PSY 150: Exam 2

Sofia was 6 pounds at birth. She is a healthy baby. How much does she likely weigh now that she is a 1 year old?

18 pounds

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." Don was most likely in ____.

REM sleep

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior?

positive reinforcement

Which of the following is an accurage definition of accomodation?

the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema

We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a "use it or lose it" fashion. What does this demonstrate?

the important role of experience in wiring the brain

The ____ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Jory, a six-year-old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

When referring to humans, which of these terms describes a developing organism from three weeks to eight weeks following conception?

embryo

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua's video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua's behavior?

negative punishment.

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

Consuela stands in front of her American History class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a "sleep attack" referred to as ____.

narcolepsy

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

negative reinforcement

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

object permanence

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

anxious-ambivalent

Which of the following behavioral changes best illustrates the process of learning?

Claire, age 8, practices treading water so that she will be allowed to swim in her grandmother's swimming pool.

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has ____.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror?

Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being so upset.

Joseph and Marilee have been married for 23 years, and have two teenage children. Marilee tends to employ a stricter authoritarian parenting style, while Joseph prefers a "softer" authoritative side. According to the research of Milevsky and colleagues (2007), what is the likely outcome of these different parenting styles?

Joseph's authoritative parenting will offset the negative impacts of Marilee's authoritarian parenting style.

In what order do the following steps of development occur?

raise head, roll, sit, crawl, walk, hop

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of ____.

rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing; and paralysis of postural muscles

The major theme of physical and cognitive development in midlife is ____.

stability

Luis is 10 years old. He is becoming quite good at arguing with his parents over such topics as what his bedtime should be and whether he has eaten enough of his dinner to have dessert. He loves toys and projects that involve hands-on learning, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts. According to Piaget, Luis is in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

In the study that Harry Harlow conducted examining the attachment patterns of macaque monkeys, which factor predicted the highest amount of attachment between a monkey and a surrogate "mother?"

contact comfort

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to _________ central nervous system activity.

depressant; suppress

During what time period does the human brain show rapid growth in gray matter?

in the latter months of pregnancy and for the first 18 months of life

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content

manifest

What three conditions must be met for punishment to have any observable effects on behavior ____.

significance, immediacy, and consistency

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

above average birth weight

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Jack has no problem falling asleep each night, but he wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Jack suffer?

maintenance insomnia

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Dr. Sanchez is a behavioral psychologist who studies learning and memory in rats. Because rats are most active at night, she asks the animal resource facility to reverse their light‑dark cycle to accommodate her experiments. However, the animal facility is reluctant to disrupt the rats' current ____, aka internal clock.

circadian rhythm

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ____.

narcolepsy

Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along ____ (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983).

parental support and behavioral regulation

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Tasha runs a daycare center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached?

self-awareness

Ronaldo's dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey's owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey's association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

spontaneous recovery

Which of the following approaches would B.F. Skinner recommend to reduce an undesirable behavior?

standing by but ignoring a chile who is having a tantrum in the grocery store

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio