PSY 202 Week 8 - Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. (p. 386)

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. (p. 368)

obsessive-compulsive disorder

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. (p. 368)

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and weariness of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) (p. 382)

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. (p. 381)

delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. (p. 387)

psychotic disorder

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. (p. 386)

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common. (p. 382)

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (p. 393)

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; temporarily increases alertness and produces feelings of euphoria. (p. 376)

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. (p. 378)

Methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels. (p. 377)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. (p. 362)

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.) (p. 392)

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (p. 362)

MDMA

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. (p. 377)

ecstasy

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. (p. 377)

_____ disorder entails alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic drinking.

alcohol use

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. (p. 377)

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. (p. 367)

phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. (p. 368)

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack. (p. 367)

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise. (p. 390)

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. (p. 391)

Bobby stole money from the corner store to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train to the South Side. On the train, someone stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee in the man's face and laughed. Bobby would be considered to have: dissociative identity disorder. bipolar disorder. antisocial personality disorder. schizophrenia.

antisocial personality disorder.

Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates: antisocial personality disorder. major depressive disorder. bipolar disorder. dissociative identity disorder.

antisocial personality disorder.

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is MOST likely that Boris is suffering from a(n) _____ disorder.

bipolar

Overexcited hyperactivity is a feature of: neither major depressive disorder nor bipolar disorder. both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. bipolar disorder. major depressive disorder.

bipolar

With respect to the dramatic/impulsive cluster of personality disorders, unstable and attention-getting is to _____ personality disorder as self-focused and self-inflating is to _____ personality disorder. narcissistic; borderline borderline; narcissistic borderline; schizotypal schizotypal; narcissistic

borderline; narcissistic

Process schizophrenia is to reactive schizophrenia as _____ schizophrenia is to _____ schizophrenia. chronic; acute positive; negative negative; positive acute; chronic

chronic; acute

How can we use labels to guide treatment without negatively judging people or excusing their behavior is a persistent issue regarding the _____ of a psychological disorder. treatment classification understanding definition

classification

dissosiative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. (p. 392)

A _____ is a false belief that often accompanies psychotic disorders.

delusion

According to the DSM-5, children and adolescents who are persistently irritable and who have frequent outbursts are diagnosed with _____ disorder. bipolar developmental bipolar attention-deficit/hyperactivity disruptive mood dysregulation

disruptive mood dysregulation

Artie has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime, because another one of his personalities must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Artie does not suffer from _____ disorder, because the original personality generally denies awareness of the others.

dissociative identity disorder

Which option correctly pairs a general symptom category with a specific symptom of schizophrenia? disturbed perceptions and beliefs, hallucinations diminished and inappropriate emotion, problems in selective attention disturbed perceptions and beliefs, word salad disorganized speech, flat affect

disturbed perceptions and beliefs, hallucinations

depressant

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce (depress) neural activity and slow body functions. (p. 372)

stimulant

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. (p. 374)

Amphetamines

drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. (p. 377)

Barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. (p. 374)

Stimulus _____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.

generalization

Sigmund Freud described what is now called _____ disorder as free-floating anxiety. bipolar posttraumatic stress generalized anxiety panic

generalized anxiety

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are MOST likely to reduce: generalized anxiety disorder. depression. agoraphobia. hallucinations.

hallucinations

If you have a parent or sibling with depression or bipolar disorder, your chances of having depression or bipolar disorder: decrease. stay the same. increase. The chances of having depression or bipolar disorder are not influenced by familial genetics.

increase

Corey is trying to cut back on his consumption of caffeinated beverages. He is LEAST likely to experience: depression. headaches. irritability. increased energy.

increased E

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. (p. 393)

John has been having difficulty getting out of bed, is not interested in going out with friends, and doesn't answer the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

major depressive

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a word _____.

salad

Anxiety does NOT play a key role in: obsessive-compulsive disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder. schizophrenia. specific phobias.

schizophrenia.

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the behavior to compensate that marks bulimia nervosa. (p. 391)

The feelings of euphoria associated with cocaine usage continue until: the cocaine is metabolized by the body. the brain shuts down. the cocaine passes through the bloodstream. the brain's supply of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine drops off.

the brain's supply of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine drops off.

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. (p. 364)

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. (p. 378)

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the: biopsychosocial approach. DSM-5. medical model. learning perspective.

DSM-5.

_____ described what is now called generalized anxiety disorder as free-floating anxiety.

Freud

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. (p. 371)

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products. (p. 375)

The MOST common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are: auditory. visual. olfactory. tactile.

auditory

Which option correctly pairs a general symptom category with a specific symptom of schizophrenia? disturbed perceptions and beliefs, word salad diminished and inappropriate emotion, flat affect disturbed perceptions and beliefs, flat affect disorganized speech, delusions

diminished and inappropriate emotion, flat affect

substance use disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk. (p. 371)

Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and trigger sensory images in the absence of sensory input. (p. 377)

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. (p. 367)

Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality split rather than a: split from reality. defense mechanism. split from one's peers. split in personality.

split from reality.

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. (p. 365)

After an entire day without alcohol, Selena is sweaty and shaking. Selena's symptoms BEST reflect:

witchdrawal

chronic schizophrenia

(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten. (p. 388)

acute schizophrenia

(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely. (p. 388)

alcohol use disorder

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use. (p. 374)

In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for DID, the average number of displayed personalities mushroomed from 3 to _____ per patient. 10 6 8 12

12

In any given year, about _____ percent of adult Americans are currently experiencing a psychological disorder. 20 5 10 15

20

_____ Americans believe that increased mental health spending will reduce gun violence. Evidence reviewed in the textbook suggests that this belief is _____. Most; supported Some; supported Some; contradicted Most; contradicted

Most; contradicted

Excoriation, or excessive skin-picking disorder, and trichotillomania, or hair pulling, are MOST closely related to _____ disorder. obsessive-compulsive bipolar dissociative major depressive

OCD

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder. dissociative obsessive-compulsive antisocial personality generalized anxiety

OCD

People who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from _____ disorder. panic obsessive-compulsive generalized anxiety dissociative

OCD

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder. obsessive-compulsive generalized anxiety dissociative antisocial personality

OCD

Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

OCD

anxiety is central to major depressive disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. dissociative identity disorder. schizophrenia.

OCD

Lyle has been having difficulty getting out of bed, is not interested in going out with friends, and rarely answers the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. Lyle is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. bipolar major depressive antisocial personality dissociative

major depressive

Historically a variety of models have been used to explain psychological disorders. The _____ model assumes that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated. medical biopsychosocial psychoanalytic organic

medical

Which factor is the weakest predictor of violence? history of violence alcohol or drug use availability of guns mental illness

mental illness

Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Although he has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, she still expects him to do things around the house. But most days he sits in a chair and has no expression on his face. This type of absence of appropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. chronic acute negative positive

negative

Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for three to four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day in addition to her ritualistic cleaning. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder. dissociative antisocial personality generalized anxiety obsessive-compulsive

obsessive-compulsive

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. (pp. 35, 374)

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that:

the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel less guilty than those who did not think they were drinking alcohol will regardless of the true content of the beverage.

Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered: a sickness of the mind. incurable. normal. the result of demon possession.

the result of demon possession.

epigenetics

the study of the molecular ways by which environments can influence gene expression (without a DNA change). (pp. 74, 364)

Benny enjoys the feelings created by drinking alcohol. However, over the last several years, he has noticed that it takes more and more alcohol to create the desired effects. MOST specifically, Benny's experience illustrates the phenomenon of: tolerance. addiction. adaptation. withdrawal.

tolerance