receiver-centered. Meaning is in the interpretation. Emphasis is on listening, sensitivity, and removal of preconception.

Points to remember when speaking to a group:

1.Love and respect- know your subject, be honest, be yourself, care about them 2.Know your Audience- Understand where they are from, what are their needs, are they literate or educated, how do they learn?3.Have Humility- Understand that it's not all about you. What do they need to hear? Don't act as though you know everything.

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

kinesics—

Bodily movements in conversations, including hand gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact. The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

CPI

California Psychological Inventory test (research)

To illustrate the difference between these two forms of communication, let us say that someone wants a window closed. Direct speech would say, "Close the window." Indirect speech would say, "Are you cold?" Brown and Levinson (1978) indicated that indirect speech acts are used because they convey a degree of politeness in communication. As such, they are universal.

Examples of direct and indirect communication.

Paralanguage

Non verbal vocal cues in conversation such as loudness of voice, silences, rates of speech.

Bilingualism

The ability to speak two languages

According to van Meurs and Spencer-Oatey (2010), there ___ cultural differences in avoidance of eye contact when there is a conflict. Many researchers (e.g., Bond & Hwang, 1986; Ohbuchi & Takahashi, 1994) have labeled this a "neglect style" of dealing with conflict.

are

direct communication—

blunt, assertive, communication that is literal and to the point. It is related to low-context communication in that the message is contained in the language used.

Bodily movements, whether a nod, facial expression, or hand gesture, _______ have important implications when communicating.

can

Understanding simple variations in the physicality of speech ___ allow us to have a greater understanding when conversing with others from around the world.

can

However, numerous studies have found that conversational partners in other cultures tend to stand or sit _________ to each other when interacting than do those in the United States and other Western countries (Dolphin, 1999; Matsumoto, 2000).

closer

One's personality can change based on which _____________ is being spoken.

communicate

To effectively ________________ , we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. —Anthony Robbins

communicate

Although cultures may speak the same language, there are still obstacles in _____________.

communication

indirect communication—

communication that relies upon context and the receiver's ability to draw inferences.

Being ____________ sensitive and adjusting our behaviors to benefit the group, is crucial to the suc-cess and personal well-being of everyone involved.

culturally

Remland, Jones, and Brinkman (1991) studied three European countries (the Netherlands, France, and England). Although some differences were found for pair interaction, such as distance (more distance between Dutch participants, less distance between French pairs, even less distance between English pairs in declining distance) and body orientation (French participants more directly across from each other than Dutch or English participants), no differences were detect-ed when gender and age were examined. In other words, ____________ was the dominant influence in proxemics in these countries.

culture

There are often different ____________ in a language, and stereotypes and biases can spring from these differences.

dialects

Not having a great deal of eye contact is ______________ from avoiding eye contact.

different

Silences mean quite ____________ things in different cultures

different

The Himba tribe's perception of color is based on the use of words for different hues in the __________________.

environment

Words are based on our_________________.

environment

Different cultures seem to engage in varying levels of ____ contact.

eye

People who speak in a different language may draw negative impressions and stereotypes based on their response time and seem to have more cognitive difficulties while processing information. These difficulties are referred to as ________ ________ ___________ ___________ (Matsumoto and Juang 2013).

foreign language processing difficulties

Mat-sumoto (1991) speculates that "collective cultures will ___________emotional displays of their members that maintain and facilitate group cohesion, harmony, or cooperation, to a greater degree than individualistic cultures" (p. 132).

foster

American Indians, silences are a way of __________ one's thoughts, so to break the silence merely disrupts their train of thought.

gathering

Cultural norms __________ personal space

govern

In Spanish the word "caliente" means ______+, but the word "calor" means _____. (Although very similar, the use of these words is different and using one over the other can cause confusion.)

hot, heat

Americans have a reputations for being _________________ when it comes to different languages.

ignorant

In general, smiling is an ______________ of happiness, liking, and other positive feelings. However, Asian cultures may also use smiling as a way of discharging uncomfortable feelings.

indication

While it may be easier to communicate using the same _______________ in another culture, it certainly does not guarantee a smooth and effortless verbal interaction.

language

Our culture influences our ____________ from an early age, and our language strongly influences our _____________.

language, culture

Within the United States, African Americans gaze ______ directly than their European American (White) counterparts (LaFrance & Mayo, 1976).

less

Kinesics _____ be determined by the general influences of individualism and collectivism.

may

Although facial expressions of emotion _____ have some universal application, the social setting ____ be an important determinant of the kinesics displayed in a particular situation.

may, may

Even when words are translated, using one word over another or pronouncing words differently can change the entire __________________.

meaning

The intonation and rates of speech have such important _______ in communication. For this reason, many people get themselves in trouble when trying to have an important conversation through texting or e-mailing.

meaning

When an individual from a culture that prefers smaller distances between speakers comes in contact with an individual from a culture that prefers larger distances, the first individual might ___________________ the second one's warmth, sincerity, or motive.

misinterpret

These movements will vary from culture to culture however, and when _____________ can cause not only a lack of clarity, but can also be offensive to local citizens.

misunderstood

Goldman (1980) found that individuals in the United States feel ____ ____________ when someone stands too close than when he or she stands too far away.

more uncomfortable

Human infants can make the same basic sounds called

morphemes

Choosing not to be offended when someone may stand too close, kiss us on the cheeks, make head movements, or facial expressions while communicating is one step closer to ________________ _____________________.

multicultural competence

paralanguage—

nonverbal vocal cues in conversation, such as loudness of voice, silences, and rate of speech.

By learning another language, we can acquire more understanding of our ____ language and learn through the increased capacity to interact with others who speak that _________. Having the skill to ______ two or more languages may also open doors for employment

own, language, speak

proxemics

personal space in conversations. When people interact with one another, they keep a standard range of distance between them. The range of distance varies depending on the context, such as a close, intimate relationship or a public lecture (Hall, 1966, 1976).

Differences in ___________ were found through studies done with immigrant bilinguals (Hull 1987; Dinges and Hull 1992).

personality

What we do __________________ while we are speaking is crucial to the communication process but can have significant cultural variations

physically

American Indians tend to have even less eye contact (Richardson, 1981) and _______ a side-by-side orientation to an face-to-face orientation.

prefer

Asian cultures view silence as a sign of _______ for elders.

respect

People in many Asian countries are concerned with ___________ and giving face. Therefore, it should not be surprising to find that indirect speech is prevalent in Asian countries (Ka-triel, 1986; Lebra, 1976). This level of communication can be extremely subtle.

saving

Perhaps the aspect of paralanguage that lends itself to the most cultural variation of meaning is _____________

silence

East Asians _________ to have less eye contact under conditions of conflict than their counterparts in the United States.

tend

They ____ to be more synchronized in collectivistic cultures (Andersen, 1999; Argyle, 1975), whereas in individualistic cultures, people are allowed to "do their own thing" and not coordinate their movements with others as much.

tend

Some early studies have found that people from Arabic cultures tend to gaze longer and more directly ______ do people from the United States (Hall, 1963; Watson & Graves, 1966).

than

multilingualism

the ability to communicate in more than two languages

Because language and culture are so strongly intertwined, those who speak a particular language may actually ______ and _______ differently based on the language they are speaking!

think, behave

In English, if someone says the word "iron," is he or she referring to an iron ____ ________ _________ or the __________ iron that is found in the earth? This may or may not be solved by the context in which it used.

to press clothes, element

Some words are not___________________.

translatable

Immigrant students were given a personality test called the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). They took the test twice—once in their native language and once in the foreign language. Researchers were interested to discover that they indeed showed signs of ____ _________ _____________ depending on whether it was their native language or foreign language used.

two different personalities

When silences last too long, people in the United States often become _____________ and want to fill in the silence.

uncomfortable

Even when you speak the same language it can be very difficult to _____________.

understand

Indirect communication may be a ___________ component of all languages. However, there are wide cultural variations in preference for direct or indirect communication styles.

universal

Some cultures (Russian, Spanish) _____ silences as agreement among the conversational partners.

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