PSY 2012 Ch. 13: Social Psychology Focus Practice Set

According to the social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is

to minimize costs and maximize benefits

Which of the following are factors that make it more likely you will be attracted to somebody?

- Close proximity - Physical attractiveness - Similarities - You've seen the person around a lot

The two main types of love are

- Companionate - Passionate

Aggressive behavior has been linked to which of the following?

- Frontal Lobes - Limbic System

Which of the following statements are true regarding prosocial behavior?

- Many adults often engage in helping behavior in order to improve their mood. - Happy people are more likely that unhappy people to help others.

Which of the following sociocultural factors have been linked to incidents of aggression?

- Masculine Reputation - Family Pride

Which of the following are cognitive determinants of aggression?

- Observing others engaging in aggression - The presence of a weapon - The perception that another's actions are unfair

When are attitudes most likely to predict behavior?

- When the person has a vested interest - When the person's attitudes are strong - When the attitudes are relevant to the behavior

The peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model involves non-message factors such as

- emotional appeals - credibility of source - attractiveness of source

Shelley Taylor and her colleagues demonstrated that having positive illusions about the self is often related to which of the following?

- heightened well-being - being liked by others

An individual is more likely to be persuaded if

- the individual feels a similarity with the person delivering the message. - The message is delivered through television or video rather than print. - The individual has weak attitudes about the topic.

In Milgram's classic obedience study, What percent of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator to shock the learner?

65%

Which of the following statements describes conformity?

A change in behavior brought about in order to follow the standards of others.

According to they psychological research of Langlois and her colleagues, which of the following faces is most likely to be rated as the most attractive?

A computer-generated composite

________ is an unselfish interest in helping someone else.

Altruism

Which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect?

An overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do.

________ are opinions and beliefs about people, objects and ideas.

Attitudes

In an effort to maximize our sense of self-esteem, we may come to think that our own group (in-group) is _______ than groups to which we don't belong (out-groups).

Better

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion includes the _____ route and the _____ route.

Central; peripheral

You are leaving a ball game with your empty water bottles in tow. Upon passing the trash can, you decide to pitch the plastic bottles in the large barrel outside the gate. After you toss the bottles, you feel guilty about not recycling. In an effort to relieve your guilt, you look at the overflowing trash barrel containing paper, plastic, and various other disposables and ask yourself, "Why should I feel guilty when nobody else is recycling?" This illustrates

Cognitive Dissonance

What is the term for the conflict that occurs when a person hold two contradictory attitudes?

Cognitive dissonance

What type of love is the strong affection we have for those with whom our lives are deeply involved?

Companionate

Social ______ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

Comparison

A(n) _________ is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation the participants must engage in.

Confederate

In his classic experiment on _______, Solomon Asch found that more than one-third of participants went along with the rest of the group in terms of assessing the length of lines, even though the group's response was obviously wrong.

Conformity

Social ________ is an imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.

Contagion

A key result from the jigsaw classroom was the emphasis of ____________ rather that competition.

Cooperation

Risky shift occurs when a ________ is riskier when made by a group than by an individual.

Decision

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less efforts in a group because of the _________ accountability for individual effort.

Decreased

__________ is the reduction of personal identity when an individual is a part of a group.

Deindividuation

A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called

Discrimination

_____-in-the-______ strategy involves the communicator making the largest demand in the beginning of a negotiation.

Door; Face

Scott recently lost his job. He knows the job market is competitive, so he decides to take a fishing trip in an effort to relax and re-evaluate his future job strategies. While on his trip, he stops at a local gas station and is approached by a man pleading for change. Scott drops 2 quarters into the man's cup and thinks to himself, "Well, at least I'm not a beggar." This illustrates

Downward social comparison

Your college roommate is describing the hazing ritual he endured before becoming a part of his college fraternity. You grimace at the horrific details and ask why he would want to put himself through such an ordeal. He explains, " I figure if it's that tough to get into, then it must be worth it." Your friend is exhibiting ________ justification.

Effort

_______ involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring; whereas _______ describes an unselfish interest in helping someone else.

Egoism....Altruism

The ________ likelihood model theory identifies 2 ways by which a message can be persuasive.

Elaboration

_______ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

According to social exchange theory, what is the most important predictor of a relationship's success?

Equity

__________ is when we favor our own ethnic group over ethnic groups.

Ethnocentrism

Watching others engage in aggressive actions

Evokes aggression

_______ is a person's conscious and openly shared prejudicial attitudes, whereas ________ racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.

Explicit/Implicit

Social ________ is the improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.

Facilitation

If you ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with a more important one, you have used which compliance technique?

Foot-in-the-door technique

The frustration-aggression theory suggests that _________ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to the readiness to display _________.

Frustration/Aggression

The ________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation.

Fundamental

Mandy is driving rapidly, weaving through cars, and, while at a stoplight, honks at a car that was slow to move when the light turned green. "What a rude person," thinks the driver of the other car. However, Mandy is rushing to get to hospital to see her ill father. The driver of the other car has committed the

Fundamental attribution error

Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _______ attitude change than those who are less attractive.

Greater

While in class, students and the professor are discussing the effects of obedience. After hearing the full class discussion and adding your two cents, your attitude toward obedience is quite a bit more negative than at first. This illustrates the _________ ____________ effect.

Group Polarization

__________ is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

Groupthink

________ are cognitive shortcuts that enable us to make decisions rapidly.

Heuristics

A model of relationships that emphasizes the ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction in a relationship, is describing which of the following?

Investment Model

Stereotype threat is the fear of being _______ on the basis of a negative stereotype about one's group.

Judged

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort

Justification

The bystander effect makes it ______ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

Less

The ________ _________ effect is the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.

Mere Exposure

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has _______ determinants.

Multiple

__________ social influence is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like and approve of us.

Normative

___________ is behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority.

Obedience

Self-objectification is the tendency to view oneself as an _________ in the eyes of others.

Object

What type of love is a state of intense absorption in someone that includes intense physiological arousal?

Passtionate

Group _______ effect is the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion.

Polarization

Peter thinks of himself as quite smart, and more capable and trustworthy than many of his co-workers. Peter's boss likes and respects him, but in general, Peter is an average employee. Peter holds several ________ ________ about himself.

Positive Illusions

___________ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

Prejudice

The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called

Self-perception

If you do well on your psychology exam, you think, "Of course I did well. It's because i'm smart." However, if you do poorly on your exam, you blame it on the professor's inability to create a fair exam. This illustrates the

Self-serving bias

The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures is

Self-serving bias

The central question in making an attribution is whether the cause of behavior is due to _______ or _______ factors.

Situational; dispositional

Jon got a B on his psychology exam. He isn't sure if this is good, so he asks Kate how well she did. Jon is using ______ to evaluate his performance.

Social Comparison

Hannah practiced a song on the piano over and over again, but she kept making mistakes. during the recital, however, her performance was perfect. This is an example of

Social Facilitation

Pam's new friend is a librarian so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. Pam's thinking on this describes

Stereotyping

__________ is the male hormone related to aggression.

Testosterone

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Which of the following statements describes the outcome of the robbers cave experiment?

When the groups were required to work cooperatively to solve problems, positive relationships developed.

If you need a friend to help you out and you first ask for a ride to a community activism even, and then you follow it up by asking your friend to attend the event and work a booth with you, what compliance technique are you using?

foot-in-door technique

The genetic basis for aggression states that ______ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.

genes

When several students are assigned a group presentation, only three of the four actually do the required work. A social psychologist would refer to this as social

loafing

If people think that members of a specific group lack ambition, they may treat them in a way that actually brings about a lack of ambition. This Illustrates

self-fulfilling prophecy