PSY 2012 Chapter 8

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying "bug" demonstrates _____.

a. generalization

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ____.

a. high order conditioning

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.

a. observational

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

a. reflexes

What is an effective method for teaching a new behavior that involves balancing too much versus too little reinforcement?

a. shaping

Which of the following is an advantage of observational learning?

b. It expands learning capacity

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.

b. Skinner box

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior; while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)?

b. classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?

c. Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease

Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, encountered ____.

c. biological boundaries

The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as _____.

c. classical conditioning

When he was 9 years old, Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter. Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night. Now, years later, Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp. This is an example of ____.

c. classical conditioning

Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of a ____.

c. negative reinforcement

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination?

c. ​Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement?

d. It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period

Jonah is playing on his tablet one evening, when his father asks him to finish up and get ready to take a bath. Jonah nods but completely ignores the request. After a few minutes his father repeats the request with a slightly sterner voice. Jonah says, "Okay, let me just finish this game." Ten minute later, when Jonah has clearly played several more games, his father repeats the request but with a very firm voice. Jonah, knowing that his father is getting angry, puts down the tablet and goes to take a bath. Jonah's different responding to different "voices" from his father illustrates _____.

d. discrimination

As Angel speeds down Elm Avenue, he suddenly slams on his brakes to avoid a collision with another car. Angel's response is an example of a(n) ____.

d. learned behavior

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

d. money

A pig trained by the Brelands to pick up large wooden coins and deposit them in a wooden "piggy bank" learned quickly to do so for food rewards, but eventually ____.

d. reverted to rooting for the coins instead, in accordance with its natural approach to food

Research suggests that children overimitate adults ____.

d. to promote shared experiences and build rapport with others