psy 200

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a. Short-term b. Autobiographical c. Long-term d. Sensory

a. Short-term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. Short-term memory b. The persistence of vision c. The physiological approach to coding d. The phonological similarity effect

a. Short-term memory

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. Somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time b. Larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people c. Quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously d. Equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time

a. Somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. Specificity b. Consolidation c. Transcription d. Priming

a. Specificity

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Implicit d. Procedural

b. Semantic

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. Delay b. Encoding c. Response d. Stimulus presentation

a. Delay

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Episodic memory b. Sensory memory c. Short-term memory d. Long-term memory

a. Episodic memory

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. People are not conscious they are using it b. It is enhanced by the self-reference effect c. It always leads to episodic memory for events d. People use it strategically to enhance memory for events

a. People are not conscious they are using it

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. Procedural b. Autobiographical c. Working d. Semantic

a. Procedural

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. Remembering graduating from college b. Remembering the meaning of some words c. Recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen d. Recognizing famous people

a. Remembering graduating from college

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect b. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis) c. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period d. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.

a. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. Long-term b. Short-term c. Sensory d. Implicit

a. Long-term

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN d. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY

a. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrieval b. Processing c. Encoding d. Retrograde

a. Retrieval

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. Temporary post-traumatic stress disorder b. A failure of memory consolidation c. Disrupted long-term potentiation d. Korsakoff's syndrome

b. A failure of memory consolidation

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. Personal b. Autobiographical c. Subjective d. Reflective

b. Autobiographical

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. The first words b. Both the first and last words c. The middle words d. The last words

b. Both the first and last words

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Cued-recall b. Consolidation c. Encoding specificity d. Amnesia

b. Consolidation

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. Recent b. Remote c. Anterograde d. Emotional

b. Remote

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. Imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory b. The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task c. The person remembering generates their own retrieval cues d. There is deep processing during acquisition of the new material

b. The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. Decay; Lack of rehearsal b. Interference; Decay c. Decay; Interference d. Priming; Interference

c. Decay; Interference

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. Pre-perceptual auditory memory b. Iconic memory c. Echoic memory d. Primary auditory memory

c. Echoic memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. Larger electrical impulses in the synapse b. The growth of new dendrites in neurons c. Increased firing in the neurons d. An increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons

c. Increased firing in the neurons

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. Depth of processing b. Forming connections with other information c. Organization d. Rehearsal

c. Organization

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The phonological loop b. Delayed response coding c. The visuospatial sketch pad d. The STM recency effect

c. The visuospatial sketch pad

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. One to three minutes or more b. Indefinite c. Just under a fraction of a second d. 15-20 seconds or less

d. 15-20 seconds or less

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. Memory consolidation b. State-dependent learning c. Transfer-appropriate processing d. Encoding

d. Encoding

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. Procedural b. Implicit c. Semantic d. Episodic

d. Episodic

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory b. Intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory c. Intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory d. Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

d. Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms c. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. Memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus b. Memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred c. Fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories d. When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

d. When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Repeating the words over and over in your mind c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop b. The central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period c. Both are handled by the phonological loop d. Both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad

a. One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated b. Strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated c. Strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated d. Uninvolved in memory consolidation

a. Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory b. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory c. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory d. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory

a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. Expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material b. Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts c. Experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners d. Knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span

b. Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. Increases both the primacy and the recency effects b. Decreases the recency effect c. Has no effect on the curve d. Increases the primacy effect

b. Decreases the recency effect

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. Present the list more slowly b. Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list c. Have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list d. Have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them

b. Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. Feedback b. Highlighting c. Organization d. Making up questions about the material

b. Highlighting

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. Information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory b. Information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds c. Short-term memory has a limited capacity d. Short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory

b. Information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. Implicit memory b. Reconsolidation c. Organizational context d. Imagery

c. Organizational context

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Prefrontal cortex d. Occipital lobe

c. Prefrontal cortex

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. Word-completion b. Personal semantic memory c. Recall d. Recognition

d. Recognition

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. Sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal b. Receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe c. Receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe d. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

d. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. The response task changed b. The stimulus category changed c. The response task remained the same d. The stimulus category remained the same

d. The stimulus category remained the same