Psy 2012 Final

Rachel has missed several classes because of family troubles. On the day of the midterm, Rachel asks you if she can copy your answers so she does not fail the exam. According to Kohlberg, how would you respond if you were using postconventional moral reasoning?

"I cannot let you cheat because it would be unfair to the students who worked hard and attended class."

Veronica is conducting research on conduct disorder in adolescents. Which research article title should she consider inaccurate, according to findings in your textbook?

"No Genetic Predisposition Has Been Found

According to the transfer-appropriate processing model of memory, what would be the best retrieval cue for remembering the sentence "The man ate the strawberry"?

"something tasty"

Sherman is going to give Luella some flowers. He really wants her to like them. According to the principle of excitation transfer, when would be the best time for Sherman to give her the flowers?

A few minutes after she has finished jogging

Gloria is a psychologist who studies the influence of other people on the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Gloria is most likely a __________ psychologist

social

Identifying certain types of brain functions (language skills, for instance) as lateralized means that

they are performed most efficiently by one or the other of the two cerebral hemispheres

Fred Flintstone recently became the leader of the Save the Pterodactyl Foundation. At the monthly meetings, Fred tried to create a vision of the foundation's goals and inspire the members to work diligently for their worthy cause. He quickly became well respected in his role. Fred is best characterized as a __________ leader.

transformational

Lori, a person with whom you are not friends, volunteers at the local hospital. You assume that she is volunteering so that she will look good on her college applications. However, when your best friend adamantly refuses to volunteer his time, you assume it is because he is so busy with all of the other activities in his life. Which of the following attributional errors does this situation illustrate?

ultimate attribution error

You call up a potential date and get an answering machine message. In leaving your message, you mean to say "I'd like to see you," but instead say "I'd like to feel you." This Freudian slip is caused by impulses originating in the

unconscious

If Cindy is displaying the ego defense mechanism of repression, she would most likely

unconsciously forget a traumatic experience

For the past few months, Val felt completely hopeless and unmotivated. She would not eat much and felt worthless. Then, she suddenly felt extremely optimistic and full of energy. Val is probably suffering from __________ disorder

Bipolar I

There are many misunderstandings about suicide. Which of the following statements reflects a truth about suicide?

Females are three times more likely to attempt suicide

In the newspaper, Rex rated the movie The Big Baloo as "a waste of money." What would make you decide that Rex's review was due to characteristics of Rex and his poor judgment?

Few critics hated this movie, and Rex usually hates all movies.

Teaching assistants are paid a meager sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a __________ reinforcement schedule

Fixed interval

While at a party, Ted uses a drug that is supposed to induce relaxation and elation and increase his sex drive. About an hour later, Ted feels dizzy and nauseous and has trouble breathing. Later he finds out that this drug worked similarly to the neurotransmitter GABA and is sometimes used as a date rape drug. Ted must have used

GHB

In the most recent studies on factors affecting conformity, which of the following was found to have the least influence on whether a person will conform?

Gender

Arnie studies the phenomenon of school bullying. He purports that children are aggressive because it is a tendency that has survived through successive generations. Arnie is supporting the __________ theory of aggression.

Gestalt

The whole of conscious experience is not the same as the sum of its parts" is a belief proposed by which view of psychology?

Gestalt

Gilligan, Ginger, Maryann, and the Skipper are stranded on a tropical island, again. The Professor sends them information via shortwave radio that a hurricane is headed straight for the island and they must think of a solution fast. Skipper, the self-proclaimed leader of the group, is convinced that the only solution is to swim toward Hawaii. Although their attempts at swimming to Hawaii have failed in the past, the crew agrees that swimming is the only option and sets out to sea, never to be heard from again. Gilligan and his friends' tragic demise was caused by

Group think

As the months passed, Kurt began taking more and more heroin because the initial dose didn't seem to give him the same high. Eventually Kurt was addicted to heroin. According to opponent-process theory, __________ may have been the basis of Kurt's dangerous addiction.

Habituation

Harry the hormone and Nadia the neurotransmitter can both exert physiological effects on their target organs. Which of the following is true about Harry and Nadia?

Harry acts at a site away from where he was released, while Nadia acts locally.

Which of the following is not associated with an elevated risk for suicide?

Having the personality trait of conscientiousness

Which of the following is not an assumption of the trait approach to personality?

Inconsistent or incompatible behaviors occur because traits are situation-specific.

Which of the following benefits is least likely to result from your regular practice of meditation?

Increased need for sleep

Marsha and Jan are identical twins whose mother and aunt suffer from depression. Marsha falls in love with and marries a wonderful guy, gets her dream job, and wins the lottery. Jan is lonely because she is constantly rejected by guys, hates her job, and despises living next to an airport. In this scenario, __________ is more likely to develop depressive symptoms according to the __________ model.

Jan; diathesis-stress

After Merton has been sleeping for about ninety minutes, his heart begins to beat faster, his breathing grows fast and irregular, and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth. Merton is most likely experiencing

REM sleep

Medea is experiencing a high level of stress and tries to create an altered state of consciousness where she will experience inner peace and tranquility. She does this by slowly repeating a soothing phrase to herself. Medea is using __________to reach a state of __________

Mantra; meditation

Recent studies indicate that many people have never developed beyond the stage of concrete operational thought. Which of the following statements lends support to this hypothesis?

Many adults are unable to solve problems requiring abstract reasoning skills.

Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to "sit up." He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally he rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Gabe got Trixie to "sit up" by using

Shaping

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as

Skill learning

Catbert is trying to decide if personality tests will help him identify those people least deserving of promotion within the company. Which of the following statements about the use of personality tests for employee selection and promotion is true?

Some personality tests predict performance in some jobs, but not others

Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

Nitaya, who keeps working on a problem that she didn't understand at first

When people are deprived of __________ sleep, they compensate for the loss directly and show a rebound effect to recover from the loss.

REM

Hilary wants to know whether women are getting paid the same amount of money as men for equal work. She asks men and women in several business firms for information about their salaries. What research method is Hilary using?

Survey

Randy, a community psychologist, is working with a community AIDS organization on a project to help reduce HIV transmission. He decides to gather as much information from as many people as possible about their sexual behavior patterns. Which of the following research methods would be the best choice for him to use?

Survey

Talon drank one too many cans of "Jooky" last night. Talon spent the morning vomiting, and now even the smell of Jooky makes Talon nauseous. Talon is experiencing a __________, which can best be explained by __________ conditioning.

Taste aversion, classical

Hai-ri is trying to decide whether to allow her children to watch violent television programs. They enjoy seeing detective shows, but Hai-ri worries that seeing people hurt will make her children more likely to use violence themselves. According to the textbook, which of the following should you tell Hai-ri?

Television violence may be one cause of violent behavior

You and your brother were raised together. Your personality reflects environmental and genetic factors. Which of the following environmental factors would be least likely to contribute to differences between your personality and that of your brother with whom you were raised?

The socioeconomic status of your family

James read a magazine ad about a drug that doctors say may help college students perform better on multiple-choice type tests. Being the inquisitive person that he is, James decided to do an experiment to see if the magazine's claims were true. He administered the drug to one of his classes, and gave the other class a placebo. James then tested the students in both groups on material they had recently discussed in class. In this example, what is the experimental group?

The students who received the drug

According to the concept of priming, which of the following is most likely to be the result of flashing the picture of a Coke bottle on a computer monitor too briefly for a viewer to notice?

The viewer will recognize related words (e.g., diet, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper) more quickly than unrelated words (e.g., computer, pencil) on a test a few seconds later.

Which of the following factors increased the likelihood that an individual would obey the experimenter in Milgram's obedience studies?

Using individuals with authoritarian personalities

Which of the following is true about the relationship between violence and watching violent TV?

Watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated

Tyra has a brain tumor that affects her language capabilities. When Tyra's doctor asks her about a picture of a bird, Tyra responds, "Wings in the sky fly high. Soar through air with a suitcase." Tyra's fluent but confused response indicates that she most likely suffers from

Wernicke's aphasia

A researcher at the university has students in the introductory psychology participant pool fill out a survey about life satisfaction. This use of the introductory psychology participant pool represents __________ sampling of the human population

biased

According to Selye, which of the following would be the most important determinant of one's response to stress?

biological variables

Dr. Vance is attempting to discover where emotional experience is localized in the brain by using brain imaging technology. Dr. Vance works in the subfield of __________ psychology

biology

Which of the following is not a component of an attitude?

biology

Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out. She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and is surprised by how well she "navigates" without bumping into anything in the dark. She is able to do this because she has formed a(n)

cognitive map

Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian, believed that __________ played a major role in personality development

cultural factors

Julio makes a bet with his brother regarding which music their baby sister will prefer. He will probably win the bet if he picks what type of music?

female vocalist

Jessi asks Bill to take her pizza out of the oven while she is on the phone. Bill agrees. Later that week Jessi asks Bill for a ride to the mall, and he agrees. Finally, Jessi asks Bill to lie to her parents when they call and say that she's not home. Jessi is using the __________ to gain Bill's compliance.

foot in the door technique

Harry is in college and is asked to imagine what the world would be like if humans had never invented the wheel. According to Piaget, if Harry is able to think abstractly about this problem, Harry is in the __________ stage of cognitive development

formal operational

While searching for an artifact, Indiana Jones is captured by mercenaries and tied up with rope. He keeps looking for a dagger or sword to cut the rope, not realizing that he could use a jagged rock instead. This is an example of how stress can cause

functional fixedness

Your new housemate comes home from on-campus registration, throws his coat angrily on the floor, goes to his room, and slams the door without greeting you. You conclude that your housemate is a hostile, unfriendly person. Your conclusion is the result of

fundamental attribution error

Yao is participating in a study investigating sleep patterns. As part of the study, researchers paste electrodes to Yao's scalp. The electrodes are then hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG), which will provide information about the

general electrical activity of the brain during sleep

Sima heads back to the locker room after running two miles on the track. Still winded from running, she walks into the shower room when another woman bumps into Sima, causing her to slip and fall on the wet floor. The __________ theory predicts that Sima's physical exertion, combined with the situation, will lead to an angry confrontation.

generalized arousal

Dr. Wiancek was on duty in the emergency room when a brain trauma patient arrived. To try to prevent permanent brain damage, Dr. Wiancek injected the patient with the neurotransmitter called

glutamate

Marie goes to her doctor several times a month. She insists that she has pain in her lower abdomen and believes that her appendix is about to burst. After several visits that showed no signs of physical disorder, Marie's doctor believes that she might suffer from

hypochondriasis

Megan believes she has found a medication that will greatly reduce the symptoms of depression, so she decides to conduct an experiment to test her __________. She randomly assigns depressed people to one of two groups. One group of participants takes the medication, while the other group gets only sugar pills. The latter group is receiving a __________.

hypothesis, placebo

Sanji sees himself as a fraction of the whole—an entity having little or no meaningful definition without reference to the group. He probably comes from a(n) __________ self-system.

interdependent

Social changes, such as becoming more inward looking, cautious, and conforming, are most characteristic o

late adulthood

Unlike posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout is the result of

long term or chronic stress

Jerod was in an automobile accident and can no longer control his own heart rate or breathing. Jerod most likely has damage to his

medulla oblongata

Which of the following is not one of the PQ4R suggestions for the most successful strategies for remembering textbook material?

memorize definitions as you read the chapters

According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, you should review your lecture notes within the first __________ after class.

nine-hours

If Walt has developed an avoidant attachment style with his father, Michael, how will he respond when Michael returns to the room after a brief departure? Walt will

not notice that Michael has gone and returned

Ashley suffers from the most common eating disorder in the United States. She is a picky eater and often cannot accurately assess how much she has eaten. Ashley is suffering from

obesity

You ask your doctor to examine your sore throat. Surprisingly, she demands that you remove your Chicago Bulls hat and coat. If you take off your hat and coat, you have

obeyed

Valerie is teaching Parker how to play the guitar. Valerie instructs Parker to sit across from her and watch her finger movements as she plays a song. She has found this method more effective than attempting to verbally explain the complicated series of finger movements. Valerie's teaching strategy indicates that her memory of how to play the guitar is stored as a(n) __________ memory

procedural

Darrin always feels angry. However, instead of recognizing his anger, Darrin believes that the people around him are angry. He is utilizing the defense mechanism of

projection

Homer and Ned are taking personality tests. Homer is asked to fill in the missing parts of incomplete pictures, and Ned is asked to say what he associates with different words. Homer is completing a(n) __________ personality test, and Ned is completing a(n) __________ personality test.

projective; projective

Before coming to his final exam, Howie drank four cans of Surge (which contains a lot of caffeine). As the final was being passed out, Howie became aware that his hands were shaking and his heart was beating fast. According to __________ theory, whether Howie attributed his shaking hands and beating heart to ingesting a lot of caffeine or to being concerned about the final would affect his emotional experience

the Schachter-Singer

Carl Rogers suggested that personality is the expression of __________ as it unfolds in each person's unique perceived reality

the actualizing tendency

Meghan completes her chores on time and minds her manners because she likes to be helpful. Whenever her parents thank her for what she does, Meghan feels good about herself. Her parents' praises have become part of her

self-concept

When Cassie failed her physics exam, she felt like a failure in every aspect of her life—as a daughter, a student, and a friend. This belief of herself reflects Cassie's

self-concept.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

A person who goes without sleep for one week risks permanent brain damage

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome model, an inexperienced soldier suddenly thrust into a long, intense battle would most likely react in which of the following sequences?

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

Fallon is on her way to work when she sees a little boy, who is crying and apparently lost. Seeing the crying boy makes Fallon very uncomfortable and upset. To reduce these negative feelings, Fallon stops to help the boy find his parents. Which theory best explains Fallon's helping behavior?

Arousal: cost-reward

Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not sleep terror disorder). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

Barney

Isabella was injured when her automatic pencil sharpener malfunctioned and a pencil pierced her skull and destroyed her thalamus. Now Isabella can no longer experience emotion. This situation supports __________ theory of emotion.

Cannon's central

Kareem, who has high achievement motivation, is looking for a job that will satisfy him. Which of the following jobs should he take?

Company one: medium pay, lots of responsibility, chances for advancement, demanding boss

Judy is an avid cyclist. She often likes to ride her bicycle after work to unwind. One evening, while reflecting on her day, she realizes that she has broken her normal leg rhythm. This perception of her leg movements is now being processed by Judy at the __________ level.

Conscious

Slater is unconsciously attracted to Kelly, but he already has a girlfriend. When Screech accuses Slater of being attracted to Kelly, Slater says, "No way, man! We're just friends, that's all!" What ego defense mechanism is Slater exhibiting?

Denial

Since May-Ling switched to decaffeinated coffee, she has been feeling sluggish in the mornings and has a headache in the afternoons. May-Ling's symptoms seem to reflect

Drug withdrawal effect

Kierston and Missy are studying together for their psychology final. Kierston asks Missy, "Okay, now tell me Freud's components of personality and how they develop." Missy correctly responds,

Everyone is born with an id, and the ego and then the superego develop as the person interacts with the world around him or her."

Many death row inmates are convicted on the basis of eyewitness testimony. Which of the following best represents what is known about that kind of testimony

Eyewitness testimony can be biased by the type of questions that are asked

Many death row inmates are convicted on the basis of eyewitness testimony. Which of the following best represents what is known about that kind of testimony?

Eyewitness testimony can be biased by the type of questions that are asked.

Which of the following would be spoken by a member of a collectivist culture?

I must make my family proud.

Jacob is dreaming. If this is all the information that you have, you can state that Jacob

Is probably in REM sleep

Which of the following is the best example of catastrophizing?

Kiwane is taking his Psych 100 final and keeps thinking throughout the test that he is failing and will never get into law school.

Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

Phone ringing

Svengali puts his subject, Trilby, under a hypnotic spell. We can expect that while hypnotized, Trilby will ignore everything but Svengali's voice. In other words, Trilby is experiencing

Redistributed attention

Eight-year-old Robin excels at reading, writing, and spelling but has a harder time when asked to manipulate objects or construct three-dimensional forms. Based on this information, what is Robin's gender?

Robin is probably a girl

A team of Hungarian hypnotists called the Hungary Hungary Hypnos claim that they are successful because their participants are complying with social demands and following the suggestions given to them. The Hungary Hungary Hypnos must believe in the __________ theory of hypnosis

Role

When Rudolph is under stress, he usually begins to feel mildly depressed and anxious. When Vermetta is under stress, she has difficulty remembering the phone numbers she uses every day and misplaces objects around the house. How do Rudolph's and Vermetta's responses to stress differ?

Rudolph's response is emotional; Vermetta's is cognitive.

Felicia is studying for her Psych 100 midterm. Because she studied so hard for the quizzes earlier in the semester, she finds it is taking her less time to relearn many of the concepts and terms. The difference between the amount of time it took Felicia to initially learn the material for the quizzes and the amount of time it is taking her to relearn the material for the midterm is known as

Savings

When Keith took piano lessons as a child, it took him three weeks to learn to play the "Moonlight Sonata." As an adult, when he decided to relearn the song to accompany his daughter's performance at a dance recital, it took him only one week. The difference in Keith's learning time is called

Savings

Toni has to remember her shopping list, which contains the following items: lemons, saw, beer, napkins, apples, lettuce, nails, cups, juice, newspaper, magazine, milk, and screwdriver. She decides to mentally place the items in categories: (1) lemons, apples, lettuce; (2) beer, juice, milk; (3) saw, nails, screwdriver; (4) newspaper, magazine; and (5) napkins, cups. Which of the following did Toni not use in this process?

The Brown-Peterson distractor technique

You are told that a new student, Derek, is hard to get along with because he is self-centered and disrespectful of others. When a friend introduces you to him, Derek says hello and then turns to talk to your friend. You now think Derek is really insensitive. Why do you interpret the situation in this way?

The circumstances match what you already know about Derek

Which of the following developmental changes in the brain occurs after birth?

The number of dendrites and synapses increases until adolescence, when they are reduced

Serja has just started a new job and is highly anxious. Her psychologist friend, Frieda, tells Serja that to cope with the stress she should say to herself,

This job is a challenge!

Every time Bert slices onions, the onions burn his eyes and tears run down his face. One day he opened the silverware drawer and pulled out the knife that he uses only to peel onions and immediately started to shed tears from the sight of the knife. In this situation, the onion is the __________, and the knife is the __________.

Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study

Wilhelm Wundt

Margarita is writing a book about problem-focused coping strategies. Each of the following could be a title for her book except

Wishing Them Away: The Guide to Not Letting Your Problems Get to Yo

Which of the following is the best example of behavior that is motivated by cognitive factors?

Yoon drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability

Dr. Shenker realized that Lori needed to learn how to think more calmly, rationally, and positively in the face of stress. He therefore prescribed

a cognitive restructuring program

Suzie is a graduate student who is conducting research on the topic of relative happiness. Suzie also teaches an introductory psychology course. Because her students are readily available, she uses them as participants in her research. This is an example of

a convenience sample.

Ten-year-old Sasha began crying uncontrollably while watching Old Yeller, a movie in which a brave dog saves his master but is killed by the bad guys. Her mother tells Sasha, "It's all pretend! Don't worry. Yeller is alive and living in Hollywood, California!" After her mom explains, Sasha feels much better and stops crying. This difference in Sasha's emotional reaction can best be explained by

a difference in her interpretation of the situation.

Maggie has been living in Alaska for several months. She has noticed that as the daylight hours get shorter and shorter she feels more and more depressed. Joel, her doctor, should prescribe __________ to help Maggie's symptoms

a few hours of exposure to full-spectrum light a day

Ginnie ingests a particular drug and experiences a loss of contact with reality and distorted sensory input- This drug is most likely

a hallucinogenic drug

A group on the quad is advocating marijuana use to increase academic achievement. You remember reading about this in your psychology textbook and report to your friends that studies have found

a negative correlation between marijuana usage and academic achievement

Lynae is terrified of going into elevators. The last time she was in one, she experienced intense heart palpitations, pressure in her chest, sweating, and dizziness. Lynae most likely had

a panic attack

Anxiety disorders are characterized by all of these symptoms except

a split between affect and cognition

In times of stress, a person is likely to use mental sets when solving a problem. An example of a mental set is

a well-learned but inefficient approach to a problem

Which of the following is not a characteristic of motivation?

ability

Roy tells his friends Helen and Joe about the dream he had. He dreamed that trains were zooming into tunnels and rockets were firing! Helen tells Roy that his dream is only a meaningless, random byproduct of REM sleep, while Joe tells Roy that his dream is a way of satisfying his unconscious urges. Helen is taking the __________ perspective, while Joe is taking the __________ perspective on dreaming.

activation-synthesis theory; wish fulfillment

Jane has just begun teaching Psychology 100 and wants her students to participate during class. She hopes that discussing the material, doing writing tasks, and working in small groups will help her students understand the material better. Jane is attempting to use __________ in her class

active learning

When Fenesha broke her ankle, the doctor gave her a drug that eased her pain by binding with endorphin receptors. The drug that she took is an endorphin

agonist

Alexia is content to stay in her house because she becomes nervous and afraid when she ventures too far from home. Alexia is probably suffering from

agoraphobia

After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others, even when she can see their facial expressions. Stella has most likely damaged her

amygdala

Mimi is sitting in her biology lab, trying to figure out what kind of a cell she has on the slide under her microscope. "Aha," she cries. "It's a neuron!" One thing that might have tipped Mimi off is the fact that the cell has

an axon

Janine is a neat freak. She can't stand it when anything is out of order. She is also reluctant to lend anything to her friends. According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development.

anal

Gary is a very sloppy person. His side of the dorm room is always a mess, with clothing thrown all over the floor. In contrast, his roommate, Rajesh, is an extremely neat person. For Rajesh, everything on his side of the room must be in its place, with CDs organized alphabetically. Freud would say Gary is fixated in the __________ stage, and Rajesh is fixated in the __________ stage

anal; anal

After being hit on the head, Jean-Luc has a memory problem. He cannot learn the names of new people that he meets. Fortunately, he can still remember details of his life prior to the head injury. Jean-Luc is most likely demonstrating

anterograde amnesia.

When Meera was twelve years old, she began stealing from local stores. Her delinquent behavior continued and became more serious as she entered adulthood. She showed no empathy, guilt, or shame and always tried to manipulate other people with her superficial charm. Which personality disorder does Meera display?

antisocial

In the Asch experiment on judging the lengths of lines, the experimenter manipulated the subjects' perceptions by

applying group pressure on the subjects

Fernando is deciding where to go for spring break. He can go home and see his family, or go to Florida with his friends. He thinks that both options are desirable and is having a difficult time deciding. Fernando is experiencing a(n) __________ conflict

approach-approach

You've received job offers from two companies. Both positions offer excellent starting salaries and benefits. Both are with stable companies that have room for you to advance. You are making an important and difficult decision and are facing a(n)

approach-approach conflict

During a thesis meeting, Dr. Voldemort suggests that Anwen consider using inferential statistics in her upcoming research project. After the meeting, Anwen meets her friend Jack and confesses she doesn't know what Dr. Voldemort was talking about. Jack explains that inferential statistics

are mathematical procedures used to draw conclusions from data.

Nonprojective personality measures have been used widely for hiring purposes. The problem with this practice is that personality measures

are usually not adequate predictors of how a person performs in a job

Katrina wants to study the organizing effects of sex hormones on female brain development. To begin, Katrina needs to understand when the organizing effects of sex hormones occur, which is

around the time of birth

Geoff, a basketball player for City High School, sinks thirty straight free throws during practice. However, during the critical game of the season, with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play, Geoff misses three consecutive free throws. Geoff's behavior can be best explained by __________ theory

arousal

Malik really wants to go to the Green Day concert, but he thinks his parents won't let him go. If he wants to use the door-in-the-face technique, Malik would

ask if he could join the entire tour, then scale back to seeing just the one show.

Seth wants his little girl, Tessa, to grow up to be friendly, self-reliant, and cooperative. According to Baumrind, Seth may want to consider adopting a(n) __________ parenting style.

authoritative

Little Kendra is three years old. She almost never shows any signs of recognition when her parents are around and basically ignores other people. Kendra occasionally bangs her head repeatedly. Kendra most likely

autistic disorder

You are looking at a neuron under a microscope. You find many structures coming off the cell body. Some of these are relatively thick and branch many times. One of the structures, however, is very thin and very long. This latter structure is most likely the neuron's __________ , which carries the __________.

axon; axon potential

Gabby is a six-year-old girl who has an allergy and becomes nauseated when she eats peanut butter. One day her mother gives her a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on a new red plate. Gabby gets sick after eating it. Later her mom gives her a turkey sandwich, which Gabby loves, on the same plate, and Gabby gets sick. Soon, all Gabby has to do is look at the red plate and she is nauseated. In this situation, __________ is the unconditioned response.

becoming nauseated by peanut butter

Jorie thinks that the attention her little brother gets when he has tantrums actually encourages him to have more tantrums. Jorie's explanation is based on a __________ approach.

behavioral

The chapter in your textbook on consciousness would be of least interest to someone advocating

behaviorism

Guido is unaware of all the negative stereotypes he sees of African Americans on television. Because of this exposure, he is more likely to feel anxiety or fear toward someone who is African American if he is in a setting in which he is unfamiliar or already uncomfortable. This learned prejudice is a form of

biopreparedness.

Jules just invented a new drug that acts as an acetylcholine antagonist. This means that Jules's new drug will

block the acetylcholine receptors so acetylcholine will have no effect

Dr. Wisgoski asked fifty drug addicts a series of questions about their childhoods and then collected blood samples from them. He found a high correlation between levels of the stress hormone cortisol and amount of reported childhood trauma. Dr. Wisgoski concluded that childhood trauma causes high levels of stress during adulthood, which, in turn, causes drug addiction. Dr. Wisgoski's operational definition of adult stress level is

blood cortisol.

Travis's hypothalamus was injured in an accident. Travis will have trouble regulating all of the following except his

breathing

Gillian has been earning $1 million a year, starring in a television show, and is the highest-paid actress on that network. However, several actors on other shows, less highly rated than hers, make $5 million a year. To keep from resenting this situation, she should

change her reference group

According to several studies, college students who try out an identity and find later that it is not a true fit are more likely to

change their major or repeat freshman year

Neurotransmitters are __________ that travel across the __________ to another cell.

chemicals; synapse

Sheila used to be faced with anxiety, confusion, and discouragement resulting from her "perfectionist" attitude. She made herself much calmer and happier when she adopted the attitude, "Perfection is impossible; all I can do is my best." This is an example of

cognitive restructuring

Marco believes that it is very important to vote. He finds it difficult to find the time to vote on election day, but he does go to vote. Marco's belief about voting represents the __________ component of his attitude, and his presence at the polls represents the __________ component of his attitude.

cognitive; behavioral

Dr. Zomboss plans to overtake all of humankind by shutting down the fiber tracts of their brains. To do this, Dr. Zomboss will set his brain zappers to target

collections of axons that travel together in bundles.

According to Darwin, emotional expression is important because it

communicates important information to other people

Toby and Samantha have been dating for three years. They trust each other immensely and are very committed to each other. They also share their fears, hopes, and beliefs with each other. They both, however, secretly long for the passion that once characterized their relationship. According to Sternberg's triangular theory, what type of love do they share?

companionate love

Mr. and Mrs. Juarez believe that recycling is a worthwhile means of conserving natural resources, yet they don't participate in their city's curbside recycling program because they don't want to put their recyclable materials on public display. This discrepancy illustrates the fact that

competing motives and attitudes often exist simultaneously

Sabina does not like to drink. At a recent party, however, everyone was drinking, and they started to give her a hard time because she wasn't drinking. Because of all the pressure, Sabina decided to drink. Sabina's behavior is an example of

compliance

Whenever Kendra's three-year-old son, Paul, spits his food onto the floor, she takes the time to tell him that she loves him, but she does not like it when he spits his food on the floor. Kendra wants to avoid creating __________ for Paul.

conditions of worth

Although no one specifically said anything to him, Lorenz went along with the gang and punctured tires and broke windshields on a row of cars in the parking lot because he felt that if he didn't he wouldn't be accepted by the group. Lorenz

conformed

Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in using neuroimaging techniques to differentiate between thoughts that take place both above and below a person's awareness. In other words, cognitive neuroscientists are studying

consciousness

Cathy and Sherri had to finish all of their vegetables before they could have dessert. Cathy complained that Sherri didn't have as much to finish as she did, even though both girls had the same amount (Cathy's vegetables were just more spread out). Cathy's error stems from a failure to understand the concept of

conservation

George dumps a bag of marbles onto the ground, scattering the marbles all over. He tells his mother that there are more marbles now. George is demonstrating that he has not achieved the concept of

conservation

Shmuel is well fed and owns his own home. According to Maslow, this information suggests that Shmuel's current motivation should be focused primarily on

constructing stable relationships with other people

You watch a demonstration taking place on campus. You are excited and when you get home you tell your roommate Alberta about what you saw. Another roommate, Lucy, returns later and you overhear her excitedly telling Alberta about the same demonstration, but her description doesn't sound anything like what you saw. What most likely accounts for this difference?

constructive memory

In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in class (e.g., raising their hands before speaking, being polite to other children, walking in line through the hallways). Tanesha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a(n) __________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal's brain is damaged, but the right hemisphere is left intact. Jamal would be most likely to experience a deficit in his ability to

converse with friends.

Jill meets three men at a party. Doug is much more attractive than she is, Don is much less attractive than she is, and Dell is about as attractive as she is. With which man is she most likely to form a relationship?

dell

Robert has had major depression for most of his adult life. As he became older, he would tell his wife that when he uses the kitchen sink, he believes his corpuscles are being washed out of his body. Robert is exhibiting

delusions

Dr. Kurtz believes that students who use calculators learn the basics of math better. He designs an experiment in which Group A is taught a math concept and allowed to use calculators. Group B is taught the same math concept but is not allowed to use calculators. Then he gives both groups a standardized math test to assess their knowledge of the concept and compares their scores. In Dr. Kurtz's experiment, the standardized math test score is the

dependent variable.

While interviewing Joe, Dr. Willard discovers that Joe has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia because his uncle and mother had schizophrenia. Dr. Willard also believes the fact that Joe was homeless for several months after being expelled from school and "disowned" by his parents triggered his schizophrenia. Dr. Willard probably follows the __________ model of psychological disorders.

diathesis-stress

Ayse and Ali are discussing the causes of the high rate of depression among women. Ali points out how early childhood environment affects women's depression when they encounter stress later in life. On the other hand, Ayse thinks that higher rates of depression among women are solely due to oppression of women in a male-dominated society. Ali seems to adopt a __________ approach whereas Ayse seems to adopt a __________ approach to causes of depression.

diathesis-stress; sociocultural

Ramona was in a crowd of fellow students when she saw a maintenance worker fall down a flight of stairs at the entrance to a building. Ramona continued on to her class without helping the worker. Ramona's behavior reflects

diffusion of responsibility

Children are often aware of which conditions are most favorable when asking a parent for an advance on their allowance. Psychologists call such conditions

discriminative conditioned stimuli

Harley has recently heard that his company is closing, and he will be out of a job soon. He has decided to not think about it very much because he believes he doesn't have the skills to get another good job. Based on how he handles this stressor, Harley seems to possesses a __________ personality

disease prone

When Stacey's husband has had a frustrating day at work, he is easily irritated and sometimes screams at her. According to Freud, when Stacey's husband yells at her, he is employing the defense mechanism known a

displacement

Ozlem thinks that things always work out positively for her. When she has a problem, she takes steps to eliminate it immediately, and she thinks of the problem as a challenge. Ozlem seems to be a person with

dispositional optimism

On the TV show 24, Terri experiences several stressors. She and her daughter are kidnapped, her husband is on a danger mission to track down terrorists, and after escaping from their captors, Terri witnesses her daughter become a victim of a fiery car crash. After fainting, Terri awakens and cannot remember any personal information about herself or her family. It appears Terri is suffering from

dissociative amnesia

Your friend Benjamin tells you that he's going to study for his upcoming exam by setting aside 6 hours one day to devote solely to the material. Having learned much from your psychology class, you explain to Benjamin that it's much more effective for him to utilize __________ to study because it will help him to spread out the material and learn it more deeply

distributed practice

Ezekiel asks, "Mom, may I eat a hot fudge sundae with extra whipped cream?" When his mother replies that he may not, Ezekiel then asks if he may eat one cookie. Ezekiel is using the __________ technique for gaining compliance.

door-in-the-face

The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the __________ theory of motivation.

drive reduction

Jalayna's baby is always ready to eat when it is time for her to be fed, always falls asleep at her nap time, and wakes up relatively easily. The baby also likes to try new things and is not too wary of new situations. Jalayna's baby has a(n) __________ temperament

easy

Devon and Saurabh are discussing their favorite meals. Devon exclaims how much he loves grilling steak and chicken in his backyard. Saurabh recoils, explaining that as part of his Hindu beliefs, animals should be respected and are not to be slaughtered. Such expressions of food culture demonstrate that

eating serves functions beyond nutrition

To attempt to discover why some adolescents begin using drugs and alcohol, a social psychologist would most likely study the

effects of peer pressure and the influence of role models, such as rock or movie stars, on adolescents' decision-making processes.

Margarite is going to have a baby. Dr. Cortez tells her that there is a critical period in which her baby's organs and limbs must grow or else they never will. Which stage of prenatal development is Dr. Cortez describing?

embryonic

Tosha is going to have a baby, but she smokes, takes cough syrup, and drinks wine with dinner each night. This behavior is very likely to endanger her baby's development, especially in the __________ stage.

embryonic

Nellie has just discovered that she is pregnant. She is a smoker and knows she should quit because nicotine is especially harmful to the fetus during the __________ stage of development and leads to __________.

embryonic; low birth weight

Many boys in the United States are taught that they should not cry or show affection toward other boys. Such "rules" about what emotions are appropriate and when they are allowed are examples of

emotion culture

Dr. Evil is finally captured and forced to undergo psychological testing. Dr. Evil's results reveal that he shows the characteristics of moodiness, anxiety, and restlessness. If the psychological test were based on Eysenck's biological trait theory, Dr. Evil has been assessed on the __________ dimension of personality

emotionality-stability

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called

encoding

As part of a study, Derek is asked to examine his own mental activity as he describes a dull, orange object. Derek is

engaging in introspection

Edna was hypnotized by the Amazing Orlando. As a result, Edna shows marked changes in her behavior. We could expect to see Edna show

enhanced ability to fantasize

Scott has heart damage that his doctor says is due to prolonged stress from caring for a child with a serious, incurable illness. The doctor explained that the damage was probably due to high levels of adrenaline and cortisol produced by his body over a long period of time. Hans Selye would say that Scott is in the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome

exhaustion

Kelly wants to be a successful politician. According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism, what is most important to her success is (are) her

expectation of success

About three hours into her night's sleep, Suzanne awakens with leg cramps. This happens periodically throughout the night, causing her to become sleep deprived. Suzanne will most likely

experience more REM sleep the following night

After Eduardo takes a personality assessment based on the five-factor personality model, the results indicate he is a gregarious and outgoing person who gains energy from being with other people. In other words, Eduardo has scored high on the dimension of

extraversion

Long-term users of barbiturates, such as sleeping pills, may experience all of the following symptoms except

extreme weight gain

Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by __________ rewards.

extrinsic

Federico and Nate are debating on how to best study the cognitive activities of children. Federico subscribes to Piaget's approach, which focuses on sudden qualitative advances. Nate disagrees, contending that the information processing approach is superior, because it focuses on

gradual quantitative advances.

"Do you notice how all of those people look alike? I can't even tell some of them apart. I think they all like doing the same kind of jobs. I heard it was because they are lazy." This dialogue demonstrates the stereotyping and prejudice of

grouping people into social categories

After shooting his father, David, in a very rational and reasonable manner, told his lawyer that he was depressed when he shot his father. In fact, he had once been diagnosed as having major depression. David told his lawyer that, although he knew it was wrong and could have stopped himself, he hated his father so much that he shot him. In court David will likely be found

guilty

Damon is suffering from dysthymic disorder. Damon

has been feeling somewhat sad and depressed for years

Which piece of evidence would not support the argument that day care harms the emotional development of infants? Infants in day care

have increased intelligence scores

Dr. Andler has been campaigning for the past few years for increased government funding for AIDS research and awareness. She believes that preventing the spread of this disease is one of the most important issues facing our generation. Dr. Andler's work is most typical of

health psychologists.

One benefit of using projective personality tests instead of nonprojective personality tests is the

higher difficulty for the respondent to guess the "correct" answer

Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, his eyes were locked onto his dentist's white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the experience of pain. This example demonstrates

higher order conditioning

Dominic has a very active set of defense mechanisms that constantly affect his thoughts and behavior. The defense mechanisms are

his ego's attempt to control anxiety and guilt

Mookie is outgoing and sociable, seeks excitement, and loves a good time. According to Eysenck, Mookie's personality is a result of all of the following except

his level of self-efficacy

Rose is impatient with all of the slow drivers on the highway that often make her late for work. She often confronts her co-workers, distrusts their opinions, and becomes angry when they disagree with her. Rose is exhibiting which trait that will put her at risk for a heart attack?

hostility

Oscar is suspicious, resentful, antagonistic, distrustful of others, and frequently angry. Oscar is displaying characteristics consistent with __________, which is a risk factor for __________.

hostility; coronary heart disease

Agatha is a graduate student studying behavioral genetics. In other words, she is most likely learning about

how genes and the environment influence specific aspects of development.

Jamie has had her hippocampus removed and cannot form new memories. Since the surgery, she spends time taking tennis lessons, although she can never remember the lessons after she has them. After a month of lessons, her tennis ability will

increase

Jack believes that his success in math is based on hard work, but he believes his difficulties in history are based on an unfair professor. Jack is likely from a(n) __________ culture.

individualist

Selwyn is developing a neuromuscular problem because of a shortage of certain neurotransmitters in his cells. This shortage means that

information can't get transmitted across his synapses.

The fact that people all over the world seem to associate a smile with positive emotions provides support for the __________ aspects of the expression of emotions. On the other hand, the diversity of types of smiles supports the __________ aspects of the expression of emotion.

innate; social

When she was young, Nadia's father would always travel in a straight line through a forest if they became lost. Since she was always with her father when hiking, she never had to think much about this tactic. Many years later, while hiking alone, she did become lost but was able to escape the forest using her father's technique. This demonstrates

latent learning

Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn't figure it out. Herbert is experiencing

learned helplessness

While she was growing up, Lindsay was repeatedly told by others that she can't understand math concepts and she will never be any good at math. By the time Lindsay reached high school math classes, she didn't put any effort into the classes because she didn't think any amount of effort would help her to do well at math. This is an example of

learned helplessness

The __________ theories of stereotyping predict that children who attend diversely-populated schools and who watch television programs like Sesame Street (which are sensitive to ethnic diversity) will have fewer negative ethnic stereotypes.

learning

The right hemisphere gets information from the __________ side of the body and has better __________ abilities than the left hemisphere.

left; spatial

Which of the following is a comment you are least likely to hear within a group characterized by groupthink

lets discuss all the options first

Elka can remember the phone number she just looked up only by repeating it over and over. When she stops saying it out loud, she forgets it. Elka is using __________ rehearsal to keep the information in __________ memory.

maintenance; short-term

Jamie's sleep patterns have been erratic over the course of the past few months, and she lacks the energy to do anything except lay on her couch. Jamie also feels completely hopeless, and she wonders if life is worth living anymore. Jamie is most likely suffering from

major depression

When Julia and Lyle were dating, their friends thought to themselves, "It will never last. Although he's not bad looking, she is much too beautiful for him." Their friends' statement suggests that Julia and Lyle's relationship violated the

matching hypothesis

You decide that instead of writing down your grocery list, you want to try out one of the mnemonic strategies you read about in your textbook. To that end, you try to associate each item on the list with a different room in your house. Which mnemonic strategy is this?

method of loci

When a balloon pops near Tyler's head, the circuits in his __________ cause him to reflexively turn his head toward the source of the startling noise

midbrain

Ephraim is a bully on the third-grade playground. After he pushed little Gideon around, Gideon says to Ephraim, "Something must have happened to you as a baby that caused you to be such a jerk. Maybe you were dropped on your head." Ephraim replies, "Shut up, wimp! I was born to rule." Ephraim and Gideon are engaged in a debate that reflects the issue of

nature and nurture

all of the following physical changes typically occur during adulthood except

near-sightedness

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that __________ the "high" that the user experiences.

neutralizes

Lyndsay finds herself often thinking about the possibility of getting an infection from germs in her dorm room, and so she constantly is washing her hands to the point where her skin is red and sore. Lyndsay may be suffering from __________ disorder, and her persistent thoughts are known as __________.

obsessive-compulsive; obsession

In Milgram's original experiment on obedience, most subjects stopped administering shocks

only after the highest shocks had been delivered

Stephanie has learned that if she cries after being put to bed, her parents will often return and pick her up. Crying is a(n)

operant response by stephanie

Carlos talks excessively throughout the day. He also eats too much and drinks a lot. If you were a Freudian psychologist, you would most likely say that Carlos has

oral fixation

Grace was sitting in class when, without warning, her heart began to pound, her chest felt tight, and a feeling of dizziness came over her. She felt extremely fearful. Over the next few weeks, the same thing happened several times. Her doctor did not find anything wrong with her heart. Grace was probably suffering from

panic disorder

Claudia has just come home from a long, difficult day of writing questions for this test. As she sits down on the sofa, her heart rate and breathing slow down, her muscles relax, and her digestive system starts getting ready for food. It appears as though Claudia's __________ has been activated.

parasympathetic nervous system

Vern was quite nervous during his atmospheric science final exam. A few hours afterward, Vern has calmed down, allowing his __________ nervous system to release __________ and focus on functions of protection and growth.

parasympathetic; acetylcholine

Research on false memories has found that

people are often as confident in false memories as they are with actual memories

Gary takes great pleasure in torturing animals. Even so, Gary's behavior would not be classified as abnormal using the

personal suffering criterion

To help her deal with the stress of hunting vampires every night, Buffy begins to exercise more regularly, and she learns meditation and progressive muscle relaxation techniques. According to your textbook, Buffy is relying on __________ methods of coping with her stressful life as a vampire slayer.

physical

How do psychobiological models of stress response differ from Selye's model? They

place more emphasis on psychological factors.

Veronica's research focuses on optimism and the factors that lead to living a balanced and happy lifestyle. Veronica has dedicated her research to the study of ___________ psychology

positive

Humanistic theories of personality have helped fuel research into character strengths, happiness, and thriving. In other words, the humanistic approach has aided in the growth of

positive psychology

Jami says to her therapist, Len, "I really want to understand myself better. That is why I am in therapy." Len replies, "Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are." Len probably takes a(n) __________ approach to psychology.

psychodynamic

Dr. Vinson is interested in examining the interaction of psychological and physiological processes that affect the body's ability to defend itself against diseases. Her field is called

psychoneuroimmunology

Brianna is out with several friends who are discussing movies. When someone says, "Hey, who was the star of those Indiana Jones movies?," a couple of people in the group quickly respond, "Tom Cruise." Although Brianna knows that they are wrong, she agrees with them because she doesn't want to start an argument. Brianna is displaying

public conformity

One day while Ted was cleaning his aquarium, he noticed the heater was still plugged in. He reached down with a wet hand and tried to unplug the cord. As a result, Ted received quite a shock. After that experience, Ted has never attempted to unplug an electrical cord with a wet hand. The effect the shock had on Ted's behavior is known as

punishment

Sharise lands a small role in a local play. However, two days later, she sustains head injuries in a car accident. After the accident, Sharise can no longer voluntarily look angry on stage when she does not actually feel the emotion of anger. Sharise most likely has damaged her __________ motor system.

pyramidal

Leslie is a prosecutor who wants to enhance the likelihood that the jury finds a defendant guilty. According to the Linkages section regarding memory and perception in the courtroom, Leslie should encourage prosecution witnesses to do all of the following except

recall only a few relevant details

Nathan Neuron just fired his axon causing a release of chemicals into the synapse. "More! More!" shout the neurons that received Nathan's chemicals. Nathan replies, "I can't right now, I have to take a break known as a(n)

refractory period

Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called Shape Up, which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shaping. According to the book, Jack will want to

reinforce successive approximations of the desired response

Every time the papergirl says to her customers, "I want my two dollars," her customers give her money. In this example, receiving the customer's money is a(n)

reinforcer

An interviewer for a large corporation receives three very poor responses from a job applicant in the first ten minutes of the interview. The applicant then provides excellent answers during the last twenty minutes of the interview. According to what we know about impression formation, the interviewer will most likely

reject the applicant

While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle, Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist. Apparently, Millie suffers from

rem behavior disorder

Sophia is an air traffic controller. If she fails in her job, planes could crash and hundreds of people could die. While she is at work, she must be constantly alert and pay close attention. Although she is outwardly healthy, Sophia's blood pressure and blood sugar levels are high, and her body is secreting excess amounts of corticosteroids. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Sophia in?

resistance

Blesdo keeps falling asleep at odd times. He is having trouble with arousal and attention. His doctors have ruled out sleep disorders and are now concentrating on certain brain structures. The one that is most likely malfunctioning is the

reticular formation

In the brain's motor cortex, the region of cells responsible for moving the index finger of the right hand is near the region that moves the

right ring finger

Thirty years ago, it took Margie ten hours to learn how to ride a bike. She has not ridden a bike since then. Now she is relearning how to ride a bike, but this time it takes her only five hours. Because it took her less time to relearn the skill than it took to learn it initially, Margie is demonstrating

saving

Jean Piaget explained that people form generalizations as they experience the world, which help them to organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future experiences. These generalizations are called

schemas

Psychology is best defined as

science of behavior and mental processes

Christine drives up to the Grease King drive-thru to order dinner, but when she pulls up to the speaker, someone fires up a motorcycle in the parking lot and she can't hear a thing. Although she knows the clerk has said something, Christine doesn't know what he said. She replies anyway, "I'd like a bacon double greaseburger and a side order of fries." Christine knows what to say because she has a __________ for this situation

script

What kind of reinforcer is money?

secondary

Two-year-old Aviva and her father are separated in the grocery store for a few minutes. When Aviva sees that her father is gone, she becomes distressed. When Aviva's father returns, Aviva smiles happily and gives him a hug. What kind of attachment does Aviva most likely have?

secure

An example of an illusory correlation would be

seeing a group of rowdy Chinese teens and believing their behavior is typical of Chinese people.

Ivan, a teacher, spends most of his time working with male students because he believes that they have the best chance of being admitted into the advanced program. As a result, the male students do perform better and are admitted more often than females. This example illustrate

self-fullfilling prophecy

Regina believes she did well in her psychology class because she is smart but blames her poor performance in chemistry on her "incompetent instructor." Regina's reasoning demonstrates the

self-serving bias

Counterfeiters depend on the fact that people's long-term memory often does not contain specific details but only general meanings. They are relying on people's

semantic encoding

Liora opens her textbook and begins to read. As her eyes scan the page, each word remains in her __________ memory for only one second, just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.

sensory

Belinda has been depressed lately and is having suicidal thoughts. We assume that her brain has low levels of

serotonin

According to research, a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to

several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning

Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in

studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes.

Buster was hungry for a Garcia's pizza. Because he was new in town, he didn't have the number memorized. He looked up the number and repeated it to himself as he went to the phone. This helped the number stay in Buster's __________ memory.

short-term

Curly and Moe were questioned by the police about a car accident they had witnessed just a couple of hours ago. Curly was asked how fast the Ford was going when it smashed into the stop sign. Moe was asked how fast the Ford was going when it hit the sign. All else being equal, Moe will most likely remember that the Ford was going

slower than the speed curly remembered

Two fishing companies are competing for fish. Each company wants to maximize its profits by harvesting as many fish as possible, but if both companies do this, the fish population will become depleted. If both companies agree to set limits on the number of fish that they harvest, they will achieve the best joint outcome. This situation is an example of

social dilema

Marcia is in charge of hiring a new engineer for her company. Because she believes that people who wear pink bows in their hair are dumb, she does not hire Becky, who is wearing a pink bow. Marcia's hiring decision about Becky is an example of

social discrimination

While talking to his therapist, Bobby says, "I always feel tense! I'm trying to balance the need to be like others with a corresponding need to feel unique." His therapist says, "It appears as if your therapy is succeeding, as you just correctly defined the __________ theory."

social identity

Beatrice finds that one person working alone can scoop about 100 pounds of corn kernels per minute. When these people work in groups, each person's output drops to about 80 pounds per minute. What is this group process called?

social loafing

Casper is conducting research on how biological factors, such as brain activity and genetics, affect how a person experiences subjective well-being. Casper's research is in line with the goals of

social neuroscience

The main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the __________ and the __________.

somatic; autonomic

Collins has been complaining of a variety of vague, chronic pains that run all throughout his body as well as blurry vision. After many doctor visits and medical tests, there is still no known physical cause for the symptoms that Collins has been experiencing. Collins is most likely to be diagnosed with

somatization disorder

A group of people were hypnotized and a second group simulated being hypnotized. Both groups were told to retie their shoes when they heard the phrase "be careful." The group simulating hypnosis retied their shoes only when the hypnotist said "be careful," but the hypnotized group retied their shoes no matter who said "be careful." In this example, which theory of hypnosis was supported

state

Josie is extremely unhappy while she studies for her midterm. When she actually goes to take it, however, she is in a very positive mood. Josie seems to have trouble recalling much of what she so diligently studied. This can be explained by

state-dependent memory

Kareem always heard athletes were just "dumb jocks." He was surprised to find out that Quinn, the smartest, most dedicated student in class, is on the football team. Kareem's initial thoughts about athletes are an example of a

stereotype

If you were to study consciousness by having your friends use introspection and report the results to you, your research method would be most similar to that used by

structuralists

Elvia and Britton are four years old and attend preschool together. Elvia is Latina and Britton is African American. Contact theory would predict Elvia and Britton to be less prejudiced under which of the following conditions? If their teacher

structures lots of activities in which Elvia and Britton must work together

According to environmental psychologists, your chances of being a victim of a violent crime are highest in the

summer

Shio-Yuan has been under a great deal of job-related stress for the past few months, leading to the __________ of his immune system.

suppression

When a man grabbed Opal's purse, she ran after him, tackled him, and retrieved her purse. Then she realized that her heart was racing, her breathing was irregular, and she was trembling. Opal's __________ nervous system was responsible for this reaction.

sympathetic

Vince is driving home in heavy traffic after a stressful day at work. A car comes up quickly behind him and the driver is yelling and gesturing for Vince to get out of his way. Angry, Vince hits the brakes and causes the other driver to swerve. Then Vince honks and makes a few obscene gestures at the driver. According to __________, Vince becomes aggressive because he is stressed and experiencing unpleasant emotions and has received negative cues from his environment.

the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Several years ago, Lesley thought there was no reason for anyone to need personal technological devices like PDAs and cell phones. However, just by being around them for a few years, Lesley's attitude changed and she now even owns a cell phone. Her increasingly positive attitude toward personal technological devices demonstrates

the mere-exposure effect.

If everything else is equal, which of the following factors would least affect how attracted you are to someone

the person wears nicer clothes than you normally wear

In REM sleep, the EEG resembles that of a person who is awake and mentally active, but

the person's muscle tone decreases to the point of virtual paralysis.

The results of a personality test indicate to Ben that he is aggressive, alienated, negative, and hostile. According to research on temperament and personality, Ben can be best described as having a(n) __________ temperament.

undercontrolled

Tavis is in Piaget's concrete operations stage of development. Accordingly, Tavis has recently learned to

understand conservation, add, subtract, and measure.

While relaxing in the park, Dilbert decides to read his new book on the study of positive psychology. This book will primarily focus on

what makes life worth living

Quisley's hypothesis is that listening to classical music improves intellectual performance. He randomly divided a mathematics class into two rooms. In room A, music by Mozart played softly in the background during a lecture. In room B, the students listened to a lecture without background music. The independent variable is

whether music played during a lecture.