PSY 200 Final Questions

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) A. availability heuristic. B. confirmation bias. C. conjunction rule. D. permission schema.

A. availability heuristic.

Expected utility is A. expected gain from a decision B. expected cost of your electric bill C. how much you think you will have to pay if you loose a bet D. a method for training neural networks

A. expected gain from a decision

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n):

Availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornadoes than from lightning has been explained in terms of the: A. representativeness heuristic B. availability heuristic C. falsification principle D. belief bias

B. availability heuristic

Tracy feels that children have free will and should be given options. But Tracy finds that she can get her kids to do more chores around the house if she mentions a punishment for not doing them rather than a reward for doing them. What is affecting the kids' decision to do chores? a. opt-in procedure b. framing effect c. dual systems d. ultimatum game

b. framing effect

Which of the following terms best reflects the process of open monitoring (OM) meditation? a. inventive b. freeform c. analytical d. volitional

b. freeform

When using the utility approach to making decisions, utility is associated with which of the following? a. emotions b. goals c. biases d. validity

b. goals

Which of the following could be considered the driving force behind someone's "lucky charm"? a. mental model b. illusory correlation c. conjunction rule d. belief bias

b. illusory correlation

At the Cognitive Psychology Annual Gala, which of the following would win the "Outside the Box" Award? a. analogical paradox b. think-aloud protocol c. creative cognition d. means-end analysis

c. creative cognition

Illustrate of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

A problem space is A. the set of questions on an exam B. all possible states of a problem given the allowed operators C. a maze used to test rodent's problem solving abilities D. an oddly shaped room that is difficult to decorate

B. all possible states of a problem given the allowed operators

Experts categorize problems based on A. how similar the objects in the problem are. B. general principles that problems share. C. surface and deep structures. D. event-specific knowledge.

B. general principles that problems share.

Heuristics are: A. algorithms for computing expected utility B. quick and dirty rules of thumb that usually provide acceptable answers C. a way of mapping a large problem space D. a network of concepts

B. quick and dirty rules of thumb that usually provide acceptable answers

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on A. surface features. B. structural features. C. operators. D. mental sets.

B. structural features.

The conjunction rule states that A. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. C. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. D. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.

B. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

In the Duncker candle problem (affix a candle to a wall given some tacks and a box of matches), which condition produces the highest percent of participants correctly solving the problem A. when the matches are in the box at the beginning of the task B. when the box is empty at the beginning of the task C. when participants are blindfolded D. when the participants are chickens

B. when the box is empty at the beginning of the task

The typical purpose of subgoals is to A. solve insight problems. B. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. C. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. D. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

C. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Newell and Simon (the information processing approach) called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the A. intermediate state. B. goal state. C. initial state. D. source story.

C. initial state.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as A. intermediate states B. subgoals C. operators D. mental sets

C. operators

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to ``spoon'' the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the ``dish up the soup'' problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? A. Discriminability B. Perseveration C. Divergent thinking D. Functional fixedness

D. Functional fixedness

Every morning your mother comes into your room to yell at you to get out of bed. What kind of reasoning do you use to predict that she will probably do this again tomorrow morning? A. Deductive reasoning B. Retrospective reasoning C. Contextual reasoning D. Inductive reasoning

D. Inductive reasoning

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _____ group preformed the best. A. blank (all white squares) B. color (red and black squares) C. Words: black and pink D. Words: bread and butter

D. Words: bread and butter

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

He should use his coin in the small machine

Kirk is generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an _____ emotion

Incidental

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents:

Mental Set

Connie inductively reasoned that adding streetlights and trees to her inner-city neighborhood has reduced crime there. What was the basis for Connie's reasoning? a. biases b. observations c. emotions d. stereotypes

b. observations

Insight refers to

The sudden realization of a problems' solution

Frank thinks there is a greater likelihood that it'll be sunny and cold tomorrow rather than just either being sunny or cold. Is he right or wrong? a. Due to the conjunction rule, he's wrong. b. Due to base rate information, he's wrong. c. Due to the law of large numbers, he's wrong. d. Actually, he's right.

a. Due to the conjunction rule, he's wrong.

Which of the following would NOT begin a categorical syllogism? a. If...then b. All... c. No... d. Some...

a. If...then

A permission schema presumes that ___. a. a certain condition must be satisfied before a given action can occur b. a certain action must occur before we assume a certain condition c. if there is currently no evidence for a given condition then there never can be such evidence d. how we understand permissive behavior is dependent on the situation

a. a certain condition must be satisfied before a given action can occur

The necessary consequence of using a larger number of individuals drawn from a population is ___. a. a more representative group from the population b. base rate information is taken into account c. the confirmation bias is avoided d. a higher probability is assigned to a conjunction

a. a more representative group from the population

In the comic strip Calvin & Hobbes, the boy Calvin wants winter to be over. So he takes a blow dryer outside and aims it at his yard to melt away all the snow. Which term best reflects this situation? a. alternate use task b. functional fixedness c. contingency strategy d. divergent thinking

a. alternate use task

In the context of syllogisms, which of the following underlies the concept of validity? a. form b. truth c. number d. utility

a. form

What term did Kaufman and Gregoire use to reflect the default mode network? a. imagination b. compound c. contingency d. incubator

a. imagination

From a formal-definition perspective, a problem is considered to be a(n) ________. a. obstacle b. representation c. challenge d. analogy

a. obstacle

If you are an expert, then we necessarily assume that ___. a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field b. you are superior at solving all possible problems c. you are extremely creative d. you have exceptionally high intelligence

a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field

Which of the following correctly pairs a process with a stage in Basadur's problem-solving model? a. Selling idea: Problem solving b. Fact finding: Problem generation c. Idea finding: Problem formulation d. Planning: Solution implementation

b. Fact finding: Problem generation

Which phrase would be a good slogan for problem solving among experts? a. Look, see, solve. b. Think things through. c. All-knowing, all-solving. d. Pedal to the metal.

b. Think things through.

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the analogical problem-solving process according to Gick and Holyoak's proposal? a. applying b. analyzing c. mapping d. noticing

b. analyzing

Olivia had been out of work for some time, so she was excited when it looked like she was going to be offered a job at the warehouse. But when the manager told Olivia what the pay rate was, she was so insulted that she declined the job and went right back to the employment service to continue her search. What part of the brain likely showed high activation when Olivia declined the job offer? a. lateral sulcus b. anterior insula c. frontal cortex d. occipital lobe

b. anterior insula

Which of the following is most associated with memory? a. mental model b. availability heuristic c. representativeness heuristic d. illusory correlation

b. availability heuristic

Which of the following activities will most likely engage Type 2 thinking? a. wearing a hat based on the season b. choosing a credit card based on rate c. selecting an ice cream based on flavor d. closing a window based on temperature

b. choosing a credit card based on rate

When arguing with her husband, Danny, over which new car to buy, Yasmin grew frustrated and shouted, "You have blinders on! You only see what you want to see." What is Danny likely exhibiting in the couple's purchasing decision? a. status quo bias b. confirmation bias c. illusory correlation d. backfire effect

b. confirmation bias

What is the key difference between focused attention (FA) meditation and open monitoring (OM) meditation? a. volition b. control c. time d. content

b. control

Which of the following terms has the strongest connection to the analogical paradox? a. operator b. in vivo c. incubation d. divergence

b. in vivo

The "Aha!" moment often depicted in cartoons with a light bulb over someone's head best reflects the concept of ________. a. fixation b. insight c. daydreaming d. incubation

b. insight

Which of the following reflects a categorical syllogism? a. condition, fact > premise b. premise, premise > conclusion c. fact, premise > validity d. premise, fact > condition

b. premise, premise > conclusion

Which of the following reflects the process of analogical transfer? a. insight to fact b. problem to problem c. space to subgoal d. subgoal to target

b. problem to problem

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of emotions and risk aversion? a. risk aversion increases if gain and loss are equal b. risk aversion increases if loss is greater than gain c. risk aversion is prevented by gain d. risk aversion decreases if gain is not equal to loss

b. risk aversion increases if loss is greater than gain

A problem space is best defined by which concept? a. evaluation b. scope c. process d. expertise

b. scope

Which of the following specifically illustrates how one works to reach a successful goal state? a. the water jug problem b. the Tower of Hanoi problem c. the candle problem d. the two-string problem

b. the Tower of Hanoi problem

A conditional syllogism always begins with a line in which form? a. p and q are... b. All p... c. If p, then q... d. When p...

c. If p, then q...

Suppose there was a game where one had a 50-50 chance of gaining $200 or losing $100. What would most people do? a. Clearly, this would be a good bet; as such, most would play. b. It would depend on one's risk aversion such that one would have to be really indifferent about either possibility. c. It would depend on one's risk aversion such that one would have to not be overly troubled by the prospect of losing $100. d. Actually, none of these explanations seem plausible.

c. It would depend on one's risk aversion such that one would have to not be overly troubled by the prospect of losing $100.

While driving on a cloudy day, Monica quickly put on her sunglasses when the clouds broke and the sun glared through her windshield. What drove Monica's action? a. heuristics b. System 2 thinking c. System 1 thinking d. permission schema

c. System 1 thinking

In general, when do people use a risk-taking strategy? a. There does not appear to be a clear consensus to this question. b. People never opt to use a risk-taking strategy. c. When a choice is framed in terms of losses. d. When a choice is framed in terms of gains.

c. When a choice is framed in terms of losses.

Opt-in procedure is to opt-out procedure as _____ is to _____. a. good; bad b. bad; good c. action; inaction d. inaction; action

c. action; inaction

Decisions based on incidental emotions would be LEAST likely to include ___. a. a person's general disposition b. the general environment c. an objective analysis of factual information d. something that happened earlier in the day

c. an objective analysis of factual information

When people reach inaccurate conclusions using the representativeness heuristic, it is often because they lack familiarity with which of the following? a. expected utility b. status quo c. base rate d. neuroeconomics

c. base rate

After opening 6 of the 30 jars of jam she made and finding they were moldy, Trinh said the whole batch must have spoiled. Her roommate Sam said that Trinh's reasoning can't be right and proceeded to open other jars to check. Trinh said, "Why are you such a skeptic, Sam?" He replied, "I'm not, I'm just following the ________." a. expected utility theory b. risk aversion procedure c. falsification principle d. permission schema

c. falsification principle

Peter is stuck trying to understand some extraneous information with regards to a math problem, and, as such, he finds it difficult to proceed. Peters appears to be showing ___. a. restructuring b. functional fixedness c. fixation d. a mental set

c. fixation

Which of the following would be a process directly tied to the problem formulation stage of creative problem solving? a. taking action b. planning c. idea finding d. fact finding

c. idea finding

After meeting with the art director to discuss the new ad campaign they were just assigned, Chantal left the office to go for a walk in the local park. She was hoping that ________ would help her come up with a catchy slogan for the client's product. a. representation b. analogical encoding c. incubation d. daydreaming

c. incubation

A possible drawback to expertise is ___. a. impossible, as there are no possible drawbacks to expertise b. it may not be possible to gain in-depth knowledge of all fields c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking d. experts are slower at solving problems

c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking

Carlos is trying to solve a puzzle. In doing so, he knows that a stipulated rule is that red pieces cannot touch blue pieces. This example specifically highlights the function of ___. a. the initial stage b. subgoals c. operators d. problem space

c. operators

Laura was given the nine-dot problem to solve as part of a research project at the university's cognitive science lab. After reading the instructions and looking at the puzzle, Laura quickly came up with the answer. Which part of Laura's brain played a key role in helping her devise a creative solution to the problem? a. hippocampus b. parietal lobe c. temporal lobe d. corpus callosum

c. temporal lobe

In the school cafeteria, DeShaun offered Maureen his bag of chips if she would give him her strawberry yogurt. Which term best reflects what DeShaun and Maureen engaged in? a. paradox b. mapping c. trade-off d. contingency

c. trade-off

Which of the following would be a good marketing slogan for Kahneman's System 2 model? a. "Gut instinct wins." b. "Go with the flow." c. "Engage the autopilot." d. "Think it through."

d. "Think it through."

Which of the following equations correctly states the conjunction rule? a. A or B ≠ A - B b. A - B ≤ A(B) c. A + B > A - B d. A + B ≤ A or B

d. A + B ≤ A or B

Which of the following BEST illustrates the use of problem solving with analogies? a. the think-aloud protocol b. the mutilated checkerboard problem c. the Tower of Hanoi problem d. Duncker's radiation problem

d. Duncker's radiation problem

What is the basic premise behind mental models? a. People usually have correct premises but they make faulty conclusions. b. People can engage in inductive but not deductive reasoning. c. People function according to the belief bias. d. People create a representation of a situation for a reasoning problem.

d. People create a representation of a situation for a reasoning problem.

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the falsification principle? a. If certain observed evidence contradicts a given principle, then we should assume that principle is false. b. There need to be multiple sources of evidence before we would consider whether a given rule is false. c. We should assume rules are correct unless they are proven false. d. To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

d. To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

Suppose you assume that "weird things" happen when there is a full moon. Such thinking illustrates ___. a. the myside bias b. the representativeness heuristic c. the conjunction rule d. an illusory correlation

d. an illusory correlation

Dante is a highly accomplished visual artist who has created many museum-quality pieces in multiple media, including textiles, oil paint, and film. Which of the following likely has the least connection to Dante's work? a. mindfulness b. solitude c. daydreaming d. analysis

d. analysis

In general, a person's incorrect belief that flying is more dangerous than driving is likely due to the ___. a. conjunction rule b. myside bias c. representativeness heuristic d. availability heuristic

d. availability heuristic

If you're asked to construct an object with three random parts, then you're likely engaged in an exercise designed to demonstrate ___. a. latent inhibition b. group brainstorming c. preinventive forms d. creative cognition

d. creative cognition

Soraya is walking her dog when her dog's leash suddenly breaks. Soraya realizes that she needs a new leash right then and there but, at first, she doesn't know how to proceed. Unfortunately, she fails to consider that she could fashion a temporary leash by using the shoelaces from her boots. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the two-string problem b. mental set c. fixation d. functional fixedness

d. functional fixedness

What is the primary difference between an expert and a nonexpert? a. process b. intelligence c. transfer d. knowledge

d. knowledge

After seeing a long line of excited people waiting outside a store to buy a new mobile phone that was just released, Gabe figured the phone must be an excellent product because everyone wanted it. So he got in line and bought one. What impacted Gabe's conclusion about the phone? a. incidental emotion b. availability heuristic c. categorical validity d. law of large numbers

d. law of large numbers

The basic premise of preinventive forms particularly presumes that ___. a. genetics and intelligence predominantly predetermine creative behavior b. one is especially creative during periods of mental illness c. group brainstorming is necessary for creativity d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

The water jug problem is to the candle problem as _____ is to _____. a. the two-string problem; functional fixedness b. functional fixedness; the two-string problem c. preconceptions; situation d. situation; preconceptions

d. situation; preconceptions

While doing a jigsaw puzzle containing 1,000 small pieces, Rashid suddenly said, "Oh, this piece isn't someone's hair. It's part of the thatched roof!" Which term best reflects Rashid's experience? a. functional fixedness b. means-end analysis c. divergent thinking d. think-aloud protocol

d. think-aloud protocol

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n):

novel object

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ just prior to the solution of an insight problem and _______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem

rise suddenly; gradually rise