PSY 200 Module 1

Which of the following was proposed by functionalists?

Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained.

Cognitive focuses on ___.

Mind

Psychologists that are concerned with people in social situations.

Social Psychologists

A school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior; formerly termed social learning theory.

Social cognitive theory

The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes.

Sociocultural perspective

Psychologists that help athletes.

Sports Psychologists

A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

Stratified sample

The school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements - sensations, feelings, and images - that combine to form experience.

Structuralism

_____ were the first to believe that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience.

Structuralists

The humanistic-existential perspective is cognitive flavor, yet it emphasizes the role of ____.

Subjective experience.

A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.

Survey

A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionaries, and psychological tests.

Case study

A mathematical method of determining whether one variable decreases or increases as another variable increases or decreases.

Correlational method

Psychologists that act like clinical, but not psychological disorders.

Counseling psychologists

A way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Critical thinking

To explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

Debrief

A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable.

Dependent variable

Psychologists that study the changes throughout a life span .

Developmental Psychologists

__________primarily study the changes—physical, cognitive, social, and emotional—that occur throughout the life span.

Developmental psychologists

A study in which neither the subjects nor the observers know who has received the treatment.

Double-blind study

Psychologists that work with school systems.

Educational Psychologists

Psychologists that study the ways that people and the environment influence one another.

Environmental Psychologists

A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.

Experiment

In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment.

Experimental groups

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

Ravi is unable to choose the right career path after completing his college education. He plans to visit a psychologist who might help him find the right career. In this scenario, Ravi is most likely to visit a human factors psychologist.

False

Psychologists that apply psychology to criminal justice.

Forensic Psychologists

The school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience.

Functionalism

The culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity.

Gender

The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.

Gestalt Psychology

The school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses.

Behaviorism

The approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures such as the functioning of the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes, on the other.

Biological perspective

Psychologists that deal with technical systems like machines and parts.

Human Factors Psychologists

In psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

Hypothesis

Psychologists that identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.

Personality Psychologists

A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine.

Placebo

A complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.

Population

The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior.

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

The science that studies behavior and mental processes.

Psychology

Research conducted without concern for immediate applications.

Pure research

A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

Random sample

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response.

Reinforcement

In the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

True

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

Founded Gestalt Psychology

Wetheimer, Koffka, Kohler

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

biological

Psychologists with a__________perspective are most likely to focus on the evolution of behavior.

biological

The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings.

environmental psychologist

Famous neoanalysts such as Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from earlier psychodynamic practitioners in that they:

focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction.

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________.

informed consent

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by _____.

insight

With__________, psychologists and other scientists can observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field."

naturalistic observation

An association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight, or between study habits and school grades.

Correlation

A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (+ or -) of the relationship between two variables.

Correlation coefficient

Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.

Applied research

In experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment.

Blind

Psychologists that help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life.

Clinical psychologists

Having to do with mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving.

Cognitive

Psychologists that study shoppers behavior.

Consumer Psychologists

In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant.

Control groups

Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology?

He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws.

Psychologists that study the effect of stress on health problems.

Health Psychologists

A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed.

Independent variable

Psychologists that focus on the relationships between people and work.

Industrial Psychologists

A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments.

Informed consents

Deliberate looking into one's own cognitive processes to examine one's thoughts and emotions.

Introspection

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Founded Behaviorism

John Watson

A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.

Naturalistic observation

Psychologists that study the behavior of people in organizations like buisnesses.

Organizational Psychologists

Part of a population.

Sample

Psychologists that are employed by school systems.

School Psychologists

An organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge.

Scientific Method

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study.

Selection factor

Founded psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud

A set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events.

Theory

A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not.

Volunteer bias

Founded structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt

founded functionalism

William James

Gustav Theodor Fechner, in his book Elements of Psychophysics, showed:

how physical events are related to psychological sensation and perception.

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

humanistic-existential